1、非谓语动词例 The experiment shows that proper amounts of exercise,if _ regularly,can improve our health.(2010浙江卷)A.being carried out B.carrying out C.carried out D.to carry outC解析考查if条件句的省略。本句的主语是the experiment；谓语动词是shows;that引导宾语从句，宾语从句的主干是：proper amounts of exercise can improve our health,if_ regularly是
2、插入的条件从句，从句的主语是proper amounts of exercise，此时应用it代替前面提到的主语，条件句的主语与主句的主语一致，并且含有is，故省略了it is，完整形式是：if it is carried out。句意为：这项实验表明，适当的运动，如果有规律地进行，能够有助于我们的身体健康。例 The traffic rule says young children under the age of four and _ less than 40 pounds must be in a child safety seat.(2010浙江卷)A.being weighed B.
3、to weigh C.weighed D.weighing解析根据句子结构：主语：the traffic rule；谓语动词：says；其后部分为宾语从句。动词weigh与名词children是主动关系，所以选择weighing。句意：交通法则规定4岁以下并且体重不超过40磅的婴儿必须坐在婴儿安全座上。D例_ the city centre,we saw a stone statue of about 10 metres in height.(2010上海卷)A.Approaching B.Approached C.To approach D.To be approached 解析考查现在分词
4、作状语，表示正在进行或主动的动作。此时分词的逻辑主语就是主句的主语，因此要注意人称、时态和语态的一致性。A例Lucy has a great sense of humour and always keeps her colleagues_with her stories.(2010上海卷)A.amused B.amusing C.to amuse D.to be amused解析考查“keep+sb./sth.+宾补”这个结构，根据句意，her colleagues与amused之间为被动关系。A例 I had great difficulty _ the suitable food on t
5、he menu in that restaurant.(2010上海卷)A.find B.found C.to find D.finding解析考查固定搭配：have difficulty(in)doing sth.做某事有困难。D动词不定式和动名词都可作动词或介词的宾语。1动词不定式常见的带不定式作宾语的动词有：(利用口诀进行记忆，事实上，口诀内的动词后跟动词不定式，几乎都有将来意味，建议考生牢记。)作宾语 句型：(it=to do sth.，形式宾语)consider,think,make,feel,find,know,regard,believe+it+宾补(adj./n.)+to do
6、 sth.例：I feel it hard to study Ge/become/grow/get 等表示心理活动的过程，意为“渐渐地喜欢上/意识到/懂了/知道了”。例：I came to realize that I was wrong.作宾语介词but/except后可跟动词不定式作宾语。注意：but 前如果出现过do/does/did/done的任意一种形式，but后的to可以省略。例：She did nothing but lie in bed.作宾语2.动名词(1)常见的以动名词作宾语的动词是“动词不定式口诀”以外的动词。如：finish,mind,enjoy,practise,ri
7、sk,resist,delay,imagine,suggest,advise,excuse,prevent,keep,consider等。作宾语(2)句型：have difficulty/trouble/problem/a hard time/pleasure/a good time/fun in doing sth.做某事有困难/很开心 There is no need/harm/hurry/point+in doing sth.做某事没有必要/没有害处/不着急/没有意义 consider/find/believe/regard/think it no use/no good doing s
8、th.认为做某事没有用/没有好处作宾语3介词后面若要跟动词，必须使用doing，如on,by,after,before 等；常见带介词to的词组小结如下：(1)动词+toadapt to 适应addict sb./oneself to/be addicted to 沉迷于 adjust to 适应devoteto/be devoted to 致力于be close to 即将be/get used to 习惯于作宾语be accustomed to 习惯于be equal to 能胜任get down to 着手于give way to 对让步give rise to 使发生subscribe
9、 to 同意，赞同，订购give ones mind to 专心致志于look forward to 期盼着作宾语object to 反对be opposed to 反对refer to 指；参考turn to 转行干，求助于pay attention to 注意point to 指向turn attention to 把注意力转向say yes/no to 同意/不同意作宾语see to 注意处理，照料stick to 坚持keep to 坚持be sentenced to 被宣判为be subject to 经受be related to 与有关lead to 导致contribute t
10、o 为作贡献；有利于；导致作宾语1.动词不定式动词+宾语+to do sth.；宾语与to do 为主动关系，常见的动词如下：like,hate,encourage,wish,warn,tell,want,desire,expect,get,permit,order,allow，invite,force,ask,cause,advise,request,prefer,beg,persuade,teach，lead等；作宾补 感官动词+宾语+do sth.；宾语与do 为主动关系，省略to；若感官动词在被动语态中，则to 要还原。例：She saw the old man cross the r
11、oad.The old man was seen to cross the road.作宾补 使役动词let/make/have+宾语+do sth.；宾语与do 为主动关系；如make 在被动语态中，to要还原。例：I made my little brother cry.My little brother was made to cry.with+宾语+to do 有要做。例：With so much homework to do,I will not be able to relax myself on Sunday.作宾补2现在分词keep/have/leave+宾语+doing;宾语
12、与doing为主动关系，且持续进行。例：Sorry to have kept you waiting for me for such a long time.感官动词/catch+宾语+doing；宾语与doing为主动关系，且正在进行。例：The policeman caught the thief stealing money.作宾补get/send/set+宾语+doing；宾语与doing为主动关系，且动作由静止到运动并持续下去。例：Finally I got my car running.with+宾语+doing；宾语与doing为主动关系，且正在进行。例：I felt warme
13、r with the fire burning.作宾补3过去分词keep/have/leave/make+宾语+done(宾语与done之间为被动关系或表示状态关系)例：Nancy will have her house painted.感官动词+宾语+done(宾语与done之间为被动关系或表示状态关系)例：She found a small boy seated at the back of the classroom.作宾补want/order/ask/wish+宾语+(to be)done(宾语与done之间为被动关系)例：The teacher wanted the paper(to
14、 be)finished in an hour.with+宾语+done(宾语与done之间为被动或状态关系)。例：With their houses ruined in the flood,they became homeless.作宾补1.动词不定式(1)表目的，to do=in order to do=so as to do(不能放在句首)例：To make himself heard,he spoke loud.(2)表原因，常放在表示某种情绪的形容词之后，如glad,happy,nice,sorry 等。例：Im so sorry to hear that.作状语(3)表结果so+a
15、dj./adv.+as to do 或such+(a/an)+adj.+n+as to do，可以转化为sothat 或suchthat 引导的结果状语从句。例：She is so kind as to help me.=She is so kind that she helps me.She is such a kind girl as to help me.=She is such a kind girl that she helps me.作状语adj./adv.+enough(for sb.)to do例：The boy is old enough to go to school.on
16、ly to do 表示出乎预料的结果，意为“结果却”。例：She hurried to school only to find she was late again.注意：only to do 还有表示目的之意，意为“唯一的目的是；仅仅为了”。例：They got up very early only to have a look at the sunrise on the top of Mount Tai.作状语too+adj./adv.+to do 太而不能例：The problem is too hard for me to solve.注意：too+adj./adv.+to do 也可
17、译为“因做而很/非常”例：I am too glad to see you.见到你我太高兴了。作状语2.现在分词现在分词作状语，句子的主语应该与doing在逻辑上是主动关系，与谓语动词几乎同时发生。若动作先于谓语动词发生，则用完成式having done。作状语 表示时间，可还原为含主动语态的时间状语从句。例：Crossing the road,the old man was knocked over by a car.=When the old man was crossing the road,he was knocked over by a car.=When crossing the
18、road,the old man was knocked over by a car.作状语表示条件，可还原为主动语态的条件状语从句。例：Working hard,you will be able to pass the exam.=If you work hard,you will be able to pass the exam.=If working hard,you will be able to pass the exam.作状语表示让步，可还原为主动语态的让步状语从句。例：Having made a big fortune,he still lives a simple life.
19、=Though he has made a big fortune,he still lives a simple life.=Though having made a big fortune,he still lives a simple life.作状语表示原因，可还原为主动语态或系表结构的原因状语从句。例：Being ill,she had to stay at home instead of going to school.=As she was ill,she had to stay at home instead of going to school.作状语 表示结果，相当于whi
20、ch引导的非限制性定语从句，此时，which 的意思是“这一点”或相当于and引导的并列句。例：It snowed heavily,causing traffic problems.=It snowed heavily,which caused traffic problems.=It snowed heavily,and it caused traffic problems.作状语表示伴随状况或方式，相当于并列句，doing 是与谓语动词同时发生的一个动作。例：The fans came into the hall,following the pop star.=The fans came
21、into the hall and followed the pop star.作状语3.过去分词过去分词短语在句中作状语，句子的主语与done 之间在逻辑上是主动关系，大多数时候含有完成意味。表示时间，可还原为含被动语态的时间状语从句。例：Heated to a high temperature,water will change into vapour.=When the water is heated to a high temperature,water will change into vapour.作状语表示条件，可还原为含被动语态的条件状语从句。例：Given more time
22、,we could do it much better.=If we were given more time,we could do it much better.表示让步，可还原为含被动语态的让步状语从句。例：Defeated in the war,the soldiers didnt lose heart.=Though the soldiers were defeated in the war,they didnt lose heart.作状语表示原因，可还原为含被动语态或系表结构的原因状语从句。例：Encouraged by the professor,he kept on doin
23、g his research in AIDS.=As he was encouraged by the professor,he kept on doing his research in AIDS.作状语表示伴随状况，可改为含被动语态的并列句或含有系表结构的并列句。The boy sat by the window,lost in thought.=The boy sat by the window and he was lost in thought.作状语时间、条件、原因等状语从句的主语如果和主句的主语不相同，此时，从句的简化只能借助于独立主格结构。依据从句本身的主、被动关系，恰当使用t
24、o do 短语，doing 短语 或done短语，并在这些短语前加上to do,doing,done的主语即逻辑主语，这种结构称为独立主格结构；独立主格结构可以充当时间、条件、原因、伴随等状语。独立主格结构 As there was no bus,I had to walk home.There being no bus,I had to walk home.Because her mother was badly ill,she had to ask her teacher for some days off.Her mother being badly ill,she had to ask
25、 her teacher for some days off.独立主格结构Henry,my uncle,is said_ an experiment proving that his new method works.A.to be done B.to have done C.doing D.having being doing解析考查不定式作补语。be said后加to do,故排除C、D;do an experiment先于is said发生，故用不定式的完成式to have done。B A number of new machines were introduced from abro
26、ad,_an increase in production.A.resulted in B.to result in C.result in D.resulting in解析考查现在分词。resulting in相当于which resulted in;which 指前面整句话的内容，与后面是主动关系，即“产量的增加是从国外引进大量新机器的结果”。D Debra couldnt concentrate on her studies with so many problems _.A.solved B.solving C.to solve D.being solved解析考查不定式作补语。在结构
27、“with+宾语+宾补”中，表将来动作又有sb.作主语时，用to do主动式表被动意义。C While leaving for the old forest,I caught a glimpse of a lost dog _slowly along the fence.A.walk B.walking C.to walk D.walked解析考查现在分词作补语。dog与walk为主动关系，caught a glimpse of相当于感官动词saw，又根据前面的时间状语，强调动作，故用doing。B What do you expect your son to succeed in?_ the entrance exam.A.To pass B.Passing C.Get past D.Past 解析答语是个省略句，可还原为：I expect my son to succeed in passing the entrance exam.succeed in doing sth.成功地做某事。B
