1、中考英语语法知识一、情态动词（一）情态动词是什么？情态动词是英语语法中的“态度放大器”，用来表达说话人的能力、许可、推测、必要性、意愿等。它们不能单独作谓语，需与动词原形连用，且无人称和数的变化。常见情态动词有：can/could, may/might, must, shall/should, will/would, need, dare（二）核心考点梳理1.表示能力can/could：强调能力或技能。Could you help me?（你能帮我吗？）【例句】I can swim.（我会游泳。）could 是 can 的过去式，但也可用于委婉语气。2.表示许可can/may：请求或给予许可。
2、Could I use the restroom?（我能用一下洗手间吗？）【例句】May I borrow your pen?（我可以借你的笔吗？）委婉用法：Could/Might 更礼貌。3.表示推测must/cant/may/might：表达可能性。must（肯定推测）：He must be at home.（他一定在家。）cant（否定推测）：It cant be true.（这不可能是真的。）may/might（可能性较低）：She might be busy.（她可能很忙。）4.表示必要性must/have to：主观必须 vs.客观必须。You neednt worry.（你不用担
3、心。）must：You must finish your homework.（你必须完成作业。）have to：I have to go now.（我必须走了。）否定形式：neednt/dont have to（不需要）。5.表示建议或请求should/ought to：建议或义务。【例句】You should take a break.（你应该休息一下。）will/would：提出请求（would 更委婉）：Would you mind opening the window?（你介意开窗吗？）（三）易混淆点辨析1.can VS couldcan 表能力；could 可表过去或委婉请求。【例句
4、】I can speak English.（我会说英语。）Could you pass the salt?（你能递一下盐吗？）2.may VS mightmay 表允许或可能性；might 可能性更低。【例句】May I leave early?（我可以早走吗？）It might rain tomorrow.（明天可能下雨。）3.must VS have tomust 主观要求；have to 客观条件。【例句】I must study.（我必须学习。）I have to work.（我不得不工作。）（四）特殊结构与高频考点1.情态动词 + have done用于虚拟语气，表示对过去的推测或评
5、价：must have done（一定做了某事）：He must have forgotten the meeting.（他一定忘记了会议。）could have done（本可以做某事）：I could have passed the exam if I had studied.（如果我学习了，本可以通过考试。）should have done（本应该做某事）：You should have told me earlier.（你本应该早点告诉我。）2.情态动词 + be + doing表示对正在进行的动作的推测：She may be cooking dinner.（她可能在做晚饭。）二、代词
6、（一）人称代词：谁是主语？谁是宾语？人称代词用来指代“你、我、他”等人物，分为主格和宾格两种形式。主格（I, you, he, she, it, we, they）：作句子的主语。例：She plays football every day.宾格（me, you, him, her, it, us, them）：作动词或介词的宾语。例：He gave her a gift.常见错误：混淆主格和宾格。He gave she a gift. He gave her a gift.（二）物主代词：我的、你的、他的，怎么选？物主代词表示“所属关系”，分为形容词性和名词性。形容词性物主代词（my, yo
7、ur, his, her, its, our, their）：修饰名词。例：This is my book.名词性物主代词（mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs）：独立使用，代替“形容词性物主代词+名词”。例：This book is mine.口诀记忆：“形容词性后名词，名词性独立用；his/its无变化，my变mine记牢。”（三）反身代词：强调“自己”的秘密武器反身代词（myself, yourself, himself, herself等）表示动作的承受者是动作的执行者本人，常用于强调或固定搭配中。强调作用：She did it herse
8、lf.（她亲自做的。）固定短语：teach oneself, help oneself, enjoy oneself.例：I taught myself to play the piano.注意：反身代词不能单独作主语，但可作同位语。例：He himself said that.（他自己说的。）（四）指示代词：这个/那个，这些/那些指示代词（this, that, these, those）用于指代特定的人或物。近指（this/these）：较近的事物。例：This is my favorite pen.远指（that/those）：较远的事物或前文提到的内容。例：That car is ex
9、pensive.小技巧：this/that 用于单数，these/those 用于复数。指代前文时，that 表示承上，this 表示启下。例：I got up late.Thats why I missed the bus.（五）相互代词：彼此之间的关系相互代词（each other, one another）表示“互相”。each other：通常用于两者之间。例：They love each other.one another：强调群体间的关系。例：The students helped one another with homework.（六）疑问代词：谁？什么？哪个？疑问代词（who
10、, what, which, whose, whom）用于提问。who/whom：指人，who 作主语，whom 作宾语（正式语体）。例：Who called you? / To whom did you speak?whose：表示所属关系。例：Whose bag is this?which/what：指事物或情况，which 用于有限选择，what 用于无限范围。例：Which color do you prefer? / What is your name?（七）关系代词：连接主句与从句的桥梁关系代词（who, whom, whose, which, that）引导定语从句，修饰先行词。
11、who：指人，作主语。例：The girl who is reading is my sister.whom：指人，作宾语（正式语体）。例：The man whom you met is a doctor.which：指物或整个句子。例：The book which I bought is interesting.that：指人或物，可替换 who/which（非正式语体）。例：The phone that broke is mine.（八）不定代词：some, any, many, much怎么用？不定代词表示不确定的数量或范围，常见辨析如下：some vs.any：some：肯定句或表请求
12、/建议的疑问句。例：I have some apples./ Would you like some coffee?any：否定句、疑问句或条件句。例：I dont have any apples./ If you have any questions, ask me.many vs.much：many：可数名词。例：There are many books.much：不可数名词。例：There is much water.both vs.all：both：两者都。例：Both answers are correct.all：三者及以上都。例：All students passed the e
13、xam.each vs.every：each：强调个体。例：Each student has a book.every：强调整体。例：Every student must attend.（九）复合不定代词：something, anything, everybody复合不定代词（something, anything, everybody等）由“some/any/every + body/thing”构成，作主语时谓语动词用单数。something：肯定句中表“某物”。例：I want something to eat.anything：疑问句/否定句中表“任何事物”。例：Dont touch
14、 anything.nobody/everybody：指人。例：Nobody knows the answer./ Everybody laughed at the joke.注意：修饰语后置（something important, nobody special）。形容词放在代词之后（anything wrong, nothing strange）。（十）替代词：one, ones, it替代词（one, ones, it）用于避免重复。one/ones：替代前面提到的名词。例：I need a new pen.Do you have one?it：指代时间、天气、距离等抽象概念。例：It
15、is raining./ It is 10 oclock.总结：代词使用小贴士区分主格与宾格：主格作主语，宾格作宾语。注意物主代词形式：形容词性+名词，名词性独立用。反身代词要一致：与主语在人称、性别、数上保持一致。不定代词看语境：some/any, many/much, both/all 等根据句子类型选择。疑问代词位置准：who/which/what 位于谓语动词前。三、动名词与分词非谓语动词中的 动名词（doing） 和 分词（现在分词/过去分词） 是英语语法的“高能考点”，也是 “易错区”。它们的区别在于：动名词（doing）：兼具动词和名词特性，表抽象行为或动作本身。分词（doing
16、/done）：兼具动词和形容词特性，表主动/进行或被动/完成状态。（一）动名词（doing）1.作主语/宾语作主语：Doing exercise is good for health.（动名词作主语，表抽象行为）Swimming is my favorite sport.（动名词作主语，表习惯性动作）作宾语：I enjoy playing the piano.（接动名词的动词：enjoy/finish/mind/practice/avoid.）She avoids talking to strangers.（动名词作宾语，表具体动作）2.作表语My job is teaching Englis
17、h.（动名词作表语，说明主语内容）The best way to improve your English is practicing every day.（动名词表抽象方法）3.作介词宾语固定搭配：be good at doing（擅长）look forward to doing（期待）thank you for doing（感谢）have difficulty/trouble in doing（困难）【例句】He is interested in learning Chinese.We are looking forward to meeting you.（二）分词（doing/done）
18、1.现在分词（doing）表主动或进行：the boy playing football（主动进行）the developing country（主动进行）作伴随状语：He came in, singing a song.（伴随动作）She sat by the window, reading a book.（伴随状态）作原因状语：Being ill, he stayed at home.（因生病）Feeling tired, she went to bed early.（因疲惫）2.过去分词（done）表被动或完成：a book written by Lu Xun（被动完成）fallen l
19、eaves（完成状态）作伴随/原因状语：Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful.（被动）Frightened, he ran away.（因害怕）（三）易错点总结1.动名词 vs.不定式：enjoy/finish/mind后接 doing；want/decide后接 to do。Stop doing（停止做某事） vs.Stop to do（停下来去做另一件事）。2.分词的逻辑主语：非谓语动词的逻辑主语需与主句主语一致。例：Having finished his homework, he went out.（主语一致）【错误例句】 Having finished his homework, the movie started.（主语不一致）3.主动与被动混淆：Interested（感到感兴趣） vs.Interesting（令人感兴趣）。Broken（被打破的） vs.Breaking（正在打破的）。5
