1、专题五 短文改错全国卷 3 年考情统计表年份卷别谓语动词、主谓一致非谓语动词形容词和副词名词和数词冠词代词介词并列连词三大从句行文逻辑2019全国卷0122110111全国卷1132011100全国卷13111010112018全国卷1121111111全国卷3102111010全国卷23210101002017全国卷2022101110全国卷1131111010全国卷3020111111高考短文改错题着重考查考生的语言基本功和正确使用英语进行表达的能力。此题型不仅要求考生牢固掌握一定的词汇和语法知识,还要求考生具有一定的阅读理解和逻辑推理能力。它是针对考生平时的英语学习过程中,尤其是在写作中
2、常犯的错误而设计的。1短文改错选材特点。(1)多为第一人称记叙文,偶尔有议论文或者说明文。(2)短文一般在100词左右。(3)取材于考生自己的作文或类似于考生的随笔,且话题常见。(4)篇章结构的难易程度符合中学生的认知水平。2短文改错设题特点。设题从词法、句法和语篇三个角度考查,错误类型有多词、缺词和错词三种,在文章的10个错误中,其比例一般为118,即1个多词、1个缺词、8个错词。3短文改错考查范围。名词的单复数、时态、非谓语动词、形容词和副词的比较级、固定短语、人称代词指代的一致性、物主代词、从句的连接词、介词等。解题过程中要坚持四个原则,三个步骤四个原则:1改动处以最少为原则。短文改错题
3、要求每句最多有两处错误。改动的方法可以是增词、删词或换词,但无论作何种改动,只能是增加一词、减少一词或将一个词改成另一个词。2实词以改变词形为原则。在短文改错题中,一般只是改变实词的形式,而不能改变实词的词义,也不能将其改换成另一个实词,更不能随便增删。3虚词以添加或删除为原则。历年的短文改错题中需要添加或删除的地方差不多有2至3处。这些需要添加或删除的词一般都是虚词(如冠词、介词等),而不是实词(如动词、名词等),否则会改变句子的原意。4以保持句子原意不变为原则。做短文改错题时,一般不应改变句子的原意。改错时,应该针对短文中的用词错误、语法错误、逻辑错误加以改正,不应更改作者的原意,做到“换
4、词不改意,加词不增意,去词不减意”。如有多种改法,应以保持原意为条件,择其佳者而从之。第一步 从语篇入手,理解大意,着眼时态和语态短文改错主要考查考生在篇章结构中对英语语言知识的综合运用能力,所以考生在做短文改错题时,首先应浏览全文,弄清短文大意,迅速对以下几个方面作出判断:(1)文章的主体时态。浏览全文,圈定其主体时态到底是现在时、过去时还是将来时。然后在进一步解题的过程中,凡是和该主体时态发生冲突的局部时态,都有可能存在问题,需要引起警惕。(2)文章的叙事逻辑。在篇章改错的语境中,个别单句在语法上可能是完全正确的,但它的逻辑却和全文的整体逻辑出现重大分歧。(3)文章的叙事角度。弄清楚短文是
5、作者对自我事件的描述,还是对一般话题的阐述。这直接关系到短文改错题中经常出现的代词指代问题。在浏览的同时要注意两个问题:一是要改正那些较明显的错误;二是要对语意不通的地方,即有行文逻辑错误的地方初步作好记号。第二步 从句子入手,逐句分析,推敲语法注意几乎每年都考查的动词、名词、形容词和副词、冠词和介词类错误,同时注意其他语法类错误。第三步 从行文逻辑入手,兼顾上下,审查连代通过前两步仍有错误没能找出,这时要重读短文,从上下文逻辑关系进行排查,放眼全篇去思考。第一节 词法类错误(2019全国卷)假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文,请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误,每句中最
6、多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(),并在其下面写出该加的词。删除:把多余的词用斜线()画掉。修改:在错的词下画一横线,并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意:1.每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;2只允许修改10处,多者(从第11处起)不计分。I became interesting in playing football thanks to a small accident.One afternoon where I was in primary school,I was walking by the school playground.Suddenly
7、 football fell just in front of me but almost hit me.I stopped the ball and kicked it hardly back to the playground.To everyones surprising,the ball went intothe net.All the football player on the playground cheered loudly,say that I had a talent for football.From now on,I started to play my footbal
8、l with classmates after school.I am a good player now.答案和解析:I became interestinginterested in playing football thanks to a small accident.One afternoon wherewhen I was in primary school,I was walking by the school playground.Suddenly football fell just in front of me butand almost hit me.I stopped t
9、he ball and kicked it hardlyhard back to the playground.To everyones surprisingsurprise,the ball went into the net.All the football playerplayers on the playground cheered loudly,saysaying that I had a talent for football.From nowthen on,I started to play football with classmates after school.I am a
10、 good player now.第一处:interesting改为interested。考查形容词。短语become interested in意为“对感兴趣”。interesting“有趣的,吸引人的”,通常描述事物。interested“感兴趣的”,通常描述人的感受。本句主语是人,故把interesting改为interested。第二处:where改为when。考查定语从句。本句含有一个定语从句,先行词为One afternoon,且引导词在从句中作时间状语,应用关系副词when。故把where改为when。第三处:在football前加a。考查冠词。football“足球”是可数名词
11、,且其发音以辅音音素开头,故需加不定冠词a表示泛指。第四处:but改为and。考查逻辑关系。连词but表示转折,而此处表示两个动作的顺承,故用并列连词and。第五处:hardly改为hard。考查副词。副词hardly意为“几乎不”,而hard作副词讲时,意为“用力地”。此处表示“我用力把球踢回操场”,故把hardly改为hard。第六处:surprising改为surprise。考查习惯用语。短语to ones surprise意为“使某人惊讶的是”,ones之后应接名词,故把surprising改为surprise。第七处:player改为players。考查名词单复数。句中的player
12、“运动员”为可数名词,且all之后应用名词复数。all the football players“所有的足球运动员”。第八处:say改为saying。考查非谓语动词。句中的say与其逻辑主语是主谓关系,且其表示的动作与谓语动作同时发生,应用现在分词作状语,表示伴随状况。第九处:now改为then。考查副词。此处表示“从那时起”,应用from then on,故把now改为then。第十处:删除my。考查代词。动词play与球类名词连用时,名词前不加冠词或代词,故删除代词my。一、常见命题形式词法类错误设错在短文改错题中占很大的比例,考生需要特别注意。对于这类题,考生要仔细分析句子成分,细心观察
13、,并在平时学习过程中多积累语言知识,常见错误形式如下:注意:由过去分词和现在分词转化的形容词的错用词法类词法类注意:不及物动词后缺少介词的情况二、命题特点词法错误类设错覆盖基础语法知识考点并稳定均衡,具体如下:名词的单复数,人称代词的性、数、格,不定代词和连接代词的用法,动词的时态和语态,情态动词和非谓语动词的用法,定冠词、不定冠词的用法,并列连词和从属连词的用法,介词的搭配,形容词和副词的区别及其比较级和最高级的用法,词语的固定搭配和习惯用法等。一、动词的误用动词的误用包括时态、主谓一致、非谓语动词、第三人称单数谓语动词等的误用。首先辨别谓语动词形式与非谓语动词形式。通读短文,分析时间是“现
14、在、过去或将来”,分析动作是“正在进行、完成或经常性”,由此确定时态。然后确定短文基础时态,找出时态错误和主谓一致等误用;最后分析句中已有谓语动词,若再出现动词,又没有并列连词,就应是非谓语动词形式,再根据其在句中所作成分以及逻辑关系,来判断其形式是否正确。真题例析1(2019全国卷)I became interesting in playing football thanks to a small accident.解析:考查由过去分词和现在分词转化的形容词用法。interest(使感兴趣;使关注)的形容词有interesting(使人感兴趣的)常修饰物;与interested(表现出兴趣的
15、)常修饰人。本句的意思为:多亏一个偶然的事件,我对踢足球产生了兴趣。主语是I,故将interesting改为interested。答案:interesting改为interested真题例析2(2019全国卷)All the football players on the playground cheered loudly,say that I had a talent for football.解析:考查现在分词。本句句意:操场上所有的足球运动员大声欢呼,说我有足球天赋。句中谓语动词为cheered,say在这里作伴随状语。与主语players是主动关系,故将say改为saying。答案:s
16、ay改为saying二、冠词的错误使用与可数名词与不可数名词的混用(1)冠词类错误设置一般包括下列几个方面:不定冠词a和an的混用(发音以元音音素开头的单词前用了a,发音以辅音音素开头的单词前却用了an)。可数名词单数前遗漏不定冠词。不可数名词或表示类别的复数名词前误加不定冠词。定冠词和不定冠词的混用。某些习语或固定搭配中冠词的误用。(2)名词的数主要是可数名词与不可数名词的混用,固定词组中的一些名词的误用。真题例析1(2019全国卷)All the football player on the playground cheered loudly,saying that I had a tal
17、ent for football.解析:考查名词的数。“player(运动员)”为可数名词,所以all(所有的)后需要用player的复数形式。故将player改为players。答案:player改为players真题例析2(2019全国卷)Suddenly football fell just in front of me and almost hit me.解析:考查冠词。名词football为可数名词,前边需要有限定词。这里football第一次出现,故在football前加a。答案:football前加a三、形容词和副词的误用形容词和副词的误用包括系动词be和感官动词后的形容词的误用
18、以及形容词和副词之间的误用,形容词和副词的比较等级的误用。真题例析1(2019全国卷)I stopped the ball and kicked it hardly back to the playground.解析:考查副词。“hard(努力地;费力地)”与“hardly(几乎不;几乎没有)”都为副词,但是词义不同。本句意思为:我挡住足球,并使劲将它踢回操场。故将hardly改为hard。答案:hardly改为hard真题例析2(2019全国卷)From now on,I started to play football with classmates after school.解析:考查副
19、词有关的固定搭配。句意:从那时开始,我放学后开始跟同学们一起踢足球。且“from now on(从现在开始)”后边句子应该表示从现在开始所发生动作或存在的情况,不能用一般过去时。此处后面是一般过去时,表示“从那时起”是from then on,故将now改为then。答案:now改为then四、代词类错误代词类错误包括语义逻辑的一致性错误、形容词性物主代词的误用和上下文人称代词的指代错误,具体错误类型有下列几个方面:人称代词主格和宾格的误用。代词指代的误用(指代的人或事物前后不一致的错误和代词的单复数误用等)。形容词性物主代词与冠词误用。不定代词的误用和反身代词的误用。“it”一词的不当使用(
20、包括用于从句中作形式主语或形式宾语)。真题例析1(2019全国卷)From then on,I started to play my football with classmates after school.解析:考查固定搭配。“踢足球”的英语表达为“play football”,中间不能加冠词或者代词。故将my去掉。答案:去掉my真题例析2(2019全国卷)In the cafe,customers will enjoy yourselves in the historical environment that/which is created for them.解析:本句考查代词的用法。
21、customers是句子的主语,故把 yourselves改为 themselves。答案:yourselves改为 themselves真题例析3(2017全国卷)Mr.and Mrs.Zhang all work in our school.解析:考查代词。由句子的主语Mr.and Mrs.Zhang可知代词所指代的是两者,而all表示三者或三者以上的人或事物。本句语意为“两者都”,故all改为both或去掉all。答案:all改为both或去掉all五、介词的误用介词的误用一般包括下列几个方面:介词短语中介词的使用错误。介词与动词的搭配错误。介词与形容词的搭配错误。介词与名词的搭配错误。
22、介词的多余与缺失。真题例析1(2019全国卷)When I studied chemistry high school,I reconsidered my goal and decided to be a doctor.解析:考查介词。“在高中”需要用介词in或者at,故在high school前加in/at。答案:high school前加in或者at真题例析2(2019全国卷)I want my cafe to have a special theme such as like“Tang Dynasty”解析:本句考查介词的用法。such as和like都是用来举例子,重复了。故把like
23、删除。答案:去掉like六、数词主要是基数词和序数词的误用真题例析(2019全国卷)Then,when I was in the five grade,I wanted to be a teacher because I liked my English teacher so much.解析:考查序数词。年级、班级是按数字顺序排列的,所以“在几年级”中的数词需要用序数词。故将five改为fifth。答案:five改为fifthPassage 1(2018全国卷)During my last winter holiday,I went to countryside with my father
24、to visit my grandparents.I find a big change there.The first time I went there,they were living in a small house with dogs,ducks,and another animals.Last winter when I went here again,they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.They also had a small pond which they raised fish.My grandp
25、a said last summer they earned quite a lotby sell the fish.I felt happily that their life had improved.At the end of our trip,I told my father that I planned to return for every two years,but he agreed.答案和解析:During my last winter holiday,I went to countryside with my father to visit my grandparents.
26、I find,found a big change there.The first time I went there,they were living in a small house with dogs,ducks,and another,other animals.Last winter when Iwent here,there again,they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken,chickens.They also had a small pond 或 which,where they raised fish.
27、My grandpa said last summer they earned quite a lot by sell,selling the fish.I felt happily,happy that their life had improved.At the end of our trip,I told my father that I planned to return every two years,but,and he agreed.第一处:在countryside前加the。考查冠词。定冠词the用于某些固定习语中,“go to the countryside”意为“去乡下”。
28、第二处:find改为found。考查时态。根据前一句中的时间状语“During my last winter holiday”和下文内容可知,本文讲述的是作者去年寒假的故事。所以此处应用一般过去时,故把find改为found。第三处:another改为other。考查限定词。another“又一,再一”后跟可数名词单数,可数名词复数前用other“其他的,别的”,故把another改为other。第四处:here改为there。考查副词。come here“来这儿”,go there“去那儿”;此处指去那儿,因此应用there。第五处:chicken 改为 chickens。考查名词的单复数。
29、短语 dozens of 之后应接可数名词复数,而此处 chicken为可数名词“鸡”,故把 chicken 改为 chickens。第六处:在 which 前加 in 或 which 改为 where。考查定语从句。本句中定语从句的先行词是 pond,在从句中作地点状语,故应在 which 前加 in 或把 which 改为where。第七处:sell 改为 selling。考查非谓语动词。此处动第八处:happily改为happy。考查形容词。此处felt是系动词,应跟形容词作表语,故把happily改为happy。第九处:删除for。考查介词。惯用语every two years意为“每
30、隔两年”,其前不用介词,故介词for多余。第十处:but改为and。考查连词。根据句意可知,此处表示顺承关系,故把but改为and。Passage 2(2019全国卷)Ive had many dreams since I was a child.Now my dream is to opens a cafe.Though it may appear simple,it required a lot of ideas and efforts.What I want is not just an ordinarily cafe but a very special one.I want my c
31、afe have a special theme such as like“Tang Dynasty”In the cafe,customers will enjoy yourselves in the historical environment what is created for them.If I succeed in manage one,I will open more.I wish to have a chain of cafes in many different city.Each of my cafes will have a different theme and an
32、 unique style.答案和解析:Ive had many dreams since I was a child.Now my dream is to opensopen a cafe.Though it may appear simple,it requiredrequires a lot of ideas and efforts.What I want is not just an ordinarilyordinary cafe but a very special one.I want my cafe have a special theme such as “TangDynast
33、y”In the cafe,customers will enjoy yourselvesthemselvesin the historical environment whatthat/which is created for them.If I succeed in managemanaging one,I will open more.I wish to have a chain of cafes in many different citycities.Each of my cafes will have a different theme and ana unique style.第
34、一处:opens改为open。考查非谓语。分析句子结构可知,此处为动词不定式在句中作表语。第二处:required改为requires。考查时态。文章着重讲自己的梦想打算开一家咖啡馆,故时态为一般现在时。第三处:ordinarily改为ordinary。考查形容词。根据句中的an和cafe可知,此处应用形容词,在句中作定语。第四处:在have前加to。考查不定式。不定式在句中作宾语补足语。第五处:删除like。考查介词。句中such as已表“像,例如”,故like多余。第六处:yourselves改为themselves。考查代词。句中反身代词应与主语保持一致。第七处:what改为that/which。考查定语从句的关系词。分析句子结构可知,此处引导定语从句,且在定语从句中作主语,先行词为environment,故用that或which。第八处:manage改为managing。考查非谓语。介词后常接动词的-ing形式。第九处:city改为cities。考查名词。根据语境中的many以及city作“城市”讲时为可数名词可知,此处应为名词复数。第十处:an改为a。考查冠词。unique发音以辅音音素开头,故应用冠词a。