1、专题七定语从句考点一关系代词引导的定语从句1who,whom,whose引导的定语从句(1)who或whom均可指代人,但who在从句中作主语或宾语,whom在从句中作宾语;两者在引导限制性定语从句时常可用that替换。作主语时,who/that不可省略;作宾语时,whom/who/that可以省略。Ive become good friends with several of the students in my school who/whom/that I met in the English speech contest last year.我与好几位去年在英语演讲比赛中结识的同校同学成
2、了好朋友。I have many friends to whom Im going to send post cards.我有很多我打算给寄贺卡的朋友。(2)whose表所属关系,一般指人,也可指物,在从句中作定语。指物时相当于of which;指人时相当于of whom。(2016全国甲卷)I had an unexpected teaching assistant in class whose creativity would infect other students.我在班上有一位意想不到的助教,他的创造性经常感染其他的学生。2that,which引导的定语从句(1)which指物,在
3、从句中可以作主语、宾语,也可作定语,作宾语时可以省略。that指人或物均可,在从句中可以作主语、宾语、表语,作宾语时可以省略。She showed the visitors around the museum that/which had been constructed three years before.她带着这些游客参观了那座三年前建造的博物馆。(2016天津高考)Every day I practiced reading and writing,which I used to avoid as much as possible.每天我都练习过去尽量避免去做的阅读和写作。(2)限制性定
4、语从句中,关系代词只用that不用which的情况:先行词为不定代词anything,nothing,something,everything,all,some,none,little,few,the one等时。I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone elses fault.我拒绝接受因别人的错误而对我进行的指责。先行词是形容词最高级或序数词,或先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hil
5、l.他们在桂林参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。先行词被the only,the very,the last,the same,any,every,each,few,little,no,some,all等修饰时。The only part of the meal that I really liked was the dessert.这顿饭只有甜点是我真正爱吃的。先行词中既有表示人又有表示物的名词时。They will never forget the things and persons that theyve seen or heard of during their long journey.他
6、们将永远不会忘记在他们的长途旅行中见到或听说过的人和事。(3)关系代词只用which而不用that的情况:关系词引导非限制性定语从句时。The boy was away from home for a week,which worried his parents very much.这个男孩离家一个星期了,这使他父母很担心。关系代词前有介词时。We live in an age in which more information is available with greater ease than ever before.我们生活在一个信息比以前更容易获得的时代。3as引导的定语从句(1)a
7、s可以引导限制性定语从句,常用于“so/such/the same先行词as.”结构中。Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China.像在我们车间使用的机器是中国制造的。易错警示which引导定语从句代指前面整句话的内容时只能位于主句之后。He kept lying to me,which annoyed me greatly.他总是对我说谎,这事使我很恼火。(2)as也可以引导非限制性定语从句,定语从句说明整个句子,可放在主句之前、之中或之后。常用的这种类似插入语的句式有:as the saying goes,as i
8、s said above,as is mentioned above,as often happens,as is often the case,as is reported in the newspaper等。“You cant judge a book by its cover,”as the old saying goes.正如老话所说的那样:“人不可貌相。”考点二关系副词引导的定语从句 1where引导的定语从句where表示地点,在定语从句中作地点状语,相当于“介词in/at/on.which”。(2016天津高考)I went to a special school where I
9、 got plenty of extra help.我去了一所特殊学校,在那里我得到了足够的额外帮助。易错警示当先行词为situation,case,stage,point,activity,atmosphere等抽象名词,且引导词在定语从句中表示事情发生的情况、阶段等时,常用关系副词where引导。You reach a point where medicine cant help.你到了药物无法治疗的地步。2when引导的定语从句when表示时间,在定语从句中作时间状语,相当于“介词in/at/on/during.which”结构。(2016天津高考)We will put off the
10、 picnic in the park until next week,when the weather may be better.我们将把公园的野餐推迟到下个星期,那时天气可能会更好。3why引导的定语从句why表示原因,在定语从句中作原因状语,相当于“介词forwhich”结构。Do you know the reason why/for which he didnt attend the meeting?你知道他没参加会议的原因吗?名师点津非限制性定语从句中,用for which表示原因而不用why。I had told them the reason,for which I didn
11、t attend the meeting.我把理由告诉了他们,为此我没有去开会。考点三介词关系代词引导的定语从句1介词和关系代词的确定若介词放在关系代词之前,关系代词指人时常用whom,指物时常用which。另外,whose也可以放在介词后,即“介词whose名词”结构。一般来说,确定关系代词前的介词,可以从以下三方面入手:(1)先行词的意义;(2)从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配;(3)句子的意思。Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted.皮鞋生意是格林一家所致力于的事业。(be devo
12、ted to“献身,致力于”)I wish to thank Professor Smith,without whose help I would never have gone this far.我希望感谢史密斯教授,没有他的帮助,我永远不会走这么远。Recently I bought an ancient vase,whose price(the price of which)was very reasonable.最近我买了个古代的花瓶,它的价钱很合理。2“of关系代词”引导的定语从句在some,any,few,little,none,all,both,neither,many,most
13、,each等代词或数词的前、后表示整体与部分的关系可以用of which/whom。John invited about 40 people to his wedding,most of whom are family members.约翰邀请了大约40人参加他的婚礼,他们当中绝大部分是家庭成员。3“介词where”引导的定语从句有时“介词where”可以引导定语从句,此时要和“介词which”引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。His head soon appeared out of the window,from where he saw nothing but trees.他的头很快从窗口
14、探了出来,从那里除了树木他什么也看不到。(from where相当于from out of the window,而不是from the window).单句语法填空1(2017江西红色七校一联)There,lying in the muddy river bed was a little dog about two months old, front legs were tightly tied with ropes.whose句意:那里,在泥泞的河床里躺着一只大约两个月的小狗,它的前腿被绳子紧紧地拴在一起。先行词为a little dog,将先行词代入定语从句后为:The little d
15、ogs front legs were tightly tied with ropes.由此可见在定语从句中front legs缺少定语,故用whose引导。2(2017汕头二模)Sierra Leone is a country basic health facilities are lacking and many people are struggling with poverty.where句意:塞拉利昂是一个基础医疗设备短缺、很多人都在与贫困做斗争的国家。先行词为a country,关系副词在定语从句中作地点状语,故答案为where。3(2017赣州二模)We have a livi
16、ng room,two bedrooms with wonderful balconies and a kitchen, my mom always cooks great delicious food.where句意:我们有一间起居室,两间有漂亮阳台的卧室,还有一间厨房,在那里我妈妈总是做出非常美味的食物。先行词为a kitchen,关系副词在定语从句中作状语,故用where引导。4(2017青岛一模)On looking at the spot the bird had risen,I saw two eggs.where句意:我刚向那只鸟儿飞起来的地方看去,便发现了两枚鸟蛋。先行词为th
17、e spot,关系副词在定语从句中作地点状语,故答案为where。5(2017烟台质检)The heartwarming story began in September last year a woman asked the primary school in her neighborhood to accept her sixyearold son.when句意:那个温馨的故事发生在去年的九月,当时,一位女士请求她所在社区的小学接受她6岁的儿子。关系副词在定语从句中作时间状语,故用when引导。6(2017青岛质检)Some of the teachers at the college a
18、sked Dr.Naismith to invent a game can be played indoors.that/which句意:那所大学的一些教师请奈史密斯博士发明一种可以在室内玩的游戏。先行词为a game,关系代词在定语从句中作主语,且指“物”,故用that或which引导。7(2017皖北协作区联考)If the earth is poisoned,the water,the food and the animals will be poisoned, means that we who poison the earth will be poisoned too.which句意
19、:如果土地被污染了,水、食物和动物就会被污染,这意味着将土地污染了的我们也将被污染。先行词为设空处前的内容,关系代词在定语从句中作主语,故用which引导非限制性定语从句。8(2017温州返校联考)Those motorcycles, a huge umbrella is fixed,are a huge threat to people walking in the street.where句意:那些摩托车车身上都装了一把大伞,这对于街上的行人是一个巨大的威胁。先行词为those motorcycles,关系副词在定语从句中作地点状语,故用where引导。9(2017渭南一模)Im sorr
20、y not to have replied to your letter earlier,for ,I must say,I apologize.which句意:很抱歉没能早点给你回信,对此我必须道歉。考查定语从句。从句中I must say为插入语,可忽略不计。定语从句的先行词为前面的“not to have replied to your letter earlier”这件事,代入定语从句后为:I apologize for it.由此可见关系代词在定语从句中作介词for的宾语,故答案为which。 【导学号:60312252】10(2017怀化一模)Almost every teenag
21、er will experience a period in their life they arent content with their parents.when句意:几乎每个青少年都会经历一段对父母不满的时期。考查定语从句。先行词为a period,将先行词代入从句后为:They arent content with their parents in the period.由此可见,关系副词在定语从句中作时间状语,故答案为when。.单句改错1Toms mother kept telling him that he should work hard,that didnt work. t
22、hatwhich句意:Tom的母亲不断地告诉他应该认真学习,这没有起任何作用。此处是which引导非限制性定语从句,指代前面整个句子,不能用that。2This is the factory where I visited last week. wherethat/which或去掉where句意:这是我上周参观过的工厂。分析本句结构可以看出,句中含有一个定语从句。关系词在从句中作宾语,且指物,应用关系代词that或which引导定语从句,关系代词也可省略。因此把where改为that/which,或者去掉where。3I can recognize the book.That is the s
23、ame English book as he borrows from the school library. asthat句意:我能认出那本书,那就是他从学校图书馆借来的那本英语书(指同一本书)。此处应用关系代词that引导限制性定语从句,修饰先行词“English book”。4The problem about that I consulted you has now been solved. thatwhich句意:我向你请教的那个问题现在已经解决了。此处是“介词which”引导的定语从句。介词后只能用which(指物)和whom(指人),不能用that和who,但当介词放在后面时,在限制性定语从句中,可用that代替which/whom,并且that可省略。在非限制性定语从句中只能用关系代词which/whom。5We will start at the point which we left off last time. whichwhere句意:我们将从上次停下来的地方开始。分析句子的结构可知,句中包含一个定语从句,先行词point表示抽象的地点,故把which改为where。