1、语法剖析活用不定式或动名词作动词宾语的用法在第十单元我们学习了不定式的句法功用,可以看出,不定式和动名词都可以作主语、宾语、表语、定语和补语。作主语和表语时,动名词形式表示一般的、概念性的、时常的动作,而动词不定式常表示一时的、偶然的行为和动作。如:Being a doctor is a good choice.当医生是不错的选择。(对任何人、任何时候而言都是这样的)To be a good doctor is my dream.当个好医生是我的梦想。(对个人而言,是个别情况)用动名词还是不定式作宾语,主要分为以下四种情况:(1)只可使用动名词作宾语的动词:enjoy,miss,practic
2、e,prefer,suggest,consider,appreciate,avoid,mind,imagine,finish,admit,deny,delay,risk等。只跟动名词的短语:feel like,stick to,devote to,pay attention to,be worth,be busy,cant help,it is no use,be used to (习惯于),look forward to,cant stand等。(2)只可使用不定式作宾语的动词:wish,hope,promise,expect,pretend,want,agree,refuse,prepar
3、e,manage,persuade,afford,offer,attempt,decide等。只跟不定式的习语:would like/love to等。(3)既可接动名词,又可接不定式作宾语的动词有:start,begin,continue,like,love,hate等,意思基本没有区别。love,like和hate接动名词和不定式时,表示长久的、规律性的好恶用动名词,表示一时的、个别性的好恶常用不定式。如:He hate eating fish from his childhood.他从小就不喜欢吃鱼。I love to go driving on such a lovely aftern
4、oon.我想在这样一个美好的下午出去兜风。(4)以下动词既可接动名词,又可接不定式作宾语,但意思有区别。接动名词作宾语接不定式作宾语remember记得过去发生的动作记得将来要做的动作try试着去做、尝试改变努力去做某事regret对做过的事表示后悔对要做的事表示遗憾mean意味着企图(打算)做某事go on继续做未完成的事情做完一件事后,接着做另一件forget忘记以前曾做过某事忘记去做某事stop中断正在做的事情中断正在做的事,去做别的事cant help禁不住做某事不能帮着做某事补充:need,want,require,demand,be worth等接动名词,主动形式表被动:My ha
5、ir needs cutting.=My hair needs to be cut.The book is worth reading.=The book is worth to be read.不带to的不定式。常用的有“十一个半动词”:五看二听一感觉,三个使役来帮助。即look,see,watch,notice, observe, listen, hear,feel,make,have,let,help。由于help也可使用带to的不定式,所以它算半个。此外还有一些不带to的习语:had better do,would rather do than do,why not等。作定语时,动词不
6、定式结构放在被修饰语的后面,作后置定语;动名词通常放在被修饰语之前,多表示被修饰语的用途。现在分词现在分词是动词词尾加-ing构成的。它们还保留着动词的特征,并带有形容词和副词的功能。因此,现在分词在句子中可以作定语、表语和状语。除此之外,现在分词还可以充当动词的宾补。及物动词的现在分词有主动意义,不及物动词的现在分词则表示动作正在进行。作表语许多现在分词已经成为形容词,如amusing,annoying,astonishing,attracting,boring, disappointing,discouraging,encouraging,exciting,frightening,inte
7、resting,inspiring,inviting,pleasing,puzzling,shocking,surprising,tiring等,这些词都是由它们的同源动词加-ing变来的,都具有主动意义,译成“令人的”,同普通形容词一样可以由副词修饰,也可以有比较等级。The story is amusing,more amusing than all the others.这个故事很好笑,比其他的故事都好笑。作定语(现在分词可以前置和后置) (1)前置(通常由一个现在分词充当)hard-working people 勤劳的人民 the never-ending quarrel 无休止的争吵
8、fine-looking buildings 美观的建筑an English-speaking man 说英语的人(2)后置(通常由现在分词短语充当)I have a friend living in London.我有一个朋友住在伦敦。Will the people sitting at the back please keep quiet?请坐在后面的人保持安静。注意:当现在分词作定语时,它和被修饰的名词之间通常是主谓关系,即被修饰语是这个现在分词的动作发出者。如上例,hard-working people中,people就是动作work的发出者。作状语(1)时间状语(常在句首)Heari
9、ng the bad news,she burst into tears.听到这个坏消息后,她大哭起来。Once,while working on a new invention,Edison made 8000 tests without success.曾经在进行一项发明时,爱迪生做了8000次试验,都失败了。Having arrived at a decision,they immediately set to work.决定了之后,他们立即动工。(2)条件状语(常在句首) Working hard,you will make it.加油干,你就会成功。If playing all da
10、y,you will waste your valuable time.要是成天玩,你就把宝贵的时间浪费了。(3)原因状语(常在句首) Being a shy man,Einstein did not attend his fiftieth birthday party.爱因斯坦是个内向的人,连为他举办的50岁生日聚会都没有参加。Having lived in Berlin so many years,he knew the city quite well.在柏林住了这么多,他对这个城市了如指掌。(4)结果状语(常在句末) He dropped the cup,breaking it into
11、 pieces.他把杯子掉到地上,摔碎了。The fire lasted three weeks,destroying the whole forest.大火烧了三个星期,毁了整片森林。(5)伴随状语(常在句末,表示伴随情况、行为方式、补充说明等) They stood at the roadside,watching the procession.他们站在路边看游行。The children ran out,laughing and talking merrily.孩子们跑了出去,高兴地边说边笑。He sat at the window reading.他坐在窗子旁边读书。注意:现在分词作状
12、语时,分词的逻辑主语与主句的主语是同一个。如Hearing the bad news,she burst into tears.中,主句的主语是she,那么现在分词hearing的逻辑主语也是she,hear这个动作实际就是she发出的。它们之间是主谓关系,hearing表示一种主动意义。若现在分词的状语从句是否定含义时,在从句句首加Not。如:Not understanding the problem,he asked the teacher again.他不理解这个问题,就去问老师。作宾语补足语 (1)see,hear,smell,feel,watch,find,notice,observ
13、e,look at,listen to等表示感觉的动词,用现在分词作宾补,表示这个动作与谓语动作同时发生。Can you smell anything burning?你闻到有东西糊了吗?I saw them swimming in the pool just now.刚才我看见他们在泳池里游泳呢。(2)have,keep,get,set,send,leave等表示“致使”等的动词用现在分词作宾补时,表示“使处于某种持续的状态中”。He had us laughing all the time over dinner.整个晚饭期间他让我们不住地笑。His remarks left me won
14、dering his real purpose.他的话让我猜测起他真正的意图。The explosion sent the roof flying.那次爆炸把屋顶掀飞了。注意:感官动词后面的现在分词作宾补表示正在进行的动作,不是全过程;表示动作的全过程,要用不带to的不定式。如: I saw him crossing the road.我看见他在过马路。I saw him cross the road.我看见他过马路了。【活学活用】24.单项填空1)(广东广州综合测试,35) I really appreciate_a great effort to come to help us with
15、the problem.A.your makingB.you to madeC.you to makeD.your being made2)(上海,35) It was unbelievable that the fans waited outside the gym for three hours just_a look at the sports stars.A.hadB.having C.to have D.have3)(全国,17)We often provide our children with toys,footballs or basketballs,_that all chi
16、ldren like these things.A.thinkingB.thinkC.to thinkD.thought4)(江苏,25 Is Bob still performing?Im afraid not.He is said_the stage already as he has become an official.A.to have leftB.to leaveC.to have been leftD.to be left5)(福建,29)Can the project be finished as planned?Sure,_it completed in time,well
17、work two more hours a day.A.having gotB.to getC.gettingD.get6)The library needs_,but it will have to wait until Sunday.A.cleaningB.to cleanC.cleanD.being cleaned7)I can hardly imagine Peter_across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.A.sailB.to sailC.sailingD.to have sailed8)I must apologize for_ahead of
18、 time.Thats all right.A.letting you not knowB.not letting you knowC.letting you know notD.letting not you know 9)(湖北,34 )Dont sit there_nothing.Come and help me with this table.A.doB.to doC.doingD.and doing10)The pupil asked the teacher how much time he spent_violin every day.A.to practise to play t
19、heB.practising playing the C.to practise to playD.practicing to play答案与解析:1)Aappreciate后只能接动名词作宾语,此处表主动意义,故选A。后面只能接动名词作宾语的动词有mind,miss,enjoy,give up,admit,finish,escape,practise,avoid,keep,suggest,imagine,cant help等。2)C句意为“真不敢相信,这些粉丝们在体育馆外面等了三个小时就为了看体育明星们一眼”。在此句中,动词不定式充当目的状语。3)A两句之间没有连词,逗号之后用非谓语动词表示
20、。非谓语动词和主语之间是主动关系,所以用现在分词作伴随状语。句意为“我们通常给孩子一些玩具、足球或篮球,认为所有的孩子都喜欢这些东西”。4)A此题考查对动词不定式的时态和语态的掌握运用能力。leave作“离开”讲时是不及物动词,没有被动形式;其次,句中的already 表示完成概念。因此选择表示主动兼完成的to have left。5)B“我们”加班的目的是完成计划,所以用不定式表目的、打算。6)A句意为“图书馆需要清扫了,不过要等到周日才行”。need cleaning是用主动形式表被动含义,也可用need to be cleaned结构。7)C句意为“我无法想象彼得在五天之内能航行穿过大西洋”。imagine sb.doing sth.“想象某人做某事”。8)B句意为“我必须为没有提前告诉你而道歉。”“没关系。”否定动名词时,在其前加not,这一点和不定式的否定形式类似。9)Cdoing nothing作伴随状语,相当于并列句and do nothing。句意为“不要坐在那里什么也不干,来帮我摆桌子”。10)B句意为“学生问老师他每天练多长时间的小提琴”。spend time (in)doing sth.,practice doing sth.,“play+the+乐器”均为固定结构。