1、2021高考英语复习之高考真题阅读词块精析（十二）2018浙江卷（A篇）In 1812,the year Charles Dickens was born,there were 66 novels published in Britain.People had been writing novels for a centurymost experts date the first novel to Robinson Crusoe in 1719but nobody wanted to do it professionally.The steam-powered printing press w
2、as still in its early stages;the literacy(识字) rate in England was under 50%.Many works of fiction appeared without the names of the authors,often with something like “By a lady.”Novels,for the most part,were looked upon as silly,immoral or just plain bad.In 1870,when Dickens died,the world mourned h
3、im as its first professional writer and publisher,famous and beloved,who had led an explosion in both the publication of novels and their readership and whose charactersfrom Oliver Twist to Tiny Timwere held up as moral touchstones.Today Dickens greatness is unchallenged.Removing him from the panthe
4、on(名人堂) of English literature would make about as much sense as the Louvre selling off the Mona Lisa.How did Dickens get to the top?For all the feelings readers attach to stories,literature is a numbers game,and the test of time is extremely difficult to pass.Some 60,000 novels were published during
5、 the Victorian age,from 1837 to 1901;today a casual reader might be able to name a half-dozen of them.Its partly true that Dickens style of writing attracted audiences from all walks of life.Its partly that his writings rode a wave of social,political and scientific progress.But its also that he rew
6、rote the culture of literature and put himself at the center.No one will ever know what mix of talent,ambition,energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer.But as the 200th anniversary of his birth approaches,it is possibleand important for our own cultureto understand how he made himsel
7、f a lasting one.词块梳理1：bornv. 出世（bear的过去分词）adj. 天生的近义词：n. nuclear physicistadj. given birth, hatched, dropped, whelped, foaled, calved, intelligent反义词：n. unborn, unintelligent, stupid词组 | 习惯用语was born 出生born on 出生于（时间）born of 源于，出生于born into .家庭born again 再生be born with 天生具有born yesterday 乳臭未干first b
8、orn adj. 头生的；最长的;n. 长子；长女;born approximation 玻恩近似；玻饵似born to win 天生大赢家；强者的诞生；生而为赢born days 口语有生之日born in the purple 出身显贵2：publishvt. 发表；出版；公布vi. 出版；发行；刊印时 态: published, publishing, publishes 形容词: publishable近义词：v. produce, make, create, publicize, publicise, air, bare解析：announce: 多指首次宣布大家感兴趣或可满足大家好奇
9、心的事情。 declare: 侧重正式就某事清楚明白地宣布。proclaim: 指官方宣布重大事件或施政方针，语体比announce正式。pronounce: 词义与announce,declare接近，但较多用于指法律判决方面的宣布。advertise: 指通过文字和图像资料等的反复宣传而引起公众的注意，有时隐含令人不快或言过其实的意味。broadcast: 专指利用广播或电视传播消息或发表见解。publish: 专指通过报刊或其它媒介向公众公布事情。词组 | 习惯用语publishing n. 出版；出版业; adj. 出版的；出版业的; v. 出版；发行（publish的现在分词形式）；
10、发表;published adj. 已发布的; v. 出版；发行（publish的过去式）;publisher n. 出版者，出版商；发行人publishable adj. 可出版的；可发表的Publishers Weekly 出版人周刊（书名）publishing company 出版社published rate 公布运价information publish 信息发布publishing firm 出版社published value 公布值3：expertadj. 熟练的；内行的；老练的n. 专家；能手；行家vt. 当专家；在中当行家副 词: expertly近义词：n. person
11、, individual, someone, somebody, mortal, souladj. skilled反义词：n. unskilled解析：expert: 特指有某项专长，有某方面经验。proficient: 多指擅长于某事，侧重技艺或科学方面。skillful: 指在工作或操作中表现出灵巧、熟练。skilled: 通常指已掌握某行业的专业技能或手段，或已有从事某一专门工作的本领或技术。词组 | 习惯用语expert system 专家系统expert in 熟于；在方面是行家expert at 擅长expert knowledge 专家知识，专门知识expert group 专家
12、组expert advice 专家意见technical expert 技术专家expert evaluation 专家评估；专家鉴定expert witness 鉴定证人expert opinion 专家意见；内行意见expert testimony 专家证词；鉴定人证据；专家作证expert panel 专家小组；专家团expert conclusion 鉴定结论domain expert n. 领域专家 4：workvt. & vi. (使)工作；(使)运作, 运转；(使)产生效果n. 工作, 劳动, 作业；事业；工作成果, 产品；著作, 作品；工厂；功时 态: worked also
13、wrought working, works 近义词：n. activity, product, production, occupation, business, job, line of workv. succeed, win, come through, bring home the bacon, deliver the goods, transform, transmute反义词：n. idle, laze, slug, stagnate解析：work: 最普通用词，含义广，指人们日常生活和工作中所从事的有目的的体力或脑力劳动。 task: 通常指分派给的任务，也指自愿的工作，但往往是
14、艰巨或令人厌烦的工作。 job: 多用于口语，侧重指受雇用的，以谋生为目的工作，不论有无技术，也不管是零工或散工。词组 | 习惯用语work in 进入；插进at work 在工作；上班work with 与共事；对有效hard work 努力工作；繁重的工作work on 影响，对起作用；继续工作；从事于；设法说服work for 效劳；为工作；为效力work hard 努力学习；辛勤工作work together 合作；共事；共同工作work out 解决；算出；实现；制定出；消耗完；弄懂in work adv. 有工作；在完成之中work experience 工作经验research
15、work 调查研究工作work as 担任；以身份而工作social work 社会福利工作（等于social service）work at 从事于；致力于work efficiency 工作效率；劳动效率；加工效率work well 有效；工作好in the works 正在准备阶段；在进行中或准备中team work 配合，协力；工作小组；协同工作good work 良好的工作；干得好；做得很棒5：badadj. 坏的；严重的；劣质的n. 坏人；坏事adv. 坏地；邪恶地；很，非常比较级: worse worst 名 词: badness近义词：n. qualityadj. atroci
16、ous, abominable, awful, dreadful, painful, terrible, unspeakable反义词：n. good, goodnessn. good, mild, comfortable, comfy, fresh, valid, superior解析：bad: 含义广泛，指任何不好的或不合需要的品质。evil: 语气比bad强，强调道德上的邪恶不良，含狡猾凶险或危害他人的意味。ill: 与evil意义接近，但语气弱一些，常指道德或性质方面的不良。poor: 普通用词，侧重指事物的质量或数量低于标准或不合要求。用于指天气与食品时可与bad通用。wicked:
17、 语气比evil强，指居心叵测，任意违反道德标准，有意作恶。词组 | 习惯用语in bad 倒霉；失宠bad news n. 坏消息；令人讨厌的人；倒霉的事bad weather 恶劣的天气bad at 不善于to the bad 亏损；负债，欠账；吃亏;处于不利的情况下;趋于毁坏;bad luck 运气不好，坏运气；噩运bad thing 坏东西，坏事bad habit 坏习惯go bad 变酸；开始腐坏bad mood 坏心情，坏情绪bad influence 坏影响feel bad 不舒服；为感到难过be bad for 对不利；对有害bad behavior 坏行为bad cold 重
18、感冒；重伤风bad temper 坏脾气；暴躁bad situation 糟糕的局面，处于劣势not so bad 并不坏；还凑合in a bad way 病情严重in a bad mood 心情不好；处在不好的情绪中6：professionaladj. 职业的, 专业的；内行的, 有经验的；有意的, 故意的n. 具有某专业资格的人, 专业人士；内行, 专家；专门职业者, 职业选手副 词: professionally近义词：n. adult, grownup, athlete, jock, authorityadj. nonrecreational, paid, profession, co
19、mmunity, white-collar反义词：n. amateurn. nonprofessional, unprofessional, blue-collar词组 | 习惯用语professional development 专业发展professional knowledge 专业知识；专门知识professional design 专业设计；设计合理professional service 专业服务professional training 职业培训professional team 专业团队；职业队professional education 职业教育；专业教育profession
20、al experience 工作经验；工作经历；职业经验professional staff 专门人员professional skill 专业技能professional qualification 专业资格；职称等级professional spirit n. 专业精神professional practice 专业实习professional manager 职业经理人；专业管理者professional organization 专业组织professional competence 专业技能professional course 专业课程，专业课professional commit
21、ment 专业承诺professional standard 行业标准；专业标准；职业标准professional dedication 敬业精神7：leadn. 铅；领导；导线；榜样；石墨vt. 领导；引导；指挥；致使vi. 导致；领导；用水砣测深adj. 带头的；最重要的时 态: led leading, leads 形容词: lead近义词：n. metallic element, metal, advantage, vantage, evidence, grounds, leadershipv. produce, bring about, give rise, leave, resul
22、t, precede, induce反义词：n. deficit解析：direct: 指为某人指方向，但自己不一定亲自引路，也可表示指导一群人的事或活动。conduct: 正式用词，指引导某人去某处，强调亲自带领；也强调监督管理一群有共同目的或目标的人。 guide: 普通用词，可与conduct换用，指引导者与被引导者双方彼此合作，共同努力的关系。lead: 指走在前面给某人引路或带路人共同去达到某一目标。用于抽象意义时，指在某项活动或运动中起主导和组织作用。pilot: 从原义“为飞机、轮船导航”借喻为指亲自带领某人去某处。词组 | 习惯用语lead in 导入；引入线；开场白take t
23、he lead v. 带头；为首in the lead 领先；主要的；占主导地位的lead time n. 提前期；订货至交货的时间；研制周期；交付周期lead into 导致；引起under the lead of 在的领导下lead poisoning n. 铅中毒；美国俚语中弹受伤lead on v. 哄骗；引诱lead paint 铅涂料；铅丹lead free adj. 无铅的lead screw 导螺杆lead content 含铅量lead up 引入；抢先lead frame 引线框；引脚框架lead oxide 氧化铅；一氧化铅；密陀僧lead through 引入；带领le
24、ad wire 铅丝；导线；引出线blood lead 血铅lead a happy life 过一种幸福的生活8：numbern. 号码；数字；数；算术；（杂志等的）期vi. 计入；总数达到vt. 编号；计入；数的数目；使为数有限时 态: numbered, numbering, numbers 名 词: numberer近义词：n. amount, definite quantity, performance, public presentation, positive identification, signal, signalingv. be, designate, denominat
25、e, name, identify, classify, class解析：quantity: 书面用词，指事物的总量和总数量，侧重大批计量，含准确测量的意味。amount: 普通用词，与quantity近义，但强调整体，指把所有数量、重量及度量归并在一起得出的总数。number: 普通用词，指人或物的数目，强调数的概念。sum: 普通用词，指简单加算的结果。词组 | 习惯用语number of 许多；数目；若干numbers of 许多，若干large number 大量；多位数large number of 大量的；众多的in number 总共；在数字上to the number of a
26、dv. 合计数为.；达到.的数目number of people 人数phone number 电话号码number one 第一；最好；自己的利益telephone number n. 电话号码small number n. 小数；少数交any number of 许多；好些a great number of 多数的，许多total number 总数a small number of 少量的；一小部分serial number 序号，编号any number 任意人数account number 帐号by the numbers 系统地；按常规地room number 房间号码9：casu
27、aladj. 漠不关心的, 冷淡的；随便的, 非正式的；偶然的, 碰巧的；临时的, 不定期的副 词: casually名 词: casualness近义词：adj. unconcerned, unplanned, informal, careless, irregular, light, easy反义词：n. concerned, planned, formal, careful, regular, heavy, difficult解析：irregular: 指不按常规、固定模式或计划做事；或指不隶属于任何机构或组织。casual: 指不太注意场合，仪表等，随意性强。informal: 指语言
28、、穿着等随便，也指不举行任何形式或仪式的活动。词组 | 习惯用语casual wear 便装，休闲服casual clothing 休闲装；便服casual pants 休闲裤business casual 商务休闲装；商务便装casual dress 便装；休闲服装casual water 临时积水区casual leave 事假10：progressn. 进步，发展；前进vi. 进行；前进，进步时 态: progressed, progressing, progresses 近义词：n. development, motion, movement, move, change of loca
29、tion, travelv. develop, travel, go, move, locomote反义词：n. regress, retrograde, retrogress解析：advance: 主要用于具体的人或物，也可指科学技术和运动等。 progress: 指按某一既定目标前进，取得发展，目的性很明确，强调经常和稳定地前进。proceed: 侧重指继续前进。move on: 非正式用语，侧重从某一停止点向某地前进，但不表示前进的目的地。go: 最常用词，含义宽泛而不确切，依上文确定其具体意思。词组 | 习惯用语progress in 在有进展economic progress 经济发
30、展；经济进步social progress 社会进步in progress 正在进行；在发展中scientific progress 科学进展make progress 取得进展；前进technical progress 技术进步technological progress 技术进步construction progress 施工进度made progress 大有长进make progress in 在方面取得进步，取得进展continuous progress 连续进度progress bar 进度条；进度指示器work in progress 在制品；过程进行中的工作progress t
31、oward 向前进progress report 进度报告progress control 进度控制；进度管理work progress 施工过程；工程进度material progress 物质文明make progress with 在方面取得进步；在方面取得进展11：culture n. 文化；修养, 教养, 精神文明；养殖, 培养, 栽培；vt. 培植, 培养时 态: cultured, culturing, cultures 近义词：n. society, taste, appreciation, discernment, perceptiveness, content, cogni
32、tive content解析：civilization: 指广义的文化，标志人类发展开化的进程。强调物质方面的文明。culture: 侧重指精神方面，即多由科技、文化等所体现的人类智力开发的程度。词组 | 习惯用语traditional culture 传统文化corporate culture 企业文化，公司文化enterprise culture 企业文化western culture 西方文化national culture 民族文化campus culture 校园文化tissue culture 组织培养；体素培养local culture 本土文化；地方文化popular cult
33、ure 大众文化，通俗文化；流行文化culture medium 培养基（培养微生物的养料）human culture 人类文化；人类文明American culture 美国文化cell culture 细胞培养folk culture 民俗文化；民间文化culture industry 文化产业；文化工业physical culture n. 体育foreign culture 外国文化mass culture 大众文化；大量培养organizational culture 组织文化pop culture 流行文化；通俗文化；波普文化12：lastvi. 延续; 继续；耐用; 经久vt.
34、经受住, 到之后adj. 最后的, 末尾的；最近的; 刚过去的, 上一个的；惟一剩下的; 最终的最不可能的, 最不合适的n. 最后的最后提到的人物; 最近的信adv. 上一次, 最近一次最后时 态: lasted, lasting, lasts 副 词: lastly近义词：n. end, ending, rank, activity, weight unit, weight, volume unitv. measureadj. past, antepenultimate, endmost, terminal, parting, parthian, penultimate反义词：n. futu
35、re, intermediate, first, opening, proximate, likely词组 | 习惯用语at last 最后；终于last year 去年last week 上周，上星期last night 昨晚in the last 在最后；法在终审时last month 上个月last day 最后一天；最后审判日at the last 直到最后last summer 去年夏天；去年暑假the last one 最后一个；倒数第一last for 持续；延续；历时last weekend 上周末last minute 最后一刻；紧急关头last forever 永远持续the last thing 最不想要的事物；最不适宜的事last Saturday 上周六，上星期六last long 持续很久，持续很长时间last but not least 最后但并不是最不重要的last in 殿后者last term 末项
