1、2013高考英语二轮攻略-典型结构的高度警示甘肃 庆阳 刘克炜【摘 要】英语中,典型结构的表达方式句型比较固定,寓意深刻,意境真切,但用法灵活,因此,考生要在纷杂的英语句子中找出一些普遍性和代表性的规律,掌握考向,听取警示,集中特训,攻克难点,这样,考生就可以达到准确理解和熟练运用了。【关键词】典型结构 误用 【典型结构1】 to be done / being done / done的误用【典例】What a noise! Whats that building _ (build) for?【错因】考生注意到了that building与build之间是动宾关系,但语境判断失误,误用buil
2、t或to be built。【答案】being built 【解析】to be built表示将要被建;being built表示正在被建;built表示已经建好。有语境What a noise!可知,这栋楼正在被建。【点拨】区别to be done, being done和done的关键是要看时间,要分清它们表示的动作是正在进行,将要发生还是已经完成。 【典型结构2】 done / doing / have done / having been done的误用【典例1】_ (separate) from other continents for millions of years, Aust
3、ralia has many plants that dont exist in other parts of the world.【错因】有些考生忽视了for millions of years,从而误用separating或separated。【答案】Having been separated 【解析】有时间状语可知,此处需要用分词的完成形式,再有句子主语Australia和动词separate存在动宾关系,由此判断该用其被动形式。【典例2】When she was eight years old, she went to school for the blind in Boston, a
4、nd she learned to read books _ (write) for blind people.【错因】有些考生可能注意到了books和write之间为动宾关系,又想到了这一动作发生在句中谓语动词learned之前,从而误用having been written。【答案】written 【解析】having done和having been done多用于表示非谓语动词所表示的动作先于句中谓语动词表示的动作,通常在句中作状语。done表示动作已经完成,可作定语。故此处用过去分词作定语。【警示】having done和having been done在句中主要作状语,非谓语动词所
5、表示的动作先于句中谓语动词表示的动作,一般不作定语。例:Having finished his homework, he went to bed.做完作业后,他去睡觉了。Having been shown around the school, we were taken to the dinning hall.参观学校后,我没被带到了餐厅。【典型结构3】 “连词+分词”结构的误用【典例1】If _ (ask), she would have said that Charlotte Stanhope was her especial friend.【错因】有些考生忽视了逻辑主语she与动词ask
6、之间有动宾关系,从而误用asking。【答案】asked 【解析】逻辑主语she与动词ask之间有动宾关系,应用过去分词。这种省略句常见形式有“连词+done/doing/adj./to do”。例:Please be careful while crossing the street.【提示】1.有时从句的主语为it,即使主句和从句的主语不一致,也可采用省略形式。例:if possible, if necessary, if convenient, whenever and wherever possible等。【典例2】Before _ (use), the machine must be
7、 checked.【错因】考生只注意了主语the machine 与动词use之间有动宾关系,而忽视了另外情况,故误用used。【答案】being used 【解析】after, before作连词时,通常不用于这种类型的省略句。在这种省略句中,这两个词可作介词,其后要用动名词形式。【链接】在一些表示时间,条件,让步,地点,比较以及方式的状语从句中,有两种情况可以出现省略现象。1.从句的谓语包含动词be的某种形式,从句的主语与主句的主语一致,可将从句中的主语及动词be省略。如:She will be unhappy if (she is) criticized. I did it as tol
8、d in class(as I was told). 2.从句的谓语包含动词be的某种形式,从句的主语形式为it, 可将从句中的主语it及动词be省略。例:Practice speaking English whenever possible.【典型结构4】 独立主格结构的误用【典例】Time _ (permit), we will go for an outing tomorrow.【错因】有些考生不知道独立主格结构的使用场合,从而误填permits。【答案】permitting 【解析】是否使用独立主格结构,要看前后句子之间是否有连接词,如果有连接词,通常不使用独立主格结构,否则需要使用。
9、本题两部分之间没有连接词,所以需要使用独立主格结构,此处permit为不及物动词,且与主语Time之间是主谓关系。【链接】独立主格结构的构成:名词/代词+不定式/分词/形容词/副词/介词短语。例:The test finished, we began our holiday. Weather permitting, we are going to visit you tomorrow.He came into the room, his ears red with cold. He came out of the library, a large book under his arm. 【典型
10、结构5】 “with+宾语+分词/不定式”复合结构的误用【典例1】He lay there, with his teeth _ (set), his hands clenched, his eyes looking up straight up.【错因】有些考生知道是with的复合结构,但受汉语影响,认为teeth和set之间是主谓关系,误填setting。【答案】set 【解析】set ones teeth意为“咬紧牙关”。teeth作动词set 的宾语,在结构中存在逻辑上的动宾关系,故用过去分词。【典例2】With everything she needed _ (buy), the ho
11、use wife drove home.【错因】有些考生对语境理解失误,误填to buy。【答案】bought 【解析】遇到with复合结构考生一定要区分清语境,本句中the house wife drove home可知,所有东西已全部买齐,不是将要买东西,因此,不用不定式。若不是将要做某事,则用不定式。【点拨】“with+宾语+分词/不定式”复合结构主要用作状语,它和独立主格结构的共同特点是:两者都不是一个完整句子结构。独立主格结构相当于把“with+宾语+分词/不定式”复合结构中的with去掉的情况。例:With his money lost, he felt very sad.【典型结
12、构6】 doing与to do的误用【典例1】He went on to explain how in college she came _ (realize) that studying literature is one of the best ways to understand a culture.【错因】有些考生分不清come后该用动词的哪种形式,误填realizing。【答案】to realize 【解析】come后接不定式表示“达到(认识,理解或相信的程度)”。【典例2】Avoid _ (do) Internet banking in public areas such as I
13、nternet caf or on any computer that can be accessed by people you do not know.【错因】有些考生分不清avoid后该用动词的哪种形式,误填to do。【答案】doing 【解析】avoid后面需要接动名词作宾语。句意:避免在像网吧这类公共场合或能够被你不认识的人使用的电脑上进行网上银行业务。【典3】 I regret _ (inform) you that we are unable to offer you employment you need.【错因】有些考生分不清avoid后该用动词的哪种形式,误填inform
14、ing。【答案】to inform 【解析】从语境看,句子的主语因为要做某事而感到遗憾,此时常用不定式,regret doing sth.表示为做过某事而感到后悔。【典4】 _ (sentence) to death made the prisoner who was sent to prison for killing a girl scared to death.【错因】考生看出了要用动名词作主语,但却语意逻辑关系理解错误,误用Sentencing。【答案】Being sentenced 【解析】由语境可知,谓语动词made缺少主语,应用动名词,且“囚犯the prisoner”与“审判s
15、entence”之间有逻辑上的被动关系,故用动名词一般式的被动式Being sentenced。【典例5】 His wish is _ (buy) a luxurious car in the near future.【错因】考生弄不清不定式与动名词的用法,误用buying。【答案】to buy 【解析】不定式作表语一般表示具体动作,特别是表示将来的具体动作。动名词作表语通常表示抽象的一般性行为。例:Our work is serving people.而本文显示将要去做的事,故用不定式作表语。【比较】动名词与不定式比较:动名词具有名词的性质,可以作主语,宾语,表语和定语。不定式建有动词特点,
16、可以充当主语,宾语,宾补和状语。常接不定式作宾语的动词有:afford, aim, appear, agree, arrange, ask, decide, care, choose, desire等。【速记】接不定式与接动名词作宾语有显著区别的动词有:try to do努力做某事,try doing试着做某事,mean to do打算做某事, mean doing意味着做某事,regret to do因要做某事而感到遗憾,regret doing因做过某事而感到后悔,remember to do记住要做某事,remember doing记着做过某事 【归纳】使用不定式表示结果的有:1. so
17、 + adj./adv.+ as to do 2. such + n.+ as to do 3. adj./adv. + enough to do 4. only to do 5. never to do 6. too + adj./adv. + to do 例:He went abroad, never to return. 【典型结构7】 only doing与only to do的误用【典例1】The news reporters hurried to the airport, only _ (tell) the film stars had left.【错因】有些考生没有注意到主语与动
18、词之间的动宾关系,误填to tell。【答案】to be told 【解析】only to do 表示主语难以想象的结果;“The news reporters”与“tell”之间为动宾关系,故用to be told。【典例2】Her husband died in 1980 and had nothing left to her, only _ (leave) her five children.【错因】有些考生迷糊了only doing和only to do形式的区别,误填to leave。【答案】leaving 【解析】only doing表示主语有一种顺其自然的结果。本句中died后的
19、结果是自然而然的,并非出乎意料。【典型结构8】 doing与done的误用【典例1】I got so _ (excite) that my heart was beating very fast as if it would leap out of my mouth.【错因】有些考生不能正确使用-ed和-ing形式的形容词,误填exciting。【答案】excited 【解析】一般来说,表示心里状态的动词,如please等,现在分词表示“令人高兴的,令人满意的”,多用来指事或物。过去分词则表示人内心感到高兴或满意,多用指人。本题指“我”,故用excited。【典例2】_ (blame) for
20、 the breakdown of the school computer network, Alice was in low spirit.【错因】有些考生认为是主动式,误填To blame。【答案】Blamed 【解析】因Alice受到了责备,与blame之间是动宾关系,故用过去分词Blamed。【点拨】现在分词与过去分词作状语的主要区别:在于两者与其逻辑主语的关系是主谓关系还是动宾关系,是主谓关系,用现在分词;是动宾关系,则用过去分词。【链接】1.现在分词作状语时,现在分词表示的动作就是句子主语发出的动作,它们之间是主谓关系。例:Not knowing what to do, he we
21、nt to his parents for help.2.过去分词作状语时,过去分词表示的动作就是句子主语为动作的承受者,它们之间是动宾关系。例:Given more attention, the trees could have grown better.【典型结构9】 have sth. to do / have sth. done / have sth. to be done的混用【典例】Im going to Guangzhou. Do you have anything _ (take) to your son who is study at college?【错因】有些考生认为是动
22、宾关系,误填taken。【答案】to be taken 【解析】句中have的意义“有”。题意:我打算去广州,你有什么东西要带给你正在上大学的儿子吗?若果自己带东西,则用“have to take”。如果给别人顺路带东西,则用have to be taken。可考生用have sth. done结构,意义“使,让”。例:Do you have your clothes washed?你常让别人洗衣服吗?【链接】1.have sb. do sth.让别人做某事。其等于let/make sb. do sth。2.have sb. doing sth.让别人持续做某事/听任,容忍某人做某事。3.ha
23、ve sth. done遭受某种影响或者不幸/因自己不会做或者不愿意做而请别人做某事。【点拨】have sth. to do / have sth. done / have sth. to be done的区别,关键在于理解动词have的含义。在have sth. to do和have sth. to be done结构中,have作“有”讲;在have sth. done结构中,have作“让某事做成”讲,此时have可以换成get,但是,表示“人让某人做某事”时,还可以用get sb. to do sth.或have sb. do sth。【参考文献】1全日制普通高级中学教课书(试验修订本必修)高中英语(人教版)22012年全国普通高等学校统一招生考试说明英语(人教版) 3全日制普通高级中学教学教材课程标准英语(人教版)42012年全国及各省市高考试题全解英语卷薛金星(人民日报出版社2012.7.) 5牛津现代高级英汉双解辞典As Hornby ,张芳杰编(牛津大学出版社6牛津高阶英汉双解词典As Hornby , Sally Wehmeier, 陆谷孙编 (商务印书馆)7实用英语语法张道真编(商务印书馆)8英语高考必备刘锐诚编(中国青年出版社)9现代英语惯用法词典费致德编 (商务印书馆)10 试题调研(英语2013高考考点大串讲)杜志建编 (新疆青少年出版社2013.1.)