1、 虚拟语气的运用解析【学习目标】1. 初步了解虚拟语气的结构1. 能对简单的虚拟语气进行运用【教学重难点】对隐含条件的虚拟语气和从句中虚拟语气的运用 语气有三种：陈述语气、虚拟语气、祈使语气。虚拟语气，表示说话人的假设、猜测、建议或愿望，而不表示客观存在的事实。第一部分 虚拟语气用于含（或隐含）条件状语从句的复合句来源:Zxxk.Com一、 基本情况1、与现在事实相反表示与现在事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句中的谓语动词用“过去式（be的过去式一般用were）”；而主句中的谓语动词用“would(should, could, might)+动词原形”。例如：If he had time, he
2、would attend the meeting.If I were you, I would go to look for him.If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students.If they were here now, they would help you.练练看If they (have) time, they (study) Italian too.If there (be) no gravity, we (not be) able to walk.2、与过去事实相反表示与过去的事实相反的假设时，条件状语从句的谓语动
3、词用“had+过去分词”；主句中的谓语动词用“would(should, could, might)+have+过去分词” 例如：If you had taken my advice, you wouldnt have failed in the examination.If I had come here yesterday, I would have seen him.If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.【练练看】The rice _ (not burn) if you _ (be) more careful yesterd
4、ay.If my lawyer _ (be) here last Saturday, he _ (prevent) me from going.3、与将来事实可能相反表示与将来事实相反的假设时，条件从句和主句所用的谓语动词 与“表示与现在事实相反的假设”的谓语动词相同，或者条件从句中用“were to (should)+动词原形”。例如：If you succeeded, everything would be all right.If it were to rain tomorrow, the meeting would be put off. If it should snow tomor
5、row, they couldnt go out.【练练看】If he (go) tomorrow, he (tell) you.小结 请填好以下表格与现在事实相反与过去事实相反与将来事实可能相反主句从句注意：even if/though引导从句用于虚拟语气的形式与if从句相同。Even though I had been very busy then, I would have helped you.二、 特殊情况1、主句和从句的谓语动词所指的时间不同（错综时态虚拟）当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，动词的形式要依据它所表示的时间来调整。If you had wo
6、rked hard, you would be very tired.If you hadnt watched that late movie last night, you wouldnt be so sleepy now. Many dead people would now be alive if they had not attempted to return for something. If Paul had received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now.【练练看】If you
7、(ask) him yesterday, you ( know) what to do now.If it (rain) last night, it (be) very cold today.2、隐含条件隐含条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。这类隐含式虚拟条件句往往都可以转化为if引导的条件句。Without air, there would be no living things.=If there _(be) no air, there would be no living things.I was very tired. Otherwise, I
8、would have gone to help you.=If I had not been very tired, I would have gone to help you. But for the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy life today.=If there hadnt been the leadership of the party, we could not be living a happy life today. 3、无主句的虚拟条件句（if only意为“但愿， 要是就好了”，通常用过去
9、时或过去完成时）If only I were a bird.If only I had taken his advice.If only the alarm clock had rung.来源:Z+xx+k.ComIf only he _(come) early tomorrow.4、虚拟条件句的倒装（if的省略现象）虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were，should或had（须为助动词或意为“有”），可将if省略，再把were，should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。Were they here now, they could help us.=If they were here no
10、w, they could help us.Had you come earlier, you would have met him.=If you had come earlier, you would have met him. Should it rain, the crops would be saved.=If it should rain, the crops would be saved.请把下列句子恢复成正常语序的句子Were I in school again, I would work harder. =_Had you been here earlier, you wou
11、ld have seen him.=_Should there be a good film tomorrow. I would go to the theatre with you.=_Were it not for your help, I wouldnt be successful. =_但在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式，如我们可以说：Were it not for the expense, I would go to Italy.但不能说：Werent it for the expense, I would go to Italy.第二部分 虚拟语气
12、用于某些从句一、 从句的谓语动词形式为(should) do1、用于在表示意愿、建议、命令、提议、请求等动词后的that宾语从句中。这类动词有：一个坚持insist;两个命令order, command; 三个建议advise, suggest, propose; 四个要求demand, require, request, desire; 以及arrange安排，beg请求，decide决定， intend打算， object反对， prefer愿意，urge强调、敦促，vote公认；提议 pray请求等。例如：We suggest that we (should) have a meetin
13、g.We insist that they (should) go with us.The doctor ordered that she (should) stay in bed for a few days.He demanded that we (should) start right away.She advised that we _ (keep) the gate locked. 注意：只有当insist作“坚持主张去做某事情”，suggest作“建议”解时，从句的动词发生在谓语动词之后，宾语从句才用虚拟语气。当insist作“坚持认为某个事实的客观存在”，suggest 作“暗示
14、，表明”解时，宾语从句通常不用虚拟语气。例如：Mike insisted that he had never stolen anything.Madame Curie insisted that there was something in nature that gave out radium.The expression on his face suggested that he _ (be) very angry.2、用于与表示建议、要求、命令、请示等含义的名词相关的表语从句和同位语从句中。这类名词常见的有：advice忠告，suggestion劝告, proposal提议，motion
15、提议，demand要求，desire要求；愿望，requirement要求，request要求，order命令，insistence坚持，necessity必要性， pray恳求，decision决定，resolution决心，idea主意等。例如： This is their resolution that extra-curriculum activities be made part of their school life.We all agreed to his suggestion that we _( go) to Beijing for sightseeing.My idea
16、is that we (should) do exercises first.来源:Z.xx.k.Com3、用于It is形容词或过去分词或名词that从句中，表示惊奇，不相信，惋惜，理应如此等。这类形容词或分词有： urgent紧迫的，necessary必要的，important重要的，vital极其重要的，possible可能的，strange奇怪的，natural自然的，probable可能的，advisable合理的，essential基本的，anxious焦急的，incredible难以置信的， suggested建议，ordered命令，proposed提议，requested要求
17、的，required要求的，recommended推荐,decided决定的等。 例如：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that we should clean the room every day.It is a pity ( a shame，no wonder) that you should be so careless.It will be desired (suggested, decided, ordered, requested, proposed, etc.) that she should finish h
18、er homework this afternoon.二、从句的谓语动词形式为与含条件从句的复合句的虚拟语气的谓语动词形式相类似1、“wish+宾语从句”表示现在不能实现的愿望，从句的谓语动词用过去式；表示将来不能实现的愿望，用“would(could)+动词原形”；表示过去不能实现的愿望时，用“had+过去分词”。例如：I wish it were spring all the year round.I wish you could go with us.We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.注意： 这里的所谓“现在”、“过去”、“将来
19、”严格说来都是相对概念，即相对于wish所发生的时间而言。“现在”是指从句谓语动词的时间与wish所发生的时间基本相同；“过去”是指从句谓语动词的时间早于wish所发生的时间；“将来”是指从句谓语动词的时间晚于wish所发生的时间。例如：Ten years ago, he wished he were a millionaire, but now he is still very poor.When she was young, she wished that she could be a teacher when she grew up.【练练看】I wish he (not go) the
20、n.When I was a child, I wished that my parents (be) PLA soldiers.How she wishes that one day she (drive) a plane.2、as if (as though)引导的表语从句或状语从句。如果从句表示的动作发生在过去，用过去完成时；指现在状况，则用过去时；指将来情况，则用过去将来时。例如：He looked as if he were an artist.He speaks English so fluently as if he had studied English in England.Mrs White is sobbing as if her heart would break.如果强调某种天气征兆，则as if 从句后不用虚拟语气，而用陈述语气：如：It looks as if it is going to snow very soon.注意： 与wish的宾语从句一样，这里的所谓“现在”、“过去”、“将来”严格说来也是相对概念，即相对于主句谓语动词所发生的时间而言。例如：The teacher treated the students as if they were his friends.6 / 6
