1、zxxkwUnit 2 LanguageUnit 2 LanguageGrammar and usageGrammar and usage（11）Noun Noun clauses introduced clauses introduced by question wordsby question words That the earth is round is a fact.Mrs.Black wont believe that her son has become a thief.My idea is that we should do it right now.I had no idea
2、 that you were her friend.主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句I.名词从句的种类学科网II.Tell the function of the following sentences.a.subject b.object c.predicative d.appositive1.The fact that Great Britain is made up of three countries is still unknown to many.d2.The question is whether it is worth doing.3.Some people feel tha
3、t Wales is an ancient fairy land.4.That he will come is certain.5.They realize that it is of great value to record and teach them to the younger generation.6.Why he did it wasnt quite clear.cbbaaWe can use the following question words to introduce noun clauses:what,which,who/whom,whose,when,where,wh
4、y and how.III.Noun Clauses introduced by question words:We use a question word to introduce a noun clause.The clause can function as the subject,object or predicativeof the sentence.1.Where does a person come from?This will affect his or her style of speech.=Where a person comes from will affecthis
5、or her style of speech.wh-questionsubject2.Why does English have such strange rules?You can begin to see it!=You can begin to see it why English has such strange rules!wh-questionobject3.Why does English have so many difficult rules that confuse people?That is the reason.=That is why English has so
6、many difficult rules that confuse people.wh-questionpredicative In a noun clause that is introduced by a question word,we change the word order into that of a statement.We cannot leave out the question words in noun clauses.e.g.What are people from the north saying?People from the south find it diff
7、icult to understand.People from the south find it difficult to understand what people from the north are saying.在复合句中作主句的主语。引导词有连词that(that 不可省),whether;代词有who,what,which;副词 when,where,how,why 等。VI.主语从句e.g.That he is a famous singer is known to us.When he will go to America is not yet fixed.Whether
8、shes coming or not doesnt matter too much.(not if)在复合句中作主句的宾语。引导词有连词that(that 常可省略),whether,if;代词有who,whose,what,which;副词 when,where,how,why 等。VII.宾语从句e.g.We believe(that)he is honest.I asked if(=whether)they had a cheap suit.Can you tell which dictionary is hers?I really dont know what he is doing.
9、在复合句中作主句的表语。引导词有连词that(that 不可省),whether;代词有who,what,which;副词 when,where,how,why 等。VIII.表语从句e.g.The problem is that we didnt get in touch with him.This is how Henry solved the problem.His suggestion is that we(should)finish the work at once.注意：如果句子的主语是suggestion,advice.order 等名词时,后面引导的表语从句用should+动词
10、原形,should可省略。在句中起同位语的作用。一般放在名词 fact,news,idea,promise,thought,suggestion等之后,用以说明或解释前面的名词。引导词有连词 that;少数情况下也可用连接副词等。IX.同位语从句e.g.The thought that we might success excited us.The idea that they should try a second time is worth considering.The suggestion that the plan(should)be delayed will be discusse
11、d tomorrow.You have no idea how worried I was.注意：名词suggestion,advice,order等词后的同位语从句的谓语动词要用should+动词原形,should可省略。Read the diary on page 28 and decide what sentence element each highlighted noun clause is in its sentence.Answers:1._ 2._ 3._4._ 5._OSPOPRead the article on page 29 and fill in the blanks
12、 with suitable question words.Answers:1._ 2._ 3._4._ 5._ 6._7._ 8._whyWhatwhichwhyhowwhoHowWhich1.-Do you remember _ he came?-Yes,I do.He came by car.a.how b.when c.that d.if2._ well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.a.If b.Whether c.That d.Where abV.Choose the best answer3.Ask her _ come w
13、ith us.a.if she will b.if will she c.whether she d.whether will she4._ we cant understand is_ he didnt join us in our discussion.a.That;why b.Which;how c.What;what d.What;whyadGrammar and usage(2)Grammar and usage(2)preparatory subject preparatory subject it it Look at the following sentences and fi
14、nd the real subject of each sentence.1.It is important for us to learn it well.2.It is important that we should learn English well today.3.It is no use wasting your time reading such books all day.Sometimes in English the subject of a sentence is very long,making the sentence awkward and difficult t
15、o understand.One way of making the sentence easier to understand is to use the preparatory subject it.With the preparatory subject it,the subject is moved to the end of the sentence,and it is used in its place at the start of the sentence.1.We can use it as an empty subjectA.when we use a noun claus
16、e as the subject of a sentence.e.g.That we would not be able to understand Old English today is certain.=(preferable)It is certain that we would not be able to understand Old English today.Whether English will keep on changing in the future is easy to answer.=(preferable)It is easy to answer whether
17、 English will keep on changing in the future.When we can set off depends on the weather.=(preferable)It depends on weather when we can set off.1.It+be+adj.(true,certain,possible,obvious,likely)that2.It+be+noun phrase(no wonder,an honour,a pity,)that3.It+be+past participle(said,reported,expected,anno
18、unced)that4.It+seems/appears that.5.It doesnt matter that it 作形式主语的句型:e.g.To learn a foreign language is a challenging task.=(preferable)It is a challenging task to master a foreign language.To gain access to the Internet is important for us.=(preferable)It is important for us to gain access to the
19、Internet.B.when the subject is a to-infinitive.C.when the subject is a v-ing form.e.g.It is fun wandering in the countryside.=(preferable)Wandering in the countryside is fun.It takes up a lot of my time travelling to Beijing.=(preferable)Travelling to Beijing takes up a lot of my time.2.It can also
20、be used before seem,appear,happen,chance,turn out and prove as the empty subject of a sentence.e.g.It seems that he is enthusiastic about drawing.=He seems to be enthusiastic about drawing.It happens that my new neighbour comes from my home town.=My new neighbour happens to come from my home town.3.
21、We usually use the preparatory subject it with a clause or to infinitive(preferable),but with the verb-ing form we prefer the real subject at the beginning.e.g.It is a good idea to make an official statement about the incident.=Making an official statement about the incident is a good idea.Read the
22、dialogue on page 31 and rewrite the sentences in yellow,using the preparatory subject it.Answers:2._ _ _It requires a good understanding of their behaviour to know what they mean.3._.4._.It always puzzles me why my dog barks in certain waysIt wont be difficult to buy a machine like this.Read the let
23、ter on page 31 and rewrite the underlined sentences using the preparatory subject it.Answers:2._.It happens that several racial groupslive in Singapore.3._ _.4._.It is fun to hear different people speaking different languages all at the same timeIt is certain that Ill see you next week.1.乘宇宙飞船去月球是可能
24、的。It is possible to fly to the moon in a spaceship.Translation2.他似乎已经知道问题的答案。It seems that he has known the answer to the problem.3.我们在哪儿听报告还没定。It hasnt been decided where well listen to the report.用that或what完成下列句子。1._ he wants is a book.2._ he wants to go there is obvious.3.Is _ he told us true?4.W
25、e should pay attention to _ the teacher is saying.5.I have no idea _ he did that afternoon.whatwhatwhatWhatThatTips:that只起连接主从句的功能，不作成分，而what不仅起连接作用，还在从句中作主语或宾语等成分。根据句意填入恰当的词。1.This is _ the whole city is fed.2.I am going,anyway._ youll go with me is up to you.3._ caused the fire in the lab is still
26、 a secret.4.His success was due to the fact _ he knew how to make good use of time.howWhetherWhat/Whothat5.The rule _ boys mustnt have long hair is often mentioned in our school._ breaks it will be punished.6.Have you made _ clear _ the form is to be handed in by Friday?7.Why not try your luck downt
27、own,Bob?Thats _ the best jobs are.thatWhoeveritthatwhere8.Do _ you believe is right and keep on trying until you make it.9.You can only be sure of _ you have at present;you cannot be sure of something _ you might get in the future.10.You should stick to _ you have begun until you finish it.whatwhateverwhatthat学 科网
