1、时态的用法：1. 一般现在时(1) 一般现在时的形式a. 主语为第三人称单数，在原形动词后加-s或-es。b. be的变化：am, is, arec. have的变化；has, have(2) 一般现在时在高考中的基本用法详见下表的总结：具体用法经典例句(1) 表示现存的状态、情况I am a lawyer now. 我现在是一名律师。The coat is very cheap. 这件外套很便宜。Does he work hard? 他工作努力吗？(2) 表示过去、现在和将来都理应存在的客观事实或真理A plane is faster than a car. 飞机比汽车快。The light
2、 travels faster than the sound . 光的传播速度比声音快。3 plus 2 is 5. 三加二等于五(3) 表示现阶段经常性、反复性的活动He is always ready to help others. 他总是乐于助人。He gets up very early every morning. 他每天早上很早起床。（4）表示个人的某种性格或者能力My sister is shy.我的妹妹很害羞。Tom plays ping-pong well.汤姆乒乓球打得不错。(3) 一般现在时的特别用法详见下表的总结：具体用法经典例句(1) 一般现在时代替过去时表示过去的用
3、法在宾语从句中，尽管主句用过去时态，但如果从句所述内容是客观真理或经常性的动作，其谓语动词仍然用一般现在时。The teacher told her pupils that the sun rises in the east. 教师告诉她的学生们太阳从东方升起。叙述往事，使其生动。Napoleons army now advances and the great battle begins. 拿破仑的军队现在前进了，大战役开始了。表示“书上说”、“报纸上说”之意。The newspaper says that its going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天天气寒冷。
4、(2) 一般现在时代替进行时的用法在进行图片说明、电影说明、戏剧内容及场景解说时常用一般现在时。Scene I(Lucy and Miss Green are in the doctors room-a large, pleasant room with many books.) 第一幕(露西和格林小姐在医生的房间里，那里有很多书，宽敞而舒适)在某些习惯性表达法中，表示现在正在发生的动作或存在的状态。Here comes the bus! 公交车开来了！How it rains! 雨下得好大啊！(3)一般现在时表示将来的用法表示已安排或计划好、将来必定会发生的动作或存在的状态时，可用一般现在时
5、。用于这类句型常考的谓语动词包括be, come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin等。My birthday falls on April21, 我的生日是四月二十一日。The meeting is at 8:00 a. m.tomorrow. 会议明天上午八点开始。His ship leaves at 5：00 p. m. this afternoon, 他的船下午五点开航。Tomorrow we start for Shanghai. 明天我们启程去上海。在含有if、although、though、when、while、as soon as、等引导的条件、让
6、步、时间等状语从句的复合句中，从句用一般现在时表示将来的动作。If it is fine tomorrow, we will go to the countryside. 如果明天天气好，我们将去乡村。We will try to finish the work in time although we are short of manpower.尽管缺乏人力我们还是要设法按时完成这项工作Shell go to see him as soon as she arrives. 她一到达就去看他。When you meet him, tell him to come to my room. 如果你遇
7、见他，叫他到我这儿来。2. 一般过去时(1) 一般过去时形式：a. be动词的形式变化。b. 助动词的形式变化。c. 情态动词的形式变化。d. 行为动词一律用过去时，没有人称和数的变化。(2) 一般过去时的用法A表过去的状态或动作，常带有过去时间状语以及由when等连词引导的状语从句。如：I received two letters from home last week.上周我收到了两封家信。They left an hour ago. 他们一小时前离开了。注意：常与一般过去时连用的时间状语有：last year 去年just now 刚才in 2002 在2002年at that mome
8、nt 在那时a few days ago 几天前in the old days 在过去的岁月里yesterday 昨天last night 昨天晚上at that time 当时the other day 前几天B. 过去的习惯动作，常与时间状语如every day, seldom, usually等连用。如：We saw him from time to time. 过去我们时常看到他。Every morning I took a walk when I lived in the countryside. 我住在乡下时每天早上都散步。C在before和after引导的状语从句中，已经表明了时
9、间的先后，所以可用过去时来代替过去完成时。如：He said nothing before he saw Mr. Smith.=He had said nothing before he saw Mr. Smith.看到史密斯先生之前，他什么话都没说。(3) 一般过去时用法5注意Ahave got+名词，表示“有”，是have的口语用法。如：Ive got a problem. =I have a problem.我有一个难题。B used to+动词原形，也可表示过去的习惯动作而现在已经没有了。如：We used to spend our vacations in the mountains
10、. 暗示现在没有在山区度假了。我们以前常常在山区度假。C would+动词原形，也可表示过去的习惯。如：My mother would go downtown when she was not busy.我妈妈以前不忙的时候，常到市中心去。D 过去时和ever, never连用，表示“过去的经验”。如：Did you ever see a lion? 你曾见过狮子吗?She never heard such a beautiful song before.他以前不曾听过这么美的歌。E since从句一般用过去时You havent changed much since we last met.
11、自从上次我们见面以来，你变化不大。Its three years since he went abroad. 他出国三年了。Its a long time since he was ill. 他病好了很长时间了。I havent found any job since I was out of work. 自我失业以来，我一直没有找到工作。3. 一般将来时(1). 一般将来时形式a. 第一人称 shall/will+动词原形b. 第二、三人称 will+动词原形c. be going+to dod. be+to doe. be about+to do(2). 一般将来时的用法a. 表示将来的动
12、作或状态。如：You will get wet ii you go out without an umbrella.如果你出去不带伞，会淋湿的。We shall have a lot of rain next month.下个月将会下很多雨。注意：常与一般将来时连用的时间状语有：next time下次 tomorrow 明天tomorrow evening明晚 before long 不久后in the future在将来 later(on)以后the day after tomorrow 后天this afternoon 今天下午 next year明年b. be going+to do.
13、表示打算在最近或将来要做某事。如：My brother is going to learn English next year.我哥哥准备明年学英语。He is going to stay a week. 他准备待一个星期。表示可能即将发生某事。如：I think it is going to snow. 我看天要下雪。I am afraid I am going to have a bad cold.恐怕我要得重感冒。表示即将发生的情况或状态。如：I am going to be sixty-one next Tuesday.下周二我就61岁了。(3). 一般将来时用法4注意a. be go
14、ing to表示事先经过考虑的打算，will多表示意愿、决心。如：Can somebody help me? 谁能帮我一下吗?I will. 我来。不能用be going tob. 如果表示意愿，will可以用于条件从句。如：If you will learn to play table tennis, Ill coach you,如果你想学打乒乓球，我可以当你的教练。c. be+to do这种结构表示职责、义务、意图、约定、可能性等。如：You are m be back by 10 oclock.你必须10点钟回来。We are to meet at the school gate.我们约
15、定在校门口碰头。d. be about to do表示即将做某事。如：We are about to leave. 我们快走了。The meeting is about to start. 会议即将开始。注意：be about to do结构中不能接时间状语。be about to do 可用于 when结构中。如：I was about to go to bed when the telephone rang.=I was on the point of going to bed when the tale phone rang. 我刚要上床睡觉，这时电话铃响了。巩固提升3例1. How c
16、an I apply for an online course?Just fill out this form and we _ what we can do for you.A. see B. are seeing C. have seen D. will see点拨：D 下划线处表示的行为是fill out this form之后将要发生的行为，应选用表示一般将来时的will see。例2 Your job _ open for your return. Thanks.A. will be kept B. will keep C. had kept D. had been kept点拨A
17、表示将来的动作，应用一般将来时，应排除选项C、D；又由于下划线处还必须表示出被动的含义，应进一步排除B而选A。现在进行时【No. 1】现在进行时的构成 现在进行时由be+v-ing构成。be应为助动词，初学者最容易漏掉，它应与主语的人称和数保持一致。 【No. 2】现在进行时的应用: 在实际运用时，现在进行时常用以下几种情况： (1)当句子中有now时，常表示动作正在进行，这时要用现在进行时。如： They are playing basketball now.现在他们正在打篮球。 (2)以look, listen开头的句子，提示我们动作正进行，这时要用现在进行时。如： Listen！She
18、is singing an English song.听，她正在唱英语歌。 (3)表示当前一段时间或现阶段正在进行的动作，且此时有this week, these days等时间状语，这时常用现在进行时。如： We are making model planes these days.这些天我们在做飞机模型。 (4)描述图片中的人物的动作，也为了表达更生动。此时也常用现在进行时。如： Look at the picture. The children are flying kites in the park.看这幅图，那些孩子正在公园放风筝。 【No. 3】现在进行时的变化 肯定句式：主语+b
19、e( am, is, are)+现在分词+其它. 否定句式：主语+be(am, is, are) +not +现在分词+其它. 一般疑问句：Be(am, is, are) +主语+现在分词+其它？ 特殊疑问句：疑问词+be(am, is, are)+主语+现在分词+其它？ 对现在进行时的特殊疑问句的回答，它不可以用Yes或No直接作答，要根据实际情况回答。a. 表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的事情。 We are waiting for you.b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。Mr. Green is writing another novel.(说话
20、时并未在写，只处于写作的状态。)She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.c. 表示渐变的动词有：get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。The leaves are turning red. Its getting warmer and warmer.d. 与always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。You are always changing your mind.典型例题 My dictionary _, I have look
21、ed for it everywhere but still_ it. A. has lost, dont find B. is missing, dont find C. has lost, havent found D. is missing, havent found. 答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。e现在进行时有时可以用来表示赞叹或厌烦的感情.例如: He is always causing trouble. 他总是惹麻烦. The Present Continuous Tense 现在进行时
22、 现在进行时最容易出现错误的地方在动词的现在分词形式，我们在复习的时候要特别注意不规则动词的变化形式。 例如：swimming，beginning，putting，taking，buying, taking是take的ing形式,以e结尾要去e加ing. 动词现在分词动词现在分词由动词原形在词尾加ing构成，其规则如下：（1）一般情况下直接加 think-thinking sleep-sleeping study-studying speak-speaking （2）以不发音的字母e结尾的单词，去掉字母e，再加 ing wake-waking make-making come-coming t
23、ake-taking leave-leaving have-having（3）以ie结尾的动词，把ie改为y ，再加ing die-dying lie-lying（4）以重读闭音节结尾，呈现“辅，元，辅”结构的动词，先双写末尾的辅音字母，再加ing stop-stopping sit-sitting run-running forget-forgetting begin-beginning注： 以重读闭音节结尾，呈现“辅，元，辅”结构的动词，先双写末尾的辅音字母，再加ing 。初中学过的这类词有：begin，cut, get, hit, run, set, sit, spit, stop, s
24、wim, beg, drop, fit, nod, dig, forget, regret, rid, 等。travel虽然重读第一音节，词尾音节不重读，但是现在分词仍要双写末尾辅音字母，然后再加ing如：travel-travelling.初中阶段此类词只有这一个。5. 过去进行时(1). 过去进行时的形式；was (一、三人称单数)/were(其余人称和数)+现在分词(2). 过去进行时的用法a. 表示在过去某一时刻正在进行的动作。如：When you came in, I was writing.你进来时，我正在写东西。While I was studying, I was asleep
25、.我正在做功课时，睡着了。b. 动词get, become, turn, leave, go, begin, forget, die, finish等的过去进行时表示“逐渐”“越来越”“快要”的意思。如：When I arrived at the theatre, the play was just beginning. 我到达戏院时，戏就要开演了。The weather was getting warmer and warmer.天气逐渐暖和起来了。c. 过去进行时与always, continually, constantly, forever/for ever, all the time
26、, all the while等表持续的时间状语连用，通常表示说话者认为过去不良的习惯。如：They were always quarrelling. 他们老是吵嘴。My little brother was continually asking questions.我弟弟老是问东问西的。(3). 过去进行时用法2注意a. 常与过去进行时连用的时间状语有：at that time当时at five yesterday昨天五点then那时 this time yesterday昨天这个时候the whole morning整个上午last night昨晚b. 表示礼貌有时过去进行时并不表示过去的
27、时间，而表达现在的客气、礼貌或不确定。此类动词主要有hope, wonder, think, expect等。如：I was wondering if we could have dinner together.不知我们能否在一起吃晚饭。I was hoping that you could help me.真希望你能帮我。I was thinking maybe he could go by taxi.我当时在想或许他可以坐出租车去。巩固提升5例1Did you see a man in black pass by just now?No, sir. I _ a newspaper.A. r
28、ead B. was reading C. would read D. am reading点拨： B 与前面表示“刚刚”的just now对应，下划线处应选川过去进行时表示刚才正在进行的活动。例2. I saw Jane and her boyfriend in the park at eight yesterday evening.Impossible. She _ TV with me in my home then.A. watched B. had watched C. would watch D. was watching点拨： D 表示Jane昨晚八点正在做某事，应选用过去进行时
29、的形式6. 现在完成时(1) 现在完成时的形式：have/has+过去分词(2) 现在完成时的用法a. 表示到现在为止刚刚完成的动作。He has bought a new car recently, 他最近买了部新车。I havent heard from Jane lately.我最近没收到简的信。注意：现在完成时中常用状语：already(已经)，yet(还，尚，仍然)，just(刚刚)，now(现在)，recently(近来)，lately(最近)，today(今天)，this week(本周)，this morning(今天早上)，this afternoon(今天下午)等。b. 现
30、在完成时常和ever(曾经)，never(未曾)；be fore(以前)；in ones life(在一生当中)；once(一度)；twice(两次)，several times(几次)等副词连用。如：Have you ever studied Greek?你曾学过希腊语吗?No, I have never studied Greek.没有，我从来没学过希腊语。Yes, I have been there several times.是的，我到过那儿几次。C. 现在完成时中的动词可以表示过去开始持续到现在的动作或状态，常用for，since或how long(多久)连用。如：I have co
31、llected coins for many years.我收集硬币有很多年了。George has been in business since he finished college.乔治自完成大学学业之后就经商。I have studied English since 1975.我从1975年起就学习英语。d. 表过去某时发生的动作，其结果影响或持续到现在。如：He has eaten nothing today.他今天什么都没吃。(他现在一定很饿)I have learned the lesson by heart.我已熟记下这一课。(我现在可以背诵了)I have lost my w
32、atch. I lost my watch and I have no watch now. 我手表丢了。(我现在仍旧没有手表)(3). 现在完成时用法要注意：a. 用现在完成时表“继续”的概念时，只能用延续性动词，不可用非延续性动词，即非延续性动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，必须用时要做一定的变化。如：他父亲去世多年了。误His father has died for ages.正His father died ages ago.正His father has been dead for ages.正It is ages since his father died.正It has been
33、 ages since his father died.我们多年没来这里了。误We havent come here for many years.正We havent been here for many years.正It is/has been many years since we came here.他们相爱已经好多年了。误They have fallen in love with one another for years.正They have been in love with one another for years.正They fell in love with one a
34、nother years ago.正Its years since they fell in love with one another.常见的延续性动词有：drink喝 eat吃 fly飞have有 keep保持 know知道lie躺着 live住 play玩rain下雨 read读 run跑sing唱 sleep睡觉 smoke抽烟snow下雪 stand站 talk说wait等 walk走 wear穿work工作 exist存在 possess/own拥有部分相互替代的非延续性动词和延续性动词买buyhave 借borrowskeep到达arrivestay 得知learnknow穿pu
35、t onhave on/wear 放置putlay结婚marrybe married 认识get to knowknow回来come backbe back 离开leavebe away站起stand upstand 坐下sit downsit生病fall illbe ill 死亡diebe dead关闭turn offbe off 打开turn onbe on起床get upbe up 动身leave forbe off变成becomebe 返回returnbe back开始beginbe on 认出recognizeknow睡觉go to bedsleep来/去come/gobe in/a
36、way参加joinbe a member of感冒take/get/catch a coldhave a cold入睡go to seepbe asleep到达get to/arrive in/arrive at/reachbe in10个瞬间性动词巧记开始离去，借来还，参加人死，买到家。注：“开始离去，借来还”为begin, leave, go, borrow, come, return 6词。“参加人死,买到家”为join, die, buy, arrive 4词。b. 由if, when, before, after, as soon as等引导的状语从句中，以现在完成时代替将来完成时。
37、如：He will return the book as soon as he has done with it. 他一看完那本书，就会还的。c. 现在完成时不能和明确表示过去时间的状语连用，如ago, yesterday, last year, at that time, then及when等引导的时间状语从句等。d. have gone to与have been to的区别have gone to表示“到某地去了”，因此人可能还在路上，也可能已经到达，但一定不在说话者这里。have been to表示“去过某地”，显然是回来之后再谈论去过某地的情况。Mary has gone to the
38、 library.玛丽去图书馆了。(现在还没回来)Mary has been to Hong Kong.玛丽去过香港。(现在已经回来)(4). 现在完成时与一般过去时的区别a. 一 般过去时所表示的一个或一段过去时间，是可以具体确定的，与其他时间没有牵连；它所表示的事情纯屑过去，与现在情况没有关系。现在完成时所表示的事情发生 在不能具体指出的过去某个或某段时间，它所表示的事情与现在情况有关系，是过去发生的事情对现在产生的结果或对现在的影响，或一直持续着。Did you go to Canada last year?你去年去加拿大了吗?(表示去年发生的行为)Have you been to Ca
39、nada? 你去过加拿大吗?(表示过去某个时间发生的行为，但问现在的情况，即你对那里了解多少)b. 有确定的过去时间状语可与一般过去时连用，但不能用于现在完成时。能用于现在完成时的是在一定意义上与现在时间有关系的时间状语。I learned Java language at college.上大学时我学过Java语言。(这是上大学时的行为，强调这一行为发生在大学期间)I have learned Java language. 我学过Java语言。(强调我学过，有能力，能胜任某些工作，并不强调过去的行为)I have been to Japan twice. 我去过日本两次。(说明体验，强调对现
40、在的影响，我对日本了解)She has gone to Japan. 她去日本了。(对现在的影响，她不在这儿)She went to Japan last week. 她上周去日本了。He bought a house ten years ago. 10年前他买了栋房子。(现在是否还拥有那栋房子就说不定了)He has bought a house. 他已经买了一栋房子。(到说话的时候他仍然拥有那拣房子)巩固提升6 例1 Danny _ hard for long to realize his dream and now he is popular.A. works B. is working
41、 C. has worked D. worked点拨： C 下划线处要表示现在广受欢迎的Danny从过去至今一直为实现具梦想努力工作，选用现在完成时最为贴切。例2 The country life he was used to _ greatly sincel992. (2005山东)A. change B. has changed C. changing D. have changed点拨： B 本题中be used to的宾语为the country life(考生很容易误选A或C，误解为be used to doing或be used to do), he was used to为定语从
42、句，修饰the country life，下划线处应为主句的谓语动词。因主语为the country life，因此谓语动词应选用has changed。例3 We _ our new neighbors yet, so we dont know their names.A. dont meet B. wont meet C. havent met D. hadnt met点拨： C题眼是yet这个单词，是完成时态的标志词之一，并且题干中提到“现在不知道他们的名字”，所以应选用现在完成时。7、过去完成时(1) 过去完成时的形式：had+过去分词(2). 过去完成时的用法a. 在过去某时之前完成
43、或在过去另一动作之前所完成的动作。如：She had learned English before she came to England.她在来英国以前已学过英文了。I went there at the time agreed upon, but they had already disappeared. 我在约好的时间去那里，但是他们早已散去了。I asked him if he had ever seen a whale blowing.我问他是否看过鲸喷水。b. 表过去某时之前的动作，已经延续了一段时间，常与for, since连用。如：He had been ill for a w
44、eek when he sent to the hospital.当他被送进医院就医的时候，已经病了一个星期了。I was much grieved at his death; we had been good friends since our childhood. 听说他死了我很悲伤，我们从小就是好朋友。C. 表示过去未曾实现的希望或计划。常用的动词有hope, expect, suppose, intend, mean, think, want, plan, imagine等。如：I had hoped to pass the examination.我曾希望能通过考试。(可是未通过)S
45、he had thought of paying us a visit, but the bad weather made her change her plan. 她本来想来看我们，但恶劣的天气使她改变了计划。I had intended(meant)to call on you, but was prevented from doing so. 我本来打算去拜访你的，但因故没去成。巧记withspem有些动词用过去完成时，常表示“想做而未做”的意思。可巧记其首字母组成的“withspem”，代表：wish, in tend, think, hope, suppose, plan, expe
46、ct, mean。(3). 过去完成时用法4注意a. no sooner than, hardly when(before), scarcely when(before)等结构中常用过去完成时，当no sooner等用在句首时语序用倒装。如：No sooner had I left the house than it began to rain.Hardly had he reached home when it began to rain.Scarcely had he reached home when it began to rain.他刚到家，天就开始下雨。b. 叙述历史事件时，不用过
47、去完成时，只用过去时。如：Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492. 老师告诉我们，哥伦布于1492年发现美洲。c. 由before或after引导状语从句的句子中，因before和after已表示出时间先后，所以可用过去时来代替过去完成时，用过去完成时强调动作早已完成。比较：The train started just before I reached the station.我到火车站时，火车刚开走。The train had gone when I arrived at the station.当我到达车站，
48、火车早已开走。d. 常与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：by the end of last week到上周末为止since he left自他离开以来by that tine到那时为止before that year那年以前long before很久以前before I arrived在我到达之前when I arrived在我到达时8、 过去将来时(1). 过去将来式的形式a. should或would+动词原形b. was/were + going + to doC. was/were(+about)+to do(2). 过去将来时的用法a. 过去将来时表示过去某一时间将要发生的动作或的状态
49、。如：I told him I would see him off at the station.我跟他说，我会到车站去给他送行。注意：过去将来时一般只用于宾语从句中。如：He told me that I should succeed. 他说我合成功。He said he would go to Shanghai for the holiday.他说他要到上海度假。b. was/were + going + to do的用法表示过去曾经打算或准备要做的动作。如：They were going to have a meeting.他们曾经打算开个会。表示过去将要发生的或很有可能发生的动作。如：
50、I thought it was going to raid. 那时我以为要下雨了。C. was/were(about)+to do的用法The foreign diplomats were to see the President. The White House was busy making preparations. 外国使节将要拜见总统，整个白宫都忙着做准备。I was about to go out when a friend dropped in.我刚要出去，这时来了一个朋友。9. 将来完成时(1). 形式：第一人称shall/will have done第二、三人称will h
51、ave done(2). 用法a. 表示将来某时之前或将来某动作前已经完成的动作。如：By seven oclock this afternoon we shall have got toShanghai if the train works well. 如果火车运行正常，我们今天下午7点就到上海了。Before bedtime Xiao Ming will have completed hiswork. 到上床睡觉的时候，小明会做完他的工作。How many times will you have climbed Xiangshan if you climb if with us this
52、summer?如果你今年夏天和我们一块去爬香山，(加上这次)你已经爬了几次了?b. 叙述某事继续到将来某时已经有一段时间了。如：They will have been married for thirty years by2008.到2008年他们结婚将满30年。We shall have lived here for five years by next March.到明年3月我们将在此住了5年。注：在下列句型中的时态应用：By the end of last term we had learned over 3000 English words. 到上个学期末，我们已学会了3000多个英语
53、单词。By the end of next term we will have learned over3000English words，到下学期末，我们将学会3000多个英语单词。10. 现在完成进行时现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始一直延续到现在或离现在不远的时间。其动作是否继续下去，则由上下文而定。这种时态多用持续性动词live, learn, lie, stay, sit, wait, stand, rest, study等，常和all this time, this week, this month, all night, all the morning, recently等状语以及since和for所引导的时间状语连用。I have been fixing the fridge all this morning.我一上午都在修理电冰箱。(动作可能会继续下去)Have you been waiting long for me? 你等我很久了吗?(动作不再继续)注意 瞬间动词go, get up, come, finish等不能用于这种时态。
