1、专题限时集训(八)主旨大意之确定文章标题A (2020衡水市第一次联考)The worlds first hydrogenpowered trains have begun running in Germany. They began carrying passengers Monday in Germanys northern Lower Saxony.The new train will run 100kilometer trips and can travel up to 140 kilometers an hour.A French railroad company called Al
2、stom built the two trains.Teams in Germany and France cooperated on the project，which was supported by the German government.The new train model，called the Coradia iLint，signals the beginning of efforts in Germany and other nations to move away from pollutionproducing diesel(柴油) trains.The Coradia i
3、Lint is designed to run on nonelectrified train lines with low levels of noise.It uses a process that combines hydrogen and oxygen to produce electrical power.If the system produces more energy than the train needs at that time，it can store the extra energy in batteries.The only emissions(排放物) are w
4、ater and steam.A single tank of hydrogen can run a Coradia iLint train for about 1，000 kilometers.This is very similar to the distance a dieselpowered train can run on a single tank of diesel.Hydrogenpowered trains cost more than diesel trains to build，but Alstom officials say the operating costs ar
5、e much lower.The company plans to provide another 14 Coradia iLint trains to Lower Saxony by 2021.The head of railroad operations in the area，Carmen Schwab，praised replacing diesel trains with hydrogen trains.She said the move was an important first step in using cleanburning technologies to reach c
6、limate protection goals.Officials say many of the areas wind turbines(涡轮机) will produce part of the energy to create the hydrogen to power the trains.Alstom says several other European countries have also expressed interest in developing hydrogen train systems.France has already said it wants its fi
7、rst hydrogen train to be operating by 2022.【语篇解读】本文是一篇科普类说明文。介绍了一种新型的氢动力火车。1Why did Germany build the new trains?ATo replace diesel trains.BTo carry more passengers.CTo make traveling much easier.DTo develop friendship with France.A考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“The new train model，called the Coradia iLint，signals
8、the beginning of efforts in Germany and other nations to move away from pollutionproducing diesel(柴油) trains”可知，建造新型火车的目的是取代产生污染的内燃机车。2What is one advantage of the Coradia iLint?AIt runs without making any noise.BIt doesnt use electrical power.CIt costs much less to run.DIt is cheaper to make it.C考查
9、细节理解。根据第六段中的“the operating costs are much lower”可知，氢动力火车的运行成本比较低。3It can be concluded that hydrogen trains Aare widely usedBare environmentally friendlyCcan stop air pollutionDcan produce water and oxygenB考查推理判断。纵观全文可知，新的氢动力火车具有低噪音的特点，且其唯一的排放物是水和蒸汽，所以它是环保的。4What might be the best title for the text?
10、ASaving Natural ResourcesBEfforts to Reduce EmissionsCThe Worlds First Hydrogen TrainsDA New Way to Make ElectricityC考查标题归纳。本文的主要信息是介绍世界上第一批氢动力火车的研制原理、其在环保方面的优势以及这种火车的发展趋势。BPeople have different ways of dealing with a common cold.Some take overthecounter medicines such as aspirin while others try po
11、pular home remedies(治疗) like herbal tea or chicken soup.Yet here is the tough truth about the common cold：nothing really cures it.So why do people sometimes believe that their remedies work？According to James Taylor，professor at the University of Washington，colds usually go away on their own in abou
12、t a week，improving a little each day after symptoms peak，so its easy to believe its medicine rather than time that deserves the credit，USA Today reported.It still seems hard to believe that we can deal with more serious diseases yet are powerless against something so common as a cold.Recently，scient
13、ists came closer to figure out why.To understand it，you first need to know how antiviral drugs work.They attack the virus by attaching to and changing the surface structures of the virus.To do that，the drug must fit and lock into the virus like the right piece of a jigsaw(拼图)，which means scientists
14、have to identify the virus and build a 3D model to study its surface before they can design an antiviral drug that is effective enough.The two cold viruses that scientists had long known about were rhinovirus(鼻病毒) A and BBut they didnt find out about the existence of a third virus，rhinovirus C，until
15、 2006.All three of them contribute to the common cold，but drugs that work well against rhinovirus A and B have little effect when used against rhinovirus C.“This explains most of the previous failures of drug trials against rhinoviruses，”study leader Professor Ann CPalmenberg at the University of Wi
16、sconsinMadison，US，told Science Daily.Now，more than 10 years after the discovery of rhinovirus C，scientists have finally built a highlydetailed 3D model of the virus，showing that the surface of the virus is，as expected，different from that of other cold viruses.With the model in hand，hopefully a real
17、cure for a common cold is on its way.Soon，we may no longer have to waste our money on medicines that dont really work.【语篇解读】本文主要介绍了科学家们对普通感冒的相关研究。5What does the author think of popular remedies for a common cold?AThey are quite effective.BThey are slightly helpful.CThey actually have no effect.DThey
18、 still need to be improved.C考查细节理解。根据第一段最后一句可知，作者认为常见的应对普通感冒的方法都是无效的，这与第二段的专家论述呼应。6How do antiviral drugs work?ABy breaking up cold viruses directly.BBy changing the surface structures of the cold viruses.CBy preventing colds from developing into serious diseases.DBy absorbing different kinds of col
19、d viruses at the same time.B考查细节理解。根据第三段第四句可知，抗病毒药物是通过附着在病毒表面，并改变其表面结构而起作用的。7What can we infer from the passage?AThe surface of cold viruses looks quite similar.BScientists have already found a cure for the common cold.CScientists were not aware of the existence of rhinovirus C until recently.DKnowi
20、ng the structure of cold viruses is the key to developing an effective cure.D考查推理判断。根据第三段最后一句，并结合对本段的整体理解可推知，了解感冒病毒的结构是研发有效药物的关键所在。8What is the best title for this passage?ADrugs Against Cold VirusesBHelpful Home RemediesCNo Current Cure for Common ColdDResearch on Cold VirusesC考查标题归纳。根据第一段最后一句和最后一段
21、的呼应，以及对全文的整体理解可推知，本文主要讲述了科学家们对普通感冒的研究，结果发现目前并没有有效的治疗方法。CIt is widely believed that smiling means a person is happy，and it usually occurs when theyre meeting another person or a group of people.However，a new study led by the body language expert Dr Harry Witchel shows this isnt always the case.In his
22、 research，he asked 44 participants aged 1835 to play a geography quiz game consisting of nine difficult questions so that they often got the answer wrong.Participants seated interacted with a computer alone in a room while their faces were video recorded.After the quiz，the participants were asked to
23、 rate their experience using a range of 12 emotions including“bored”，“interested”and “frustrated”Meanwhile，their facial expressions were then computer analysed frame by frame in order to judge how much they were smiling based on a scale of between 0 to 1.Dr Witchel said：“According to some researcher
24、s，a real smile reflects the inner state of cheerfulness or amusement.However，behavioural ecology theory suggests that all smiles are tools used in social interactions，meaning cheerfulness is neither necessary nor rich for smiling.Our study showed that in these humancomputer interaction experiments，s
25、miling isnt driven by happiness；it is associated with subjective involvement(主观参与)，which acts like a social fuel for smiling，even when socialising with a computer on your own.”Surprisingly，participants didnt tend to smile during the period when they were trying to figure out the answers.However，they
26、 did smile right after the computer game informed them if their answer was correct or wrong.Participants smiled more often when they got the answer wrong.Dr Witched added：“During these computerised quizzes，smiling was greatly increased just after answering questions incorrectly.This behaviour could
27、be explained by selfratings of involvement，rather than by ratings of happiness or frustration.”【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。人们普遍认为微笑意味着一个人是快乐的，但是研究表明，微笑仅是社交的需要，并不能表明这个人一定是快乐的。 9Why did Dr Witchel use difficult questions in the quiz game?ATo make it hard for participants to answer them correctly.BTo make the answe
28、r period last as long as possible.CTo discover the most intelligent participants.DTo create a stressful situation for participants deliberately.A考查细节理解。根据第二段第一句可知，他设计的问题很难，是为了让参加试验的人得出错误的答案；据此可知，设计难题的目的是让参与者难以答对题目，故A项正确。10What can we infer from what Dr Witchel said in Paragraph 4?AOther researchers
29、opinion of a real smile is quite right.BSmiles arent necessarily useful tools in social interactions.CSubjective involvement doesnt motivate smiling in social interactions.DWitchels study finding is consistent with behavioural ecology theory.D考查推理判断。根据第四段尾句可知，试验结果表明：微笑不是由快乐驱动的；它与主观参与有关；结合第四段第二句可知，行为
30、生态学理论认为，所有的微笑都是社会交往中使用的工具，这意味着快乐对微笑来说既不是必要的，也不是丰富的。据此可以推断，研究的结果与行为生态学理论一致，故D项正确。11What do we know about the text?AParticipants were asked to interact with each other in the quiz.BParticipants in the quiz smiled less often when they got the answer wrong.CIn Dr Witchels opinion，smiling is connected wi
31、th subjective involvement.DDr Witchel thinks that a real smile reflects the inner state of cheerfulness.C考查细节理解。根据第四段尾句可知，Witchel博士认为，微笑不是由快乐驱动的，它与主观参与有关。故C项正确。12What can be a suitable title for the text?AWhat Contributes to Real Happiness?BHow to Identify Whether a Person Is Really Happy?CSmiling Doesnt Necessarily Mean HappinessDPeople Generally Hold a Wrong View on HappinessC考查标题归纳。通读全文，并结合文章第一段第二句可推知，文章陈述了这样的事实：微笑仅是社交的需要，并不表明这个人一定快乐。故C项最适合作本文的标题。
