1、第二板块阅读理解与阅读七选五高考总复习大二轮 山东版 英语 第三讲 主旨大意题整体感知明方向主旨大意题是阅读理解中考生失分最多的题目，因为该类试题不仅考查考生略读文章、领会大意的能力，也对考生的归纳、概括能力提出了较高的要求。文章中没有明显的解题依据，需要考生从文章中提炼、抽取一些关键词、主干句进行加工概括，才能归纳出文章的主旨。此类题目可分为三大类，即标题归纳题、文章大意题和段落大意题。要做好主旨大意题，我们首先必须了解其正确选项和干扰选项的特征。常见设问方式1标题归纳题The best title of the passage is _.Which of the following is
2、the best title of the passage?What would be the best title for the passage?The most appropriate title of the passage is _.2文章大意题Whats the main idea/point of the passage?The passage is mainly about _.What is the text mainly about?The general/main idea of the passage is about _.3段落大意题What does the aut
3、hor tell us in Paragraph.?The main idea of the second paragraph probably is _.The first paragraph is mainly about _.Which of the following can best summarize Par.1？正确选项特征干扰选项特征1.过于笼统，不知所云所给选项内容概括的范围过大，超出文章所述内容。2.以偏概全，主次不分所给选项只阐述了文章的一部分内容，或以文章中的细节信息或个别词为选项的设置内容，或以次要的事实或细节充当全文的主要观点。3.移花接木，偷换概念所给选项被命题者
4、有意识地把本属于 A 的内容放在B 上，若不留神，极易选错答案。1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段。2.确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小。3.精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。4.无中生有，生搬硬套所给选项的关键词语虽然在文章中谈到了，但经过仔细阅读分析之后，发现选项的内容与文章的内容毫无联系。分类例析通技法标题归纳题解题攻略理解标题的 3 大特点，巧用 3 大方法确定文章标题一个好的标题应具备三大特点：1概括准确而又简短；2针对性标题外延正好与文章内容相符；3醒目能引发读者的阅读欲望。因此有必要掌握以下三大方法：1正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；2反面否定法
5、：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文章对照，一一排除不符选项；3研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。典例(2019全国卷，阅读 D)Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts.The microorganisms(微生物)from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station，so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up
6、each week.How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem？Its turning to a bunch of high school kids.But not just any kids.It is depending on NASA HUNCH high school classrooms，like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport，New York.HUNCH is
7、designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers.For the past two years，Gordons students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity，and they think theyre close to a solution(解决方案)“We dont give the students any breaks.They have to do it just like NASA engineers，”says Flore
8、nce Gold，a project manager.“There are no tests，”Gordon says.“There is no graded homework.There almost are no grades，other thanAre you working towards your goal？Basically，its Ive got to produce this product and then，at the end of the year，present it to NASA.Engineers come and really do an in-person r
9、eview，and.its not a very nice thing at times.Its a hard business review of your product.”Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影响)on college admissions and practical life skills.“These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back.I dont teach.”And that annoying bacteria？Gordon sa
10、ys his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem，readying a workable solution to test in space.35What is the best title for the text?ANASA：The Home of AstronautsBSpace：The Final Homework FrontierCNature：An Outdoor ClassroomDHUNCH：A College Admission Reform解题思路第一步 读文章，概括文意本文讲述
11、了美国国家航空航天局创办了一个名为 HUNCH 的项目，一群高中生在项目中研究如何杀死国际空间站的细菌。第二步 析选项，斟酌判断ANASA：宇航员的家文中虽提到有关 NASA 方面的内容，但这不是文章主要内容。以偏概全，主次不分B太空：高中生前沿研究Space 对应太空研究，Final Homework对应高中教育，Frontier 突出了领先性涵盖性强，覆盖全文C大自然：一个课外教室并不聚焦太空领域无中生有DHUNCH：大学入学改革HUNCH 主要是太空研究无中生有答案 B文章大意题解题攻略掌握寻找主题句的 4 个小窍门，快速确定文章大意文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体
12、段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节。用浏览法(skimming)，即快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息的方法可以快速找到主题句。以下是找主题句的四个小窍门：1段落中出现表示转折的词语(如 however，but，in fact，actually等)时，该句很可能是主题句。2首段出现疑
13、问句时，对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨。3作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。4表示总结或结论的句子常包含 therefore，thus，in short，conclude，conclusion 等词。典例(2019全国卷，阅读 C)Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beachs Bar Louie counter by herself，quietly reading her e-book as she waits for her salad.What is she reading？None of your busi
14、ness！Lunch is Bechtels“me”time.And like more Americans，shes not alone.A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America.More than half(53 percent)have breakfast alone and nearly half(46 percent)have lunch by themselves.Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore,74 percent，acco
15、rding to statistics from the report.“I prefer to go out and be out.Alone，but together，you know？”Bechtel said，looking up from her book.Bechtel，who works in downtown West Palm Beach，has lunch with coworkers sometimes，but like many of us，too often works through lunch at her desk.A lunchtime escape allo
16、ws her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder.She returns to work feeling energized.“Today，I just wanted some time to myself，”she said.Just two seats over，Andrew Mazoleny，a local videographer，is finishing his lunch at the bar.He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up
17、the barkeeper with whom hes on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction(交流)“I reflect on how my days gone and think about the rest of the week，”he said.“Its a chance for self-reflection.You return to work recharged and with a plan.”That freedom to choose is one reason more people
18、like to eat alone.There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one，but those days are over.Now，we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table.“It doesnt feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology，”said Laurie Demeritt，whose company
19、provided the statistics for the report.31What is the text mainly about?AThe trend of having meals alone.BThe importance of self-reflection.CThe stress from working overtime.DThe advantage of wireless technology.解题思路第一步 读文章，概括文意本文主要讲述了现如今，在美国，越来越多的人选择自己吃饭，他们希望以此争取一些自己独立的时间。本文侧重培养学生的文化意识。第二步 析选项，斟酌判断A
20、独自吃饭的趋势，本文都是围绕 eat alone展开。涵盖性强，覆盖全文B 自我反省的重要性文中没有提到无中生有，生搬硬套C加班带来的压力文中有提到，但不是本文的重点以偏概全，主次不分D 无线科技的优点，文中没有提到无中生有，生搬硬套答案 A段落大意题解题攻略归纳段落大意的 2 种方法方法 1 概括段落大意要准确概括某段的大意，务必要知道该段的逻辑结构。(1)如果该段是按总分顺序组织，首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，这种结构的主题句就在段首；(2)如果按分总顺序组织，主题句就在段尾；(3)如果按分总分的顺序组织，则主题句就在这段话的中间；(4)如果按总分总的顺序，段落结构相对难度较低
21、，我们可以很明显的看到一段的首句和末句的内容几乎完全一致，正确答案就呼之欲出了；(5)如果按并列式行文，这种结构的段落一般会在一段中讨论两个平行的内容，整个段落可以从中间处分开，前后是平行关系，这样的段落结构对应的答案通常也会是很明显的并列关系；(6)如果对比各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。方法 2 揣摩段落大意有时，作者可能不直接写出主题句，而是通过各种方法暗示给读者，这就需要充分发挥读者的想象力与判断力，揣摩段落大意。典例(2019江苏卷，阅读 B 节选)Most of us，when we talk about volcanoes，think of the classic
22、cone(圆锥体)shapes of a Fuji or Kilimanjaro，which are created when erupting magma(岩 浆)piles up.These can form remarkably quickly.In 1943，a Mexican farmer was surprised to see smoke rising from a small part of his land.In one week he was the confused owner of a cone five hundred feet high.Within two yea
23、rs it had topped out at almost fourteen hundred feet and was more than half a mile across.Altogether there are some ten thousand of these volcanoes on Earth，all but a few hundred of them extinct.There is，however，a second less known type of volcano that doesnt involve mountain building.These are volc
24、anoes so explosive that they burst open in a single big crack，leaving behind a vast hole，the caldera.Yellowstone obviously was of this second type，but Christiansen couldnt find the caldera anywhere.59What does the second paragraph mainly talk about?AThe shapes of volcanoes.BThe impacts of volcanoes.CThe activities of volcanoes.DThe heights of volcanoes.解题思路第一步 读文章，概括段意本段主要讲述了两种火山的形状。第二步 析选项，斟酌判断A火山的形状 A 项是对本段内容的精炼概括和总结。涵盖性强，覆盖全段B火山的影响本段没有提到无中生有，生搬硬套C火山的活动本段确实说到了火山的活动，但不是本段主流。以偏概全，主次不分D火山的高度本段只提到一句，无足轻重 以偏概全，主次不分答案 A
