1、Section Discovering Useful Structures单元语法精析关系副词和“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句语法点拨一、关系副词引导的定语从句引导定语从句的关系副词包括when, where, why，一般代替先行词在从句中作状语，表示时间、地点、原因。其具体用法见下表：关系副词先行词在从句中所作的成分when表示时间时间状语where表示地点地点状语why表示原因原因状语1when的用法when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。它的先行词通常为time，day，morning，night，week，year等表示时间的名词。There was a time when a de
2、ep blue sky, the song of the birds，moonlight and flowers could never have kept me spellbound. 曾有一段时间，湛蓝的天空、鸟儿的歌唱、月光和鲜花从未令我心迷神往过。We will put off the picnic in the park until next week, when the weather may be better. 我们将把在公园举行的野餐推迟到下周，那时天气可能比现在好。名师点津先行词是表示时间的词时，关系词是否用when，还需要判断关系词在从句中所作的成分。We still r
3、emember the days when we spent our holiday together. 我们仍然记得我们在一起度假的那些日子。(when在从句中作时间状语)We still remember the days (that/which) we spent together. 我们仍然记得我们一起度过的那些日子。(that/which在从句中作宾语)2where的用法where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常为place，spot，street，house，room，city，town，country等表示地点的名词或point(地步)，case(情况)，situa
4、tion(情形)，position(位置)，stage(阶段)等表示抽象地点的名词。The movie is set in a small town where the only movie theatre is preparing to close down. 这部电影以一座小镇为背景，这座小镇唯一的电影院即将倒闭。They went to the Royal Theatre, where they saw an interesting play. 他们去了皇家剧院，在那里看了一场有趣的戏剧。What are some situations where body language is th
5、e only form of communication?在哪些情况下身体语言是唯一的沟通方式？名师点津先行词是表示地点的词时，关系词是否用where，还需要判断关系词在从句中所作的成分。This is the house where we visited the famous writer last year. 去年我们就是在这所房子里拜访了那位著名作家。(where在从句中作地点状语)The house(that/which) we visited last year is over 500 years old. 我们去年参观的那个房子有500多年的历史了。(that/which在从句中作
6、宾语)3why的用法why指原因或理由，它的先行词只有reason，why在限制性定语从句中作原因状语。I have come around to explain the reason why(for which) I was absent from the meeting. 我来是为了解释我当时没有到会的原因的。名师点津先行词是reason时，关系词是否用why，还需要判断关系词在从句中所作的成分。This is the reason why he was late. 这就是他迟到的原因。(why在从句中原因作状语)Please tell me the reason (that/which)
7、 he explained to you. 请告诉我他向你解释的原因。(that/which在从句中作宾语)4the way作先行词首先要确定关系词在定语从句中作什么成分。(1)如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语，则用关系代词that或which。The way (that/which) he thought of to solve the problem was not practical. 他所想到的解决这个问题的方法不切实际。(2)如果关系词在定语从句中作状语，则用关系词in which，that或省略。This is the way (that/in which) he learns
8、English. 这就是他学习英语的方法。即学即练单句改错I often think of the days when we spent on the island together. _whenwhich/that或删除when_There are some reasons which they do this. _在which前加for或whichwhy_I hope I can be admitted to a good college, which I will have a chance to improve my English further. _在which前加in或which
9、where_The first thing I would say is that the way which you begin the conversation is very important. _在which前加in或whichthat或删除which_The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere which his employees enjoy their work. _在which前加in或whichwhere_This is the museum where you visited the oth
10、er day. _wherethat/which或删除where_Have you ever been to Wuhan, where I left 5 years ago?_wherewhich_二、“介词关系代词”引导的定语从句1在这种结构中，若关系代词指人，只能用whom；若关系代词指物，只能用which。It was in 1952 and Mandela was the black lawyer to whom I went for advice. 那是在1952年，曼德拉当时是一位黑人律师，我向他寻求建议。Ill never forget the day on which (whe
11、n) I first met you. 我永远不会忘记初次见你的那一天。This is the town in which (where) Shakespeare was born. 这就是莎士比亚出生的城镇。I forgot the exact place to which (where) I had paid a visit. 我忘记了已经参观过的确切地点。Theres no reason for which (why) we can betray our friends. 我们没有理由背叛朋友。Id like you to explain the reason for which(why
12、) you were absent. 我想让你解释一下你没来的原因。名师点津“名词/代词/数词/最高级of关系代词”结构比如：none/some/several/a few/many/more/most/two/the biggest of which/whom等。The journey around the world would take the sailor nine months, the sailing time of which (of which the sailing time) was 226 days. 环游世界花费了水手们九个月的时间，其中航行时间是226天。Here a
13、re the questions, none of which (of which none) I thought are difficult for you. 就是这些问题，我认为对你来说没有一个是困难的。Present at the meeting were almost experts on AI, most of whom (of whom most) were male. 出席会议的大都是人工智能方面的专家，其中大部分是男性。2关系代词前介词的选用(1)依据定语从句中动词的习惯搭配来确定。Close friends are those to whom you feel so clos
14、e that it is hard to imagine life without them. 密友就是那些你感到如此亲近的人，以至于你无法想象没有他们的生活。(feel close to)Charity is the cause to which he is devoted. 慈善是他挚爱的事业。(be devoted to)(2)依据与先行词的搭配来确定。This is the farm on which he works. 这就是他工作的农场。(on the farm)(3)根据所表达的意思来确定。The colourless gas without which we cannot li
15、ve is called oxygen. 这种无色的气体就是氧气，离开了它我们不能生存。误区警示有些“动词(名词)介词”的固定搭配，如look for，look after，call on，take care of等，不能把介词提到关系代词前。My youngest brother, after whom I have to look, is very naughty. ()My youngest brother, whom I have to look after, is very naughty. ()即学即练用“介词关系代词”填空Gun control is a subject _ove
16、r/about which_ Americans have argued for a long time. We must work even harder during the coming winter holiday and never forget that we are part of the school _of which_ the name is Guangming Senior High School. In our class there are 46 students, _of whom_ half wear glasses. The pen _with which_ h
17、e is writing is mine. He bought a book yesterday, the writer _of which_ is a teacher. I dont think the number of the people _to whom_ this happens is very large. In the street, there wasnt a single person _to whom_ she could turn for help. The way _in which_ Miss Liu teaches English is quite differe
18、nt from Miss Zhaos. 三、使用定语从句应该注意的问题1定语从句中的主谓一致问题当引导定语从句的关系代词在从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语动词的数应与先行词保持一致。下面是定语从句在实际运用中需要注意的几个主谓一致的问题：(1)I作先行词时，定语从句中谓语动词应该与I保持一致I, who am your teacher, will try to solve all kinds of questions. 我作为你的老师，会尽力解决各种各样的问题。(2)当关系代词as或which引导非限制性定语从句，指代整个主句，且作从句的主语时，从句的谓语动词用单数形式。Great chang
19、es have taken place in China, as is known to all. 众所周知，中国已经发生了天翻地覆的变化。(3)当“one ofthe(形容词最高级)复数名词”位于关系词前时，定语从句的先行词是复数名词，从句的谓语动词要用复数形式。The Summer Palace is one of the world-famous places of interest that draw lots of visitors. 颐和园是吸引着大批游客的世界名胜之一。The Lord of the Rings is one of the most wonderful movie
20、s that have been produced in Hollywood. 指环王是好莱坞制作的最精彩的电影之一。误区警示当“the only one ofthe(形容词最高级)复数名词”位于关系词前时，定语从句的先行词是the only one，从句的谓语动词要用单数形式。This is the only one of the songs in the album that is sung in English. 这是这张专辑中唯一一首英文歌曲。Titanic is the only one of the most wonderful movies that has been produ
21、ced in Hollywood. 在这些最精彩的电影中，泰坦尼克号是唯一一部好莱坞制作的影片。2from where，since/until/by when也可以引导定语从句。He stood on top of the hill, from where he could see the Yangtze River. 他站在山顶上，从那里他能看到长江。(from wherefrom which place)The book was written in 1946, since when the education system has seen great changes. 这本书著于194
22、6年，从那时起教育体制发生了重大变化。(since/until/by whensince/until/by which time)即学即练对比训练1This is one of the most interesting films that _were_ (be) shown last week. 2This is the only one of the most interesting films that _was_ (be) shown last week. 1He has two sons, both of _whom_ are college students. 2He has tw
23、o sons, and both of _them_ are college students. 1He still lives in the room _whose_ window faces to the east. 2He still lives in the room, the window of _which_ faces to the cast. 3He still lives in the room _which/that_ is on the third floor. 4He still lives in the room _where/in which_ there is a
24、 beautiful table. 1After the flooding，people were suffering in that area, _who/and_ urgently needed clean water and medicine. 2After the flooding, people were suffering in that area, _where/in which_ clean water and medicine were needed. 1A housing bubble is an economic situation _which/that_ occurs
25、 when house prices rise much too fast. 2Its helpful to put children in a situation _where/in which_ they can see themselves differently. 1Ill never forget the days _when或during/on which_ we studied together. 2Ill never forget the days _which/that_ we spent together. 1This is the only way _that_ you
26、can find. 2I dont like the way _in which/that_ he spoke to his mother. 1Is this museum _the one_ they visited last month?2Is this the museum _which/that_ they visited last month?3Is this the museum _to which_ they paid a visit last month?1It was 10 oclock _when/at which_ they went out of the cinema.
27、 2It was at 10 oclock _that_ they went out of the cinema. 专项练习用适当的关系副词或介词关系代词填空1Self-driving is an area _where_ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line. 2Do you like the book _for which_ she paid $10?3Do you like the book _from which_ she learned a lot?4Do you like the book _ab
28、out which_ she often talks?5The tower _from which_ people can have a good view is on the hill. 6The man _to whom_ I spoke on the phone last night is very good at wrestling. 7She glanced at the room _where_ four men were talking aloud. 8Do you know the year _when/in which_ the Chinese Communist Party
29、 was founded?9The factory _where/in which_ we are working will be rebuilt soon. 10The reason _why/for which_ she did it is that she wouldnt let her parents feel disappointed. 根据提示补全下列定语从句1This is the museum _where we saw the famous painting_. 这就是我们看到那幅名画的博物馆。(where)2We live in an age _when people ca
30、n communicate more_ easily than ever before. 我们生活在一个交流比以前更容易的时代。(when)3The reason _why he was late_ was that he got up late. 他迟到的原因是他起床晚了。(why)4The documents _for which they were searching_ have been recovered. 他们寻找的文件已经找到了。(for which)5This is the teacher _from whom weve learned a lot_. 这就是我们从他那里学了很
31、多东西的老师。(from whom)6The man _to whom you were talking_ just now is my English teacher. 刚刚和你谈话的那个人是我的英语老师。(to whom)7Ill never forget the day _on which I joined the Party_. 我永远都不会忘记入党的日子。(on which)8The factory _in which my father works_ is in the east of the city. 父亲工作的那家工厂在城东。(in which)9None of us kno
32、w the reason _for which Tom was absent_ from the meeting. 我们都不知道汤姆缺席会议的原因。(for which)10Great changes have taken place in the city _in which I was born_. 我出生的城市发生了很大的变化。(in which)用适当的关系词填空I will tell you a story _1that/which_ is very interesting. It is about a good man _2who/that_ is called Tom. Tom
33、married a girl _3whose_ name is Jane. Jane is the girl _4who/whom/that_ Tom loves. They live in a house _5that/which_ was built by Toms father. It is an old house _6where_ Tom was born. It was in the house _7where_ he was born that they got married. Tom likes to write stories and Jane loves all the
34、stories _8that_ Tom writes. They have 5 children, 3 of _9whom_ are boys. The children are very clever, _10which_ makes Tom very happy. All the children go to college, _11as_ their parents expect. Tom once said he would never forget the day _12when_ he met Jane. Tom believes that Jane is the most bea
35、utiful girl _13that_ he has ever met. That is the reason _14why_ he wanted to marry her. Jane said that Tom was the person with _15whom_ she would live for a whole life. They are really a happy couple, from _16whom_ we can learn a lot. Their children live in a family _17where_ their parents are treating them like friends. We all admire the way _18that_ Tom treats his children. He is a good man with _19whom_ everyone would like to live. Tom is one of the villagers _20who/that_ have been reported in the newspaper and he is the only one of those villagers who has acted in a film.
