1、Section Using languageGrammar基本句型一、语法图解二、语法突破1句子的基本成分根据英语词汇在句子中的地位和作用，英语的句子成分可分为主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语、同位语及独立成分等。(1)主语：表示句子说的是什么人或什么事。通常由名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、动词不定式、动名词、从句等充当。The young lady over there is my English teacher.(名词) 那边的那位年轻女士是我的英语老师。Climbing mountains is really fun.爬山真是有趣。(动名词) What caused t
2、he accident is not clear.事故的起因尚不清楚。(从句) (2)谓语：说明主语做什么或怎么样。通常由动词或动词短语充当，位于主语之后。实义动词可以单独作谓语，连系动词需要和表语一起构成谓语；情态动词和助动词需要和实义动词一起构成谓语。I made your birthday cake last night.(实义动词) 昨晚我做好了你的生日蛋糕。Food supplies in the floodstricken area are running out.(动词短语) 洪水灾区的食物供应即将耗尽。You look the same.(连系动词表语) 你们看起来很像。(3)
3、表语：用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态。一般位于系动词之后，由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句充当。He became interested in physics.(形容词) 他变得对物理感兴趣。That remains a puzzle to me.(名词) 这对我还是个难题。His job is selling computers.(动名词短语) 他的工作是销售电脑。Our duty is to make our environment better.(动词不定式) 我们的责任是使我们的环境更好。(4)宾语：表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介
4、词后面。常由名词、代词、动名词、不定式或相当于名词的词组和句子充当。直接宾语表示动作的承受者或结果，通常指物。间接宾语表示动作的接受者或指向，它位于直接宾语之前；位于直接宾语之后时，其前面则常加介词to或for。Many Chinese speak English today.(名词) 现在许多中国人说英语。Jack is selfish and nobody likes him.(代词) 杰克很自私，没有人喜欢他。My brother intends to write a new book.(动词不定式) 我哥哥打算写一本新书。I cant understand what you mean.
5、(从句) 我不明白你的意思。(5)宾语补足语：补充说明宾语的成分叫作宾语补足语。一般由形容词、名词、副词、不定式、分词和介词短语等充当。We keep the classroom clean.(形容词) 我们保持教室干净。We made him our monitor.(名词) 我们选他当班长。He has the horse running all day.(现在分词) 他让这匹马跑了一整天。(6)定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。一般由形容词、名词、代词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语和从句等充当。The two boys are students.(数词) 这两个
6、男孩是学生。The boy in blue is Tom.(介词短语) 穿蓝色衣服的男孩是汤姆。The boy writing this letter needs a pen.(现在分词短语) 写这封信的男孩需要一支钢笔。(7)状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分叫作状语。一般由副词、名词、数词、形容词、不定式、分词、介词短语、独立主格和从句等充当。可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、伴随、条件、程度、让步、频率等。He speaks English well.(副词) 他英语说得很好。Seen from a distance, the farmhouse
7、 looked deserted.(过去分词) 从远处看，这座农舍显得空无一人。She looked at me in surprise.(介词短语) 她吃惊地看着我。即时演练1判断下列句中加黑部分的句子成分The number of private cars will increase.主语Don will feed the birds tomorrow.状语My little sister always makes me laugh.宾语补足语The students didnt understand the teachers words that day.宾语Most people le
8、ave their homes for work at 7：00 am.谓语The new building looks most impressive.表语My grandma usually tells us stories about the past.宾语I am writing to ask for more information.状语 Ill never forget the day when I worked together with you.定语He was elected chairman of the company.主语补足语2基本句型按照结构，英语的句子可分为简单句
9、、并列句和复合句。只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语) 的句子叫作简单句。简单句有7种基本句型：(1)主谓(SV) 这种句式是英语中最简单的句式，句中的动词大多为不及物动词，其后不能接宾语，但可以用状语修饰谓语动词或整个句子。The temperature has changed.温度变了。He cried.他哭了。(2)主谓宾(SVO) 主谓宾结构的句子中含有有实际意义的谓语动词。这种动词的动作是由主语产生，但不能表达完整的意思，必须有宾语(动作的承受者)才能使意思完整。这类动词叫作及物动词。同时，句子中有时含有与宾语有关的状语。He has accepted our invi
10、tation.他已经接受了我们的邀请。I have borrowed four books from the library.我从图书馆里借了4本书。He pretended not to see us.他假装没有看见我们。She usually puts off carrying out her promise.她通常拖延履行她的诺言。(3)主系表(SVP) 主系表结构的句子中的谓语动词是系动词，它们不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。除了系动词be外，还有一些实义动词也可以用作系动词： 表示感官的动词： feel, smell, t
11、aste, sound, look 等。表示变化的动词：become, get, grow, turn, go, fall, run, come等。表示延续的动词：remain, keep, stay, stand, continue, lie等。表示表象的动词：seem, appear, look 等。表示终止的动词：prove, turn out等。Mans love of wonder is the seed of our science.人类对于不可思议之事物的爱好是我们科学的根本。His voice sounded strange to her.他的声音在她听来有些奇怪。He bec
12、ame a teacher of English.他成了一名英语教师。We should remain modest at any time.任何时候我们都应保持谦虚。名师点津感官动词的系表结构通常是主动表示被动。(4)主谓宾宾(SVOO) 主谓双宾的句子中谓语动词必须跟两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。其中一个是动词动作的直接承受者，另一个是动词动作的间接承受者。主谓双宾结构中间接宾语常常指“人”，直接宾语常常指“物”。My sister told me a long story.我姐姐给我讲了一个很长的故事。Mother bought me a coat yesterday.昨天妈妈给我买了一件
13、外套。名师点津(1)下列动词后面接间接宾语时前面需要加to：allow, bring, give, hand, leave, lend, offer, pass, pay, permit, promise, read, refuse, sell, send, show, teach, tell, wish, write等。 (2)下列动词后面接间接宾语时前面需要加for：buy, choose, get, leave, make, order, paint, save, sing, spare等。 (5)主谓宾补(SVOC) 有些及物动词只带宾语句子意义仍不完整，还需要带一个补足语来进一步说明
14、宾语的情况，从而使句子意思完整明确。宾语和宾语补足语构成复合宾语，逻辑上有主谓关系。We all call the baby Sara.我们都叫这个婴儿萨拉。They made her happy.他们让她快乐。Will you ask Mary to help us?你能让玛丽帮我们吗？I often hear her sing the German song in her lovely voice.我时常听到她用优美的嗓音唱这首德国歌曲。She kept us waiting for her answer for over a week.她让我们等她的答复等了一个多星期。I will ha
15、ve all my clothes washed this afternoon.今天下午我将把所有的衣服都洗完。I noticed the letter in the drawer.我发现信在抽屉里。(6)主谓状(SVA)My parents live in Taibei.我的父母住在台北。John has gone to buy books.约翰去买书了。(7)主谓宾状(SVOA)The wind raised the fallen leaves from the ground.大风把落叶从地面上刮了起来。They know us very well.他们非常了解我们。He brought
16、his brother to see me.他带着他的弟弟来看我。即时演练2判断下列句子属于哪种句型They laughed.主谓The answer broke his heart.主谓宾These machines are still expensive.主系表I was wondering if we could go skiing on the weekend. 主谓宾Books of this kind sell well.主谓状She sent her mother a nice new car. 主谓宾宾I want the letter to be ready tomorrow
17、. 主谓宾补I liked my English teacher very much. 主谓宾状 Everybody types differently. 主谓状It gives us a great feeling of happiness. 主谓宾宾1debate n&v.讨论，辩论Peter Bullock was not only an English teacher，but also the man who founded the debate club in our school.彼得布洛克不仅是一位英语老师，也是创办我们学校辩论俱乐部的人。(1)have a debate on/
18、about/over sth.进行一场关于某事的辩论/讨论under debate 在辩论/讨论中beyond debate 无可争论(2)debate with sb.about/on . 就与某人辩论(经典佳句) After a heated debate, we all agreed on the plan.经过一场激烈的辩论，我们就这一计划达成一致意见。练透单句语法填空He likes to debate issues with his friends.Even the genetic makeup of the virus is under debate.It is a fact b
19、eyond debate that the employment pressure of graduates is heavy.写美补全句子一年来，我们就未来的政策进行了多次讨论。Over the year we have had several debates on/about/over future policy.2argue v争论，争辩(教材P6) Argue about the weeks hottest topics with the schools sharpest minds!和全校头脑最敏锐的人物辩论每周热点。(1)argue with sb.about/over sth.与
20、某人争论某事argue for . 为而争论；为而辩护argue against 争辩(反对) argue sb.into/out of doing sth. 说服某人做某事/不做某事(2)argument n. 争论，辩论；论据，论点(经典佳句) They were arguing about/over which film to see.他们正在争论看哪部电影。练透单句语法填空Many experts argue for the ban of riding motorcycles in the city.He argued against smoking because he though
21、t it was harmful to health.A decision was finally made after some heated argument (argue)写美补全句子我终于说服我的好朋友在我居住的城市定居下来。I finally argued my good friend into settling down in the city where I lived.巧学助记The workers, who argued for their own rights, argued with the boss for a few days, but failed to argue
22、 him into giving them a rise in wages because the boss argued against it and insisted that their pay had already been OK.为自己的权利而辩护的工人们和老板争论了几天了，但还是没能说服老板给他们涨工资，因为老板反对并且坚持认为给工人们的工资已经不错了。3sharp adj.敏锐的，聪明的；急转的；急剧的；锋利的；剧烈的；敏捷的；严厉的 adv.整(表示时间)(2020浙江高考改编)Challenging might help your brain stay sharp as y
23、ou age.随着年龄的增长，挑战可能会帮助你的大脑保持敏锐。sharpen v使变锋利；使敏锐sharply adv. 严厉地；突然地；锋利地sharpened adj. 打磨尖利的；削尖的(经典佳句) It was very sharp of you to have noticed that.你注意到了这一点，真够机灵的。练透一词多义Make sure you use a good sharp knife.锋利的There is a sharp drop in the prices.急剧的He was a little sharp with me when I asked him to h
24、elp.严厉的I felt a sharp pain in my back.剧烈的He is very sharp, a quick thinker.敏锐的单句语法填空I need to sharpen (sharp) that knife.His health improved sharply (sharp) this week.写美翻译句子请七点整到这里。Please be here at seven oclock sharp.名师点津有些形容词加后缀en可变为动词：darken(使)变暗；sharpen使尖锐，加剧；widen加宽；deepen加深；broaden加宽，扩大； strai
25、ghten弄直，变直；quicken加快； brighten(使)变亮，(使)愉快；shorten缩短； worsen(使)恶化4apply v申请；应用(教材P7) Afterschool activities also play a part when students apply to college.学生申请大学时，课外活动也起到了一定的作用。(1)apply (to .) for .(向)申请apply oneself to . 致力于，专心于apply .to . 把应用于(2) application n. 应用；用途；申请have a wide application in .
26、 在中得到广泛应用application form 申请表(3)applicant n. 申请者(经典佳句) Ive applied for a new job in the local newspaper.我已经在地方报社申请了一份新工作。练透单句语法填空The new technology was applied to farming.Next week is the deadline for sending in your application (apply)How many applicants (apply) did you have for the job?写美补全句子他已向那家
27、公司申请一份工作。He has applied to the company for a job.5take part (in sth.) 参与某事(教材P7) In the UK and the US，senior high school students take part in various afterschool activities，such as club activities and volunteer work.在英国和美国，高中学生参加各种课外活动，例如俱乐部活动和志愿者工作。play a part in在中起作用play the part of 扮演的角色for the
28、most part 大部分，在很大程度上(经典佳句) More than fifteen thousand people took part in the memorial service.有15,000多人参加了悼念仪式。练透单句语法填空My little girl is going to play the part of the princess! So，we still do not know where these buried miners are for the most part.写美补全句子教练鼓励的话语在我的成功方面起了很重要的作用。The coachs encouragin
29、g words played an important part in my success.辨清take part in/join/join in/attendtake part in指参加会议或群众性活动等，着重说明句子主语参加该项活动并在活动中发挥作用join指加入某个党派、团体、组织等，成为其成员之一。和某人一起做某事，其结构为join sb.in (doing) sth.，根据上下文in (doing) sth.也可以省去join in多指参加小规模的活动，如球赛、游戏等，常用于日常口语中attend是正式用语，为及物动词，指参加会议、婚礼、葬礼、典礼，去上课、上学、听报告等。句子的
30、主语只是去听、去看，自己不一定起积极作用6.take up 开始从事；占用(教材P7) However，they can take up a lot of time，so students have to learn to organise their busy schedules.然而，它们占用了大量的时间，因此学生们不得不学会安排自己繁忙的日程。take in欺骗；理解take on 呈现；雇用；承担；从事take over 掌管，控制take off 脱下；(飞机)起飞；事业腾飞；取消，请假(经典佳句) I know how busy you must be and naturally
31、I wouldnt want to take up too much of your time.我知道您肯定特别忙，我当然不想占用您太多的时间。练透单句语法填空When the delayed flight will take off depends much on the weather.Technology is here to help us，but we should not allow it to take over our lives.He is unwilling to take on heavy responsibilities.写美补全句子他决定把摄影当作自己的终生职业。He
32、 decided to take up photography as his lifelong career.维度一基础题型练单句语法填空1Running is cheap, easy and its always energetic (energy)2While running regularly cant make you live forever, the review says it is (be) more effective at lengthening life than walking，cycling or swimming.3The government encourages
33、 farmers to grow corn instead of rice to improve (improve) water quality.4When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad to find them (they) alive.5Many westerners who come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.6I still r
34、emember visiting (visit) a friend whod lived here for five years and I was shocked (shock) when I learnt she hadnt cooked once in all that time.7“She thought I had hurt myself ( I ) ，” says Pahlsson.8After a heated discussion, we agreed on making a video to record (record) our experiences at school.
35、9It was kind of you to help the old lady cross the road.10The workers were made to work (work) 12 hours a day.维度二语法与写作补全句子1我的朋友打算给我做顿饭。My friend is going to cook me a meal.2天气变得更冷了。The weather has turned much colder.3他们举行了一个晚会来庆祝他们的成功。They held a party to celebrate their success.4我相信只要你努力学习，你就会成功。I
36、believe that as long as you study hard, you will succeed.5大火发生在夜里。The fire broke out at night.6他注意到有个白发苍苍的老人进了这个房间。 He noticed a whitehaired man enter the room.维度三以语段形式练习语法写出下面短文中画线句子的基本句型形式How would you like to go to school and travel the world at the same time？For Tim,1.that dream has come true！Th
37、is term, 2.Tim and his classmates are living on a ship！They take the same subjects as you do, like maths and English.3.They also learn about ships and the sea.4.Tim writes his parents an email every week and tells them what happened on the ship.Tim loves living on the ship.Theres always something exciting to do.And，after a long day of study, 5.he likes to watch the sun go down and wait for the stars to come out.6.Studying and doing homework seem much more fun when you are at sea!答案：1.主谓2.主谓状3.主谓宾4.主谓宾状5.主谓宾补6.主系表
