1、高考资源网（） 您身边的高考专家译文助读第一单元JOHN SNOW DEFEATS “KING CHOLERA”John Snow was a famous doctor in Londonso expert，indeed，that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician.But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.This was the deadly disease of its day.Nei
2、ther its cause nor its cure was understood.So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak.John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem.He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found.He became interested in two theories that poss
3、ibly explained how cholera killed people.The first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air.A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims.The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.From the stomach the disease quickly attacked t
4、he body and soon the affected person died.John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence.So when another outbreak hit London in 1854，he was ready to begin his enquiry.As the disease spread quickly through poor neighbourhoods，he began to gather information.In two partic
5、ular streets，the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days.He was determined to find out why.First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had lived.This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease.Many of the deaths were near the wat
6、er pump in Broad Street(especially numbers 16,37,38 and 40)He also noticed that some houses (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street)had had no deaths.He had not foreseen this，so he made further investigations.He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Stree
7、t.They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump.It seemed that the water was to blame.Next，John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets.He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London.He immediately told the astonished
8、people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used.Soon afterwards the disease slowed down.He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas.In another part of London，he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the
9、Broad Street outbreak.A woman，who had moved away from Broad Street，liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day.Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water.With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that pol
10、luted water carried the virus.To prevent this from happening again，John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined.The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more.Finally “King Cholera” was defeated.,约翰斯诺战胜“霍乱王”约翰斯诺是伦敦一位著名的医生他的确医术精湛，因而成了照
11、料维多利亚女王的私人医生。但当他一想到要帮助那些得了霍乱的普通百姓时，就感到很受鼓舞。霍乱在当时是致命的疾病。人们既不知道它的病源，也不了解对它的治疗。每次爆发霍乱时就有成千上万惊恐的人病死。约翰斯诺想面对这一挑战，解决这一问题。他知道在找到病源之前，霍乱疫情是无法控制的。他对霍乱致人于死地的两种推测产生了兴趣。第一种看法是霍乱病毒在空气中繁殖，像一股危险气体在空中到处漂浮，直到找到病毒的受害者。第二种看法表明人们是在吃饭时把这种病毒引入体内的。病毒从胃部开始迅速殃及全身，患者就会很快地死去。约翰斯诺怀疑第二种说法是正确的，但他需要证据。因此在1854年伦敦再次爆发霍乱时，他就着手准备对此调研
12、。当霍乱在贫民区迅速蔓延时，约翰斯诺开始搜集信息。他发现特别在两条街上霍乱疫情很严重，在10天内就有500多人死亡。他决心查清原因。首先他在地图上标注出所有死者曾住过的确切地点。该图提供了一条说明霍乱起因的很有价值的线索。许多死者都住在宽街上的水泵附近(尤其是这条街上的16、37、38和40号)。他还发现有些住户(如宽街20号和21号及剑桥街8号和9号)却无人死亡。他未预料到这种情况，于是他做了进一步调查。他发现这些人是在剑桥街7号的酒馆里打工。酒馆为他们供应免费啤酒，因此他们没喝宽街水泵里的水。看来水是罪魁祸首。接下来，约翰斯诺调查了这两条街上的水源。他发现水来自于河里，这条河被伦敦排出的脏
13、水污染了。他立即告诉宽街上惊慌失措的人们拆掉水泵的把手，这样水泵就用不成了。不久，疫情就开始得到缓解。他证明了霍乱是通过细菌传播而非气团传播。在伦敦的另一地区，他从另外两例与宽街疾病爆发有关的死亡病例中得到了有力的证据。一位妇女从宽街搬走了，但她非常喜欢水泵的水，她让人每天从水泵给她家送水。她和她的女儿在喝了这些水后，都死于霍乱。利用这个额外证据，约翰斯诺就可以很有把握地宣布这种被污染水携带病菌。为防止这种情况再度发生，约翰斯诺建议，所有水源都要经过检测。供水公司也得到指示，再也不能让人们接触污染水了。“霍乱王”终于被击败了。 COPERNICUS REVOLUTIONARY THEORYNi
14、colaus Copernicus was frightened and his mind was confused.Although he had tried to ignore them，all his mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion: that the earth was not the centre of the solar system.Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sen
15、se.Yet he could not tell anyone about his theory as the powerful Christian Church would have punished him for even suggesting such an idea.They believed God had made the world and for that reason the earth was special and must be the centre of the solar system.The problem arose because astronomers h
16、ad noticed that some planets in the sky seemed to stop，move backward and then go forward in a loop.Others appeared brighter at times and less bright at others.This was very strange if the earth was the centre of the solar system and all planets went round it.Copernicus had thought long and hard abou
17、t these problems and tried to find an answer.He had collected observations of the stars and used all his mathematical knowledge to explain them.But only his new theory could do that.So between 1510 and 1514 he worked on it，gradually improving his theory until he felt it was complete.In 1514 he showe
18、d it privately to his friends.The changes he made to the old theory were revolutionary.He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon still going round the earth.He also suggested that the earth was spinning as it went round the sun and this
19、 explained changes in the movement of the planets and in the brightness of the stars.His friends were enthusiastic and encouraged him to publish his ideas，but Copernicus was cautious.He did not want to be attacked by the Christian Church，so he only published it as he lay dying in 1543.Certainly he w
20、as right to be careful.The Christian Church rejected his theory，saying it was against Gods idea and people who supported it would be attacked.Yet Copernicus theory is now the basis on which all our ideas of the universe are built.His theory replaced the Christian idea of gravity，which said things fe
21、ll to earth because God created the earth as the centre of the universe.Copernicus showed this was obviously wrong.Now people can see that there is a direct link between his theory and the work of Isaac Newton，Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking.,哥白尼的革命性理论尼古拉哥白尼被吓坏了，他心里非常困惑。虽然他曾经努力不去理睬那些数字，然而他所有的计算都
22、得出一个同样的结论：地球不是太阳系的中心。只有把太阳放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的运动才能讲得通。然而他不能告诉任何人他的理论，因为强大的基督教甚至会因为他提出这样一个想法而惩罚他。他们相信是上帝创造了世界，因此地球是很特殊的，它一定是太阳系的中心。 问题就随之产生了，因为天文学家们曾经注意到天空中的某些行星好像能停下来，向后运行，然后再向前做环形运动。其他行星有时好像亮些，有时好像又暗一些。假若地球是太阳系的中心并且所有行星都围绕它运行，那么这种现象就非常奇怪了。哥白尼对这些问题苦苦思索了很久并竭力要找出答案。他搜集了对星星的观察数据并利用他所有的数学知识来解释它们。但只有他的新理论能解释
23、这一点。因此在1510年至1514年他对此进行研究，逐步改进他的理论直至他认为完善为止。1514年他私下让他的朋友们看了他的理论。他对旧理论做的修改是革命性的。他把一颗固定的恒星放在太阳系的中心，让行星围绕它运转，只有月球仍然绕地球运转。他还提出地球在绕太阳运转的同时也进行着自转，这就解释了行星运动的变化以及星星的亮度变化。他的朋友们热心地鼓励他把他的想法公诸于世，但哥白尼非常谨慎。他不想遭到基督教会的攻击，所以他直到1543年临终之前才公布了这一观点。他小心当然是正确的。基督教会拒绝接受他的理论，声称它违背上帝的旨意，那些支持它的人要受到攻击。然而哥白尼的理论现在已成为我们建立宇宙观的基础。
24、他的理论取代了基督教地心引力的说法，这种说法宣称物体掉到地上是因为上帝把地球创造为宇宙的中心。哥白尼表明这显然是错误的。现在人们可以看到他的理论与艾萨克牛顿、阿尔伯特爱因斯坦、史蒂芬霍金的研究有着直接的联系。第二单元PUZZLES IN GEOGRAPHYPeople may wonder why different words are used to describe these four countries：England，Wales，Scotland and Northern Ireland.You can clarify this question if you study Briti
25、sh history.First there was England.Wales was linked to it in the thirteenth century.Now when people refer to England you find Wales included as well.Next England and Wales were joined to Scotland in the seventeenth century and the name was changed to“Great Britain”Happily this was accomplished witho
26、ut conflict when King James of Scotland became King of England and Wales as well.Finally the English government tried in the early twentieth century to form the United Kingdom by getting Ireland connected in the same peaceful way.However，the southern part of Ireland was unwilling and broke away to f
27、orm its own government.So only Northern Ireland joined with England，Wales and Scotland to become the United Kingdom and this was shown to the world in a new flag called the Union Jack.To their credit the four countries do work together in some areas(eg，the currency and international relations)，but t
28、hey still have very different institutions.For example，Northern Ireland，England and Scotland have different educational and legal systems as well as different football teams for competitions like the World Cup!England is the largest of the four countries，and for convenience it is divided roughly int
29、o three zones.The zone nearest France is called the South of England，the middle zone is called the Midlands and the one nearest to Scotland is known as the North.You find most of the population settled in the south，but most of the industrial cities in the Midlands and the North of England.Although，n
30、ationwide，these cities are not as large as those in China，they have worldfamous football teams and some of them even have two！It is a pity that the industrial cities built in the nineteenth century do not attract visitors.For historical architecture you have to go to older but smaller towns built by
31、 the Romans.There you will find out more about British history and culture.The greatest historical treasure of all is London with its museums，art collections，theatres，parks and buildings.It is the centre of national government and its administration.It has the oldest port built by the Romans in the
32、first century AD，the oldest building begun by the AngloSaxons in the 1060s and the oldest castle constructed by later Norman rulers in 1066.There have been four sets of invaders of England.The first invaders，the Romans，left their towns and roads.The second，the AngloSaxons，left their language and the
33、ir government.The third，the Vikings，influenced the vocabulary and placenames of the North of England，and the fourth，the Normans，left castles and introduced new words for food.If you look around the British countryside you will find evidence of all these invaders.You must keep your eyes open if you a
34、re going to make your trip to the United Kingdom enjoyable and worthwhile.,地理学的困惑人们也许觉得奇怪，为什么用不同词语来描述英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰这四个国家。如果你学习英国历史，你就可以弄清楚这个问题。首先是英格兰。威尔士在公元13世纪时与英格兰是一体的。现在当人们说到英格兰时，你会发现威尔士也包括在其中。接着英格兰和威尔士在17世纪同苏格兰合并，更名为“大不列颠”。苏格兰的詹姆斯国王也成为英格兰和威尔士的国王，令人庆幸的是这并未经过战争就得以实现。最后在20世纪初，英国政府打算把爱尔兰也和平联合起来组建联
35、合王国。但是爱尔兰的南部很不情愿，分离出去并建立了自己的政府。因此，只有北爱尔兰与英格兰、威尔士和苏格兰统一成为联合王国，这一点从新的联合王国国旗上就可以看得出来。值得赞扬的是，这四个国家在某些领域确实能够合作(比如，在货币和国际关系上)，但是它们的制度很不相同。例如，北爱尔兰、英格兰和苏格兰有不同的教育及司法体系，还有不同的足球队去参加像世界杯这样的比赛！英格兰是四个国家中最大的，为方便起见，它大体上分成三个区。最靠近法国的是英格兰南部，中部地区被称为英格兰中部，最靠近苏格兰的称为英格兰北部。你可以看到大多数人口定居在南部，但多数的工业城市在英格兰的中部和北部地区。尽管英格兰全国的许多城市不
36、如中国的城市大，但它们都有著名的足球队，有些甚至有两支球队！可惜的是，这些建于19世纪的工业城市不吸引游客。为游览历史性建筑你就得去那些最初由罗马人建造的更古老但是更小的城镇。在那儿你会找到更多的关于英国历史和文化的东西。最伟大的历史财富是伦敦，它拥有博物馆、艺术珍藏、戏院、公园以及各种建筑。它是全国的政治中心。它还有罗马人于公元1世纪建的最古老的港口，盎格鲁撒克逊人于11世纪60年代始建起的最古老的建筑以及后来的诺曼统治者于1066年建造的最古老的城堡。曾经有四批侵略者到过英国。第一批入侵者是罗马人，他们留下了他们的城镇和道路。接着是盎格鲁撒克逊人，他们留下了他们的语言和政体。第三批是斯堪的
37、纳维亚人，他们对词汇以及英格兰北部的地名造成了一定的影响。第四批是诺曼人，他们留下了城堡和表示食物名称的词语。如果你到英国的乡村看看，你会发现所有这些入侵者留下的证据。如果你想让你的英国之旅令人愉悦又很有价值，你必须留心观察。SIGHTSEEING IN LONDONWorried about the time available，Zhang Pingyu had made a list of the sites she wanted to see in London.Her first delight was going to the Tower.It was built long ago
38、by the Norman invaders of AD 1066.Fancy！This solid stone，square tower had remained standing for one thousand years.Although the buildings had expanded around it，it remained part of a royal palace and prison combined.To her great surprise，Zhang Pingyu found the Queens jewels guarded by special royal
39、soldiers who，on special occasions，still wore the fourhundredyearold uniform of the time of Queen Elizabeth .There followed St Pauls Cathedral built after the terrible fire of London in 1666.It looked splendid when first built！Westminster Abbey，too，was very interesting.It contained statues in memory
40、of dead poets and writers，such as Shakespeare.Then just as she came out of the abbey，Pingyu heard the famous sound of the clock，Big Ben，ringing out the hour.She finished the day by looking at the outside of Buckingham Palace，the Queens house in London.Oh，she had so much to tell her friends!The secon
41、d day the girl visited Greenwich and saw its old ships and famous clock that sets the world time.What interested her most was the longitude line.It is an imaginary line dividing the eastern and western halves of the world and is very useful for navigation.It passes through Greenwich，so Pingyu had a
42、photo taken standing on either side of the line.The last day she visited Karl Marxs statue in Highgate Cemetery.It seemed strange that the man who had developed communism should have lived and died in London.Not only that，but he had worked in the famous reading room of the Library of the British Mus
43、eum.Sadly the library had moved from its original place into another building and the old reading room was gone.But she was thrilled by so many wonderful treasures from different cultures displayed in the museum.When she saw many visitors enjoying looking at the beautiful old Chinese pots and other
44、objects on show，she felt very proud of her country.The next day Pingyu was leaving London for Windsor Castle.“Perhaps I will see the Queen？”she wondered as she fell asleep.伦敦观光记由于担心时间不够，张萍玉早就把她想要在伦敦参观的地点列了一张清单。她最先想参观的地方是伦敦塔。它是由很久以前入侵的诺曼人在公元1066年修建的。真是太棒了！这个坚实的用石头砌的方形塔已经屹立在那儿一千年了。尽管在塔的四周扩建了一些建筑，但它仍然是
45、皇宫和监狱联合体的一个组成部分。让张萍玉十分惊讶的是，她发现女王的珠宝由皇家特别卫士守护着，而这些卫士在一些特殊的日子仍然穿着400年前女王伊丽莎白一世时代的制服。接着参观的是圣保罗大教堂，它是1666年可怕的伦敦大火后建造的。刚建成时它看起来真是金碧辉煌！威斯敏斯特大教堂也是很有意思的地方。它里面珍藏着一些已故诗人和作家的雕像，例如莎士比亚的雕像。正当萍玉从大教堂往外走的时候，她听到了著名的大本钟在整点敲响的钟声。她参观了女王伦敦住所白金汉宫的外景，以此结束了一天的观光。啊，她要给朋友们讲的实在太多了！第二天萍玉参观了格林尼治天文台，看到了古老的轮船和著名的为世界定时的钟。她最感兴趣的是那条
46、经线。这是一条假想的线，它把世界分成东西两个半球，从而有利于航海。这条线穿过格林尼治，萍玉就跨着这条线拍了一张照片。最后一天，她参观了伦敦海格特公墓里卡尔马克思的雕像。这似乎是一件怪事：这位发展了共产主义的人竟然在伦敦生活过，并且在伦敦去世。不仅如此，他还在著名的大英博物馆的图书馆里工作过。遗憾的是，这个图书馆已经从原来的地方搬到另一座大楼里去了，旧的阅览室已不复存在。但博物馆里那些来自不同文化的美妙展品让她十分激动。当她看到那么多参观者用欣赏的目光注视着古老漂亮的中国瓶罐和其他展品时，她为祖国感到无比骄傲。第二天，萍玉就要离开伦敦去温莎城堡了。她边打盹边想：“也许我能见到女王呢？”第三单元F
47、IRST IMPRESSIONSSpacemail：liqiang299AGreatAdventureSpaceS15/11/3008 (Earthtime)Dear Mum and Dad，I still cannot believe that I am taking up this prize that I won last year.I have to remind myself constantly that I am really in AD 3008.Worried about the journey，I was unsettled for the first few days.A
48、s a result，I suffered from “time lag”This is similar to the “jet lag” you get from flying，but it seems you keep getting flashbacks from your previous time period.So I was very nervous and uncertain at first.However，my friend and guide，Wang Ping，was very understanding and gave me some green tablets w
49、hich helped a lot.Wellknown for their expertise，his parents company，called “Future Tours”，transported me safely into the future in a time capsule.I can still remember the moment when the space stewardess called us all to the capsule and we climbed in through a small opening.The seats were comfortabl
50、e and after a calming drink，we felt sleepy and closed our eyes.The capsule began swinging gently sideways as we lay relaxed and dreaming.A few minutes later，the journey was completed and we had arrived.I was still on the earth but one thousand years in the future.What would I find?At first my new su
51、rroundings were difficult to tolerate.The air seemed thin，as though its combination of gases had little oxygen left.Hit by a lack of fresh air，my head ached.Just as I tried to make the necessary adjustment to this new situation，Wang Ping appeared.“Put on this mask，”he advised.“Itll make you feel muc
52、h better.”He handed it to me and immediately hurried me through to a small room nearby for a rest.I felt better in no time.Soon I was back on my feet again and following him to collect a hovering carriage driven by computer.These carriages float above the ground and by bending or pressing down in yo
53、ur seat，you can move swiftly.Wang Ping fastened my safety belt and showed me how to use it.Soon I could fly as fast as him.However，I lost sight of Wang Ping when we reached what looked like a large market because of too many carriages flying by in all directions.He was swept up into the centre of th
54、em.Just at that moment I had a “time lag” flashback and saw the area again as it had been in the year AD 2008.I realized that I had been transported into the future of what was still my hometown！Then I caught sight of Wang Ping again and flew after him.Arriving at a strangelooking house，he showed me
55、 into a large，bright clean room.It had a green wall，a brown floor and soft lighting.Suddenly the wall movedit was made of trees！I found later that their leaves provided the room with muchneeded oxygen.Then Wang Ping flashed a switch on a computer screen，and a table and some chairs rose from under th
56、e floor as if by magic.“Why not sit down and eat a little？” he said.“You may find this difficult as it is your first time travel trip.Just relax，since there is nothing planned on the timetable today.Tomorrow youll be ready for some visits.”Having said this，he spread some food on the table，and produc
57、ed a bed from the floor.After he left，I had a brief meal and a hot bath.Exhausted，I slid into bed and fell fast asleep.More news later from your loving son，Li Qiang 第一印象太空邮件：liqiang299AGreatAdventureSpaceS15/11/3008 (地球时间)亲爱的爸爸妈妈：我仍然不能相信我是在接受去年获得的这个奖励。我得不断提醒自己，我真的已经进入到公元3008年了。我很担心这次旅行，所以头几天心里总是不踏实。
58、结果，我得了“时间滞后症”。这就与你们乘坐飞机会产生时差反应相似，所不同的是，在你们脑子里似乎会不断闪现以前的时光。因此，我一开始就感到神经紧张和心神不定。但是，我的朋友兼导游王平很细心体贴，给了我几粒绿色药片，倒是挺起作用的。他父母的公司叫做“未来之旅”，以其专业技术而闻名，用时间舱平安地把我送入了未来。我仍然记得女乘务员让我们都进入时间舱，我们都通过一个小入口爬进去。座位很舒适，喝了点镇静剂以后，我们感到很困，就闭上了眼睛。时间舱在轻轻地左右摇晃，我们放松地躺在那里做梦。几分钟以后，旅程结束，我们到了。我仍然在地球上，但是进入了未来的一千年。我会看到什么呢？一开始，新的环境很难忍受。空气似
59、乎很稀薄，好像在混合的气体中剩下的氧气很少。由于缺乏新鲜空气，我感到头痛。正当我努力调整自己适应新环境时，王平出现了。“把这个面罩戴上，它会使你感觉好得多。”他建议说。他把面罩递给我，然后把我快速带到一个附近的小房间里休息。我立刻就感到舒服些了。一会儿我就又恢复了，跟着他去领取了一台由电脑驱动的汽垫车。这些汽垫车是在地面上漂浮着的，只要把座位打弯或压下，你就可以迅速地移动。王平给我系好安全带并且教我如何使用。很快，我就跟王平飞得一样快了。但是，当我们到达一个看上去像是大市场的地方时，王平不见了，因为很多汽垫车都四面八方地从身边飞奔。他被卷入到这群车队中去了。就在这个时候我得了一次“时间滞后”的
60、回闪，这样我就再次看到了公元2008年的那个地区了。我这才意识到我被送到了未来，但却仍然在自己的家乡！然后我又看见了王平，于是又跟在他后面飞去。来到一个形状奇怪的房子面前，他把我带到一个明亮而洁净的大房间。那里有绿色的墙，棕色的地板，柔和的灯光。突然，墙壁移动了原来是树形成的！后来我才发现，就是这些树的叶子为这栋房屋提供了急需的氧气。然后王平在电脑荧屏上闪了一下开关，于是一张桌子和几把椅子就像变魔术一样从地板下面升了起来。“为什么不坐下来吃点东西呢？”他说道，“你第一次做这样的时间旅行，可能会感到有些困难。今天时间表上没有任何出行计划，你可以好好休息一下。明天你还要准备参观几个地方。”说完这些
61、，他把食物摆在桌子上，又从地板下拿出一张床来。他离开后，我简单地吃了些东西，洗了个热水澡。我感到筋疲力尽，溜到床上就睡着了。以后再谈吧！你们亲爱的儿子，李强I HAVE SEEN AMAZING THINGSMy first visit was to a space station considered the most modern in space.Described as an enormous round plate，it spins slowly in space to imitate the pull of the earths gravity.Inside was an exhi
62、bition of the most uptodate inventions of the 31st century.A guide(G)showed us around along a moveable path.G：Good morning to all our visitors from 2008.First were going to examine one of the latest forms of communication among our space citizens.No more typists working on a typewriter or computer！N
63、o more postage or postcodes！Messages can now be sent using a “thoughtpad”You place the metal band over your head，clear your mind，press the sending button，think your message and the next instant its sent.Its stored on the “thoughtpad” of the receiver.Its quick，efficient and environmentally friendly.T
64、he only limitation is if the user does not think his or her message clearly，an unclear message may be sent.But we cannot blame the tools for the faults of the user，can we?During the explanation I looked at the pair of small objects called “thoughtpads” on a table.They just looked like metal ribbons.
65、So ordinary but so powerful！While I was observing them，the path moved us on.G：And now ladies and gentlemen，we are in the “environment area”People used to collect waste in dustbins.Then the rubbish was sent to be buried or burned，am I right？(We nodded)Well，now theres a system where the waste is dispo
66、sed of using the principles of ecology.A giant machine，always greedy for more，swallows all the waste available.The rubbish is turned into several grades of useful material，such as “fertilizer” for the fields and “soil” for deserts.Nothing is wasted，and everything，even plastic bags，is recycled.A grea
67、t idea，isnt it?I stared at the moving model of the waste machine，absorbed by its efficiency.But again we moved on.G：Our third stop shows the changes that have happened to work practices.Manufacturing no longer takes place on the earth but on space stations like this one.A group of engineers programm
68、e robots to perform tasks in space.The robots produce goods such as drugs，clothes，furniture，hovering carriages，etc.There is no waste，no pollution and no environmental damage！However，the companies have to train their representatives to live and work in space settlements.They have to monitor the robot
69、s and the production.When the goods are ready theyre transported by industrial spaceship back to earth.My mind began to wander.What job would I do？My motivation increased as I thought of the wonderful world of the future.我看到了奇妙的东西我首先参观的是一座太空站，这个站被认为是太空中最现代化的地方。太空站像是一个巨大的圆盘，在太空中缓缓地旋转，模仿地球重心的拉力。里面展示了3
70、1世纪最先进的发明。一个导游领我们在一个移动的通道上参观了一下。导：2008年来的游客你们早上好。首先我们要仔细看看我们太空居民使用的最新通信形式之一。再也不需要打字员在打字机或电脑上工作了！不会再有邮资和邮政编码了！现在信息能够通过“思维发射器”传递。你把金属箍戴到头上，整理思绪，按下发送键，集中精神想你要发送的信息，片刻信息就已经发送出去了。信息被保存在接收者的“思维发射器”上。这样做快速、高效且环保。唯一的限制就是如果使用者不想清楚要传递的信息，发送的信息会不清楚。但是我们不能因为使用者的错误而责怪工具，不是吗？在讲解过程中我看着放在桌子上的被称为“思维发射器”的一对小物体。它们看起来就
71、像金属带子。这么普通，但是却神通广大！我正观察着，通道向前移动了。导：女士们、先生们，现在我们来到了“环境区”。人们过去使用垃圾箱收集垃圾。然后垃圾会被送去埋掉或烧掉，我说的没错吧？(我们都点头)。现在，这里是一个使用生态学原理处理垃圾的系统。一架巨大的机器，总是吞食掉所有的垃圾，而且总是贪得无厌。垃圾被分解为几种有用的物质，比如说庄稼地的“肥料”和沙漠中的“土壤”。什么都不浪费，所有的垃圾，甚至塑料袋也被回收利用。很伟大的想法，不是吗？我凝视着正在运转的垃圾处理机器模型，被它的高效所吸引。我们再次向前移动。导：我们的第三站展示了工作行为的变化。批量生产不再在地球上进行，而是在这样的太空站上进
72、行。一组工程师编程机器人在太空里执行这些任务。这些机器人制造像是药品、衣服、家具、汽垫车等货物。没有废料、没有污染并且没有环境破坏。但是，公司需要培训代表在太空定居点居住和工作。他们需要监控机器人和生产。当货物造好后，使用工业太空船运回地球。我不禁浮想联翩。我能做什么工作呢？当我想到未来的美妙世界时，我兴趣倍增、干劲十足。第四单元MY FIRST WORK ASSIGNMENT “Unforgettable”，says new journalistNever will Zhou Yang(ZY)forget his first assignment at the office of a pop
73、ular English newspaper.His discussion with his new boss，Hu Xin(HX)，was to strongly influence his life as a journalist.HX：Welcome.Were delighted youre coming to work with us.Your first job here will be an assistant journalist.Do you have any questions?ZY：Can I go out on a story immediately?HX：(laughi
74、ng)Thats admirable，but Im afraid it would be unusual！Wait till youre more experienced.First well put you as an assistant to an experienced journalist.Later you can cover a story and submit the article yourself.ZY：Wonderful.What do I need to take with me？I already have a notebook and camera.HX：No nee
75、d for a camera.Youll have a professional photographer with you to take photographs.Youll find your colleagues very eager to assist you，so you may be able to concentrate on photography later if youre interested.ZY：Thank you.Not only am I interested in photography，but I took an amateur course at unive
76、rsity to update my skills.HX：Good.ZY：What do I need to remember when I go out to cover a story?HX：You need to be curious.Only if you ask many different questions will you acquire all the information you need to know.We say a good journalist must have a good “nose” for a story.That means you must be
77、able to assess when people are not telling the whole truth and then try to discover it.They must use research to inform themselves of the missing parts of the story.ZY：What should I keep in mind?HX：Here comes my list of dos and donts：dont miss your deadline；dont be rude；dont talk too much，but make s
78、ure you listen to the interviewee carefully.ZY：Why is listening so important?HX：Well，you have to listen for detailed facts.Meanwhile you have to prepare the next question depending on what the person says.ZY：But how can I listen carefully while taking notes?HX：This is a trick of the trade.If the int
79、erviewee agrees，you can use a recorder to get the facts straight.Its also useful if a person wants to challenge you.You have the evidence to support your story.ZY：I see！Have you ever had a case where someone accused your journalists of getting the wrong end of the stick?HX：Yes，but it was a long time
80、 ago.This is how the story goes.A footballer was accused of taking money for deliberately not scoring goals so as to let the other team win.We went to interview him.He denied taking money but we were sceptical.So we arranged an interview between the footballer and the man supposed to bribe him.When
81、we saw them together we guessed from the footballers body language that he was not telling the truth.So we wrote an article suggesting he was guilty.It was a dilemma because the footballer could have demanded damages if we were wrong.He tried to stop us publishing it but later we were proved right.Z
82、Y：Wow！That was a real “scoop”Im looking forward to my first assignment now.Perhaps Ill get a scoop too!HX：Perhaps you will.You never know.我的第一项工作任务“难以忘怀”，新闻记者说周阳永远不会忘记他在一家很受欢迎的英语报社的第一项工作任务(assignment)。他同新上司胡新的讨论对他的记者生涯必将产生重大的影响。胡新：欢迎你。非常高兴(delighted)你来和我们一起工作。你在这里首先是当助理记者。有什么问题吗？周阳：我可以马上外出采访吗？胡新：(笑)
83、值得表扬(admirable)，但是恐怕这样就不太合乎常规(unusual)了！等到你比较有经验以后才行。首先我们要派你给有经验的记者做助手(assistant)。以后你就可以自己采访新闻，提交(submit)新闻稿了。周阳：太棒了。我需要带什么？我有一个笔记本和一个相机。胡新：不需要相机。你将带上一名专业(professional)摄影师去拍照(take photographs)。你将发现同事们(colleague)会热情地(eager)帮助(assist)你，因此如果你对摄影感兴趣，以后你可以集中精力(concentrate on)去研究它。周阳：谢谢你。对摄影我不仅仅是感兴趣，在大学里我
84、还参加过业余(amateur)摄影班提高(update更新)我的水平呢。胡新：很好。周阳：我外出采访时还需要记住些什么呢？胡新：你需要保持好奇心。只有问很多问题，你才能得到你想得到(acquire)的信息。我们说，一个好的记者必须有对新闻非常敏锐的“嗅觉”。那就是说，在人们还没有说出全部真相之前，记者就要能够作出判断(assess)，并力求发现真相。他们必须通过调查研究，来使自己了解(inform告知)被遗漏的那部分情况。周阳：我还要记住些什么呢？胡新：下面是我的行为准则：不要超过最后期限(deadline)，不可对人粗鲁，不可自己说得太多，务必认真倾听被采访人(interviewee)的回答
85、。周阳：为什么倾听这么重要呢？胡新：你得听清楚事实的细节。同时(meanwhile)，你还要根据(depend on)被采访人所说的话准备提出下一个问题。周阳：但是怎样才能在做记录的同时听清对方的话呢？胡新：这就是我们的职业诀窍了。如果被采访人允许，你可以使用小型录音机来记录下全部事实。如果有人提出质疑，这也有用。你就有证据来支持你的报道。周阳：我明白了！你有没有遇到过这种情况(case)：别人控告(accuse.of)你的记者，说他的报道失实呢？胡新：有，不过这是很久以前的事了。事情是这样的：一位足球运动员被指控受贿，故意(deliberately)不进球，为了(so as to)让别的队赢
86、球。我们去采访了他。他否认(deny)受贿，但我们很怀疑(sceptical)。因此我们为足球运动员和那个被认为行贿的人安排了一场采访。当我们看见他们在一起时，从足球运动员的身体语言猜出他没有说出真相。所以我们写了一篇文章暗示他是有罪的(guilty)。这事有些为难(dilemma)，因为如果我们出错，足球运动员会要求(demand)赔偿。他试图阻止我们公布(publish)该消息，但后来我们被证明是对的。周阳：哇！那真是独家新闻(scoop)。我现在盼望得到第一个任务。或许我也能找到独家新闻！胡新：你也许会。谁知道呢。GETTING THE “SCOOP”“Quick，”said the e
87、ditor.“Get that story ready.We need it in this edition to be ahead of the other newspapers.This is a scoop.”Zhou Yang had just come back into the office after an interview with a famous film star.“Did he really do that？”asked someone from the International News Department.“Yes，Im afraid he did，”Zhou
88、 Yang answered.He set to work.His first task was to write his story，but he had to do it carefully.Although he realized the man had been lying，Zhou Yang knew he must not accuse him directly.He would have to be accurate.Concise too！He knew how to do that.Months of training had taught him to write with
89、 no wasted words or phrases.He sat down at his computer and began to work.The first person who saw his article was a senior editor from his department.He checked the evidence，read the article and passed it on to the copyeditor.She began to edit the piece and design the main headline and smaller head
90、ing.“This will look very good on the page，”she said.“Where is a good picture of this man？”Then as the article was going to be written in English Zhou Yang also took a copy to the native speaker employed by the newspaper to polish the style.She was also very happy with Zhou Yangs story.“You are reall
91、y able to write a good front page article，”she said.Zhou Yang smiled with happiness.Last of all，the chief editor read it and approved it.“Well done，”he said to Zhou Yang.“But please show me your evidence so were sure weve got our facts straight.”“Ill bring it to you immediately，”said Zhou Yang excit
92、edly.The news desk editor took the story and began to work on all the stories and photos until all the pages were set.All the information was then ready to be processed into film negatives.This was the first stage of the printing process.They needed four negatives，as several colours were going to be
93、 used on the story.Each of the main colours had one negative sheet and when they were combined they made a coloured page for the newspaper.After one last check the page was ready to be printed.Zhou Yang waited excitedly for the first copies to be ready.“Wait till tonight，”his friend whispered.“I exp
94、ect there will be something about this on the television news.A real scoop！”抢发“独家新闻”“快点，”编辑说道，“把那篇报道准备好。我们这一版(edition)就要用，这样我们就抢在其他报纸的前面(ahead of)了。这就是独家新闻。”周阳刚刚采访了一位著名影星回到办公室。“他真的干了那种事吗？”国际新闻编辑部(department)有人问道。“是的，恐怕是干了，”周阳回答说。接着他就开始工作了。他的第一件事就是写报道，但他必须认认真真地写。尽管他认为那个人一直在说谎，但周阳懂得决不能直接指责他。他必须做到准确无误(
95、accurate)，还需简明扼要！他知道该如何做到。经过几个月的培训，他已经学会了写文章，全然没有废话。他在电脑前坐下来就开始工作了。第一个看他这篇文章的人是他们部里的一位编审(senior 高级的)。他核查了文中的证据，阅读了整篇报道，然后递给技术编辑。她就开始了编辑工作，设计了主标题和副标题。“这在版面上会很好看，”她说。“这个人的照片该放在哪儿好呢？”因为这篇文章要用英文来写，所以周阳拿了一份稿子给一位母语为英语的外国雇员，请她对语言风格进行润色(polish)。这位雇员对周阳的报道也很满意。“你确实能写出很好的头版新闻了。”她说道。周阳高兴地笑了。最后主编(chief主要的)审读了这篇
96、稿子，并且批准(approve)发表了。“写得很好，”他对周阳说，“不过你还得拿出证据来表明事实确凿。”“我马上拿来给你，”周阳兴奋地说道。新闻文字编辑取走这篇报道，开始对所有报道和图片进行编排，直至把各个版面全部确定下来。此后，所有的报道材料就要被加工(process)制成胶片(negative)。这是印制过程的第一道工序。由于这篇报道要用好几种颜色，因此需要四张胶片。每一种主色要用一张底片，四张底片结合起来就制成一张报纸的彩页。经过最后一次校对后，这个版面就可以准备印刷了。周阳兴奋地等待着第一版的印出。“要等到今天晚上，”他的朋友轻声地告诉他。“我希望电视新闻会对这件事做一点报道。真是独家
97、新闻！”第五单元FIRST AID FOR BURNSThe skin is an essential part of your body and its largest organ.You have three layers of skin which act as a barrier against disease，poisons and the suns harmful rays.The functions of your skin are also very complex：it keeps you warm or cool；it prevents your body from los
98、ing too much water；it is where you feel cold，heat or pain and it gives you your sense of touch.So as you can imagine，if your skin gets burned it can be very serious.First aid is a very important first step in the treatment of burns.Causes of burnsYou can get burned by a variety of things：hot liquids
99、，steam，fire，radiation(by being close to high heat or fire，etc)，the sun，electricity or chemicals.Types of burnsThere are three types of burns.Burns are called first，second or third degree burns，depending on which layers of the skin are burned.First degree burnsThese affect only the top layer of the s
100、kin.These burns are not serious and should feel better within a day or two.Examples include mild sunburn and burns caused by touching a hot pan，stove or iron for a moment.Second degree burnsThese affect both the top and the second layer of the skin.These burns are serious and take a few weeks to hea
101、l.Examples include severe sunburn and burns caused by hot liquids.Third degree burnsThese affect all three layers of the skin and any tissue and organs under the skin.Examples include burns caused by electric shocks，burning clothes，or severe petrol fires.These burns cause very severe injuries and th
102、e victim must go to hospital at once.Characteristics of burnsFirst degree burnsdry，red and mildly swollenmildly painfulturn white when pressedSecond degree burnsrough，red and swollenblisterswatery surfaceextremely painfulThird degree burnsblack and white and charredswollen；often tissue under them ca
103、n be seenlittle or no pain if nerves are damaged；may be pain around edge of injured areaFirst aid treatment1Remove clothing using scissors if necessary unless it is stuck to the burn.Take off other clothing and jewellery near the burn.2Cool burns immediately with cool but not icy water.It is best to
104、 place burns under gently running water for about 10 minutes.(The cool water stops the burning process，prevents the pain becoming unbearable and reduces swelling.)Do not put cold water on third degree burns.3For first degree burns，place cool，clean，wet cloths on them until the pain is not so bad.For
105、second degree burns，keep cloths cool by putting them back in a basin of cold water，squeezing them out and placing them on the burned area over and over again for about an hour until the pain is not so bad.4Dry the burned area gently.Do not rub，as this may break any blisters and the wound may get inf
106、ected.5Cover the burned area with a dry，clean bandage that will not stick to the skin.Hold the bandage in place with tape.Never put butter，oil or ointment on burns as they keep the heat in the wounds and may cause infection.6If burns are on arms or legs，keep them higher than the heart，if possible.If
107、 burns are on the face，the victim should sit up.7If the injuries are second or third degree burns，it is vital to get the victim to the doctor or hospital at once.烧伤的急救皮肤(skin)是身体必不可少的(essential)部分，也是身体的最大器官(organ)。皮肤有三层(layer)，像是三层屏障(barrier)，可以防病、防毒(poison)、抵御有害太阳光线(ray)的侵害。皮肤的各种功能也很复杂(complex)：皮肤可
108、以保暖或保持凉爽，保持体内的水分；正是皮肤使你感到冷、热、疼痛，它还使你有触觉。因此，正如你所想象的，如果你的皮肤烧伤了，问题就会非常严重。在治疗烧伤的过程中，紧急处理是非常重要的第一步。烧伤的原因你可能由于下列各种(a variety of)原因导致烧伤：灼热的液体(liquid)、水蒸气、火、辐射 (radiation)(由于靠近高温或火等)、太阳、电和化学物品。烧伤的种类烧伤有三类。根据皮肤的第几层被烧伤定义为一度烧伤、二度烧伤和三度烧伤。一度烧伤这种烧伤只损伤皮肤的表层。这些烧伤并不严重，应当在一两天内就有好转。例如轻度的(mild)晒伤，由于短暂接触热锅(pan)、炉子(stove)
109、或熨斗而导致的烫伤。二度烧伤这种烧伤既损伤了皮肤的表层，又损伤了皮肤的第二层。这类烧伤属于严重的烧伤，需数星期才能痊愈(heal)。例如严重的晒伤和灼热的液体所造成的烧伤。三度烧伤所有三层皮肤以及皮下组织(tissue)和器官都受到损害。例如由电击(electric shock)引起的烧伤，因衣服起火引起的烧伤，或因汽油起火引起的严重烧伤。这些烧伤都导致严重损伤，受伤者必须立即被送往医院。烧伤的特性一度烧伤干燥、发红、微肿(swollen)微痛受压时变白二度烧伤粗糙、发红、肿胀起水泡(blister)表面有水(watery水的)极其疼痛三度烧伤黑、白和焦炭色(char烧焦)相间肿胀，常可看到皮
110、下组织若损坏了神经(nerve)，则没有疼痛或很少疼痛，或者在创伤面四周有疼痛感急救处理1如果衣物未粘在皮肤上，(如有必要)要用剪刀(scissor)除去。脱去烧伤附近的其他衣物和首饰。2马上用凉水给伤口冲凉，但不能用冰水。最好是把烧伤的部位放在慢速流动的自来水下冲洗大约10分钟。(凉水可以阻止烧伤的进程，可以防止无法忍受的(unbearable)疼，还可以消除肿胀。)三度烧伤不可以用冷水冲洗。3对于一度烧伤，要把清凉干净的湿布放在烧伤面上，直到疼痛感较轻时为止。对于二度烧伤，要保持湿布清凉，需把湿布放回一盆(basin)冷水中，拧出(squeeze out)水后，再放在烧伤面上，这样反反复复
111、地(over and over again)做一个小时左右，直到不太痛时为止。4轻轻地把烧伤面弄干。但不要擦拭，因为这样会擦破水泡，感染伤口。5用干而清洁又不粘皮肤的绷带(bandage)盖住烧伤面。用胶布把绷带在适当的位置(in place)固定住。千万不要在烧伤处涂黄油、油或软膏(ointment)，因为这会使里面的热散不出去，而且还可能导致感染(infection)。6如果烧伤部位在臂部或腿部，要把手臂或腿部尽可能抬高到高于心脏的位置。如果是面部烧伤，伤者则应该坐起来。7如果属于二度或三度烧伤，就要(vital至关重要的)立即把患者送去看医生或住院。HEROIC TEENAGER REC
112、EIVES AWARDSeventeenyearold teenager，John Janson，was honoured at the Lifesaver Awards last night in Rivertown for giving lifesaving first aid on his neighbour after a shocking knife attack.John was presented with his award at a ceremony which recognized the bravery of ten people who had saved the li
113、fe of another.John was studying in his room when he heard screaming.When he and his father rushed outside，a man ran from the scene.They discovered that Anne Slade，mother of three，had been stabbed repeatedly with a knife.She was lying in her front garden bleeding very heavily.Her hands had almost bee
114、n cut off.It was Johns quick action and knowledge of first aid that saved Ms Slades life.He immediately asked a number of nearby people for bandages，but when nobody could put their hands on any，his father got some tea towels and tape from their house.John used these to treat the most severe injuries
115、 to Ms Slades hands.He slowed the bleeding by applying pressure to the wounds until the police and ambulance arrived.“Im proud of what I did but I was just doing what Id been taught，”John said.John had taken part in the Young Lifesaver Scheme at his high school.When congratulating John，Mr Alan South
116、erton，Director of the Young Lifesaver Scheme said，“There is no doubt that Johns quick thinking and the first aid skills he learned at school saved Ms Slades life.It shows that a knowledge of first aid can make a real difference.”Before receiving their awards last night，John and the nine other Life S
117、avers attended a special reception yesterday hosted by the Prime Minister.英雄青年获奖记17岁青年约翰詹森昨晚在里弗镇的救生员颁奖大会上领奖，因为在一次骇人听闻的持刀杀人案件发生后，他为邻居实施了紧急抢救。在颁奖大会(ceremony)上，约翰被授予奖赏，大会表彰了抢救他人生命的十个人的勇敢行为(bravery)。约翰当时正在房间学习，突然听到尖叫声。他和父亲冲出去时，一个男子逃离了现场。他们发现三个孩子的母亲安斯莱德被连捅(stab)了数刀。她躺在前花园的地上，流血不止。她的双手几乎被砍断了。正是约翰快捷的行动和急救知
118、识救了斯莱德女士的性命。他立即向旁边的一些(a number of)人要绷带，但当他们都没找到(put ones hands on)绷带的时候，他的父亲从屋里拿出一些擦杯盘的布和胶带来。约翰就用这些东西把斯莱德手上最重的伤口包扎起来(treat治疗)。他使劲按住(apply pressure)伤口，使血流得慢些，一直等到警察和救护车(ambulance)的到来。“我为自己所做的事感到自豪，但我所做的都是以前学到过的。”约翰说。约翰在读高中时就参加了青年救生员组织(scheme方案)。该组织的主任艾伦萨瑟顿先生在向约翰表示祝贺时说：“毫无疑问，是约翰敏捷的思维和在学校学到的急救技术救了斯莱德女士的生命。这表明急救知识的确能发挥重要的作用(make a difference)。”约翰和其他九位救生员昨晚领奖前还出席了由首相主持的特殊招待会。版权所有：高考资源网()版权所有：高考资源网()高考资源网版权所有 侵权必究
