1、专题一 阅读理解第二节 推理判断题(2019全国卷，B 篇)For Canaan Elementarys second grade in Patchogue,NY.,today is speech day,and right now its Chris Palaezs turn.The 8-year-old is the joker of the class.With shining dark eyes,he seems like the kind of kid who would enjoy public speaking.But hes nervous.“Im here to tell y
2、ou today why you should.should.”Chris trips on the“-ld，”a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native Englishspeakers.His teacher,Thomas Whaley,is next to him,whispering support.“.Vote for.me.”Except for some stumbles,_Chris is doing amazingly well.When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion,Wha
3、ley invites the rest of the class to praise him.A son of immigrants,Chris started learning English a little over three years ago.Whaley recalls(回想起)how at the beginning of the year,when called upon to read,Chris would excuse himself to go to the bathroom.Learning English as a second language can be
4、a painful experience.What you need is a great teacher who lets you make mistakes.“It takes a lot for any student，”Whaley explains,“especially for a student who is learning English as their new language，to feel confident enough to say，I dont know，but I want to know.”Whaley got the idea of this second
5、-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be apresident.The answer broke his heart.Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public.He wants these kids to learn to boast(夸耀)about t
6、hemselves.“Boasting about yourself，and your best qualities，”Whaley says，“is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling confident.”24What made Chris nervous?ATelling a story.BMaking a speech.CTaking a test.DAnswering a question.25What does the underlined word“stumbles”in Parag
7、raph 2 refer to?AImproper pauses.BBad manners.CSpelling mistakes.DSilly jokes.26We can infer that the purpose of Whaleys project is to _Ahelp students see their own strengthsBassess students public speaking skillsCprepare students for their future jobsDinspire students love for politics27Which of th
8、e following best describes Whaley as a teacher?AHumorous.BAmbitious.CCaring.DDemanding.【语篇解读】本文是一篇记叙文，介绍了 Canaan Elementary 二年级老师 Thomas Whaley 发起的一次总统竞选演讲活动，帮助孩子们建立自信，看到自己的优点。24解析：细节理解题。根据第一段“.today is speech day，and right now its Chris Palaezs turn”和第二段“But hes nervous”可知 Chris 因为要作演讲而紧张。答案：B25解析：
9、词义猜测题。根据第二段“to tell you today why you should.should.Chris trips on the.”可知 Chris因为紧张，演讲时说话有点磕巴，故此处 stumbles 指不恰当的停顿。答案：A26解析：推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public.He wants these kids to learn to boast about themselves.”和最后一段“boasting about
10、 yourself，and your best qualities”可推知，Whaley 老师发起总统竞选活动是为了帮助学生建立自信，看到自己的优点，strength 意为“优点”，故答案选 A。答案：A27解析：推理判断题。本文主要介绍了 Canaan Elementary 二年级老师 Thomas Whaley 发起一项总统竞选演讲活动，帮助孩子们建立自信，看到自己的优点，由此可推知 Whaley 老师是一个很有爱心、关心学生的老师。答案：C一、常见命题形式推理判断题要求根据文章的某个句子、段落或全文事实进行逻辑推理，推断出作者没有提到或没有明说的事实或可能将会发生的事实，考查透过文章的字
11、面意义去理解言外之意或弦外之音的能力。这类试题主要包括细节推断题、态度、观点倾向类推断题、写作意图类推断题、文章来源和读者对象类推断题，题干中常含有 infer(推断)、suggest(暗 示)、imply(暗 指)、learn about(了 解)、conclude(结论)、indicate(暗示)等词语。二、命题特点推理判断题正确选项的特征：立足原文，不含有绝对概念的词汇如：never，only，all，always 等。推理不是凭空猜测，而是立足已知推断未知，因此正确选项一定能在文中找到依据或理由。推理判断题干扰选项的特征：颠倒是非：选项的结果与推断出来的正确结果相反。照搬原文：原文里有
12、相关的直接信息，不需要经过推断。推理过度：把文章中的一些个案绝对化、扩大化。无中生有：捏造原文中并不存在的信息，并以此作为依据进行推断。偷梁换柱：使用原文中相似的话语，增加或减少修饰成分，包括定语、状语等。一、细节推断题细节推断题要求考生根据语篇内容，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识进行推理判断。考生只有正确把握文章的内在关系，理解文章的真正含义，才可能做出准确的推断。该类型的命题方式常常以下列形式呈现：It can be inferred/concluded from the text that_What can we inf
13、er/learn from.?We can learn from the passage that_The passage/story.indicates/suggests/implies that_.真题例析(2019全国卷，B 篇节选)Whaley got the idea of this second-grade presidential campaign project when he asked the children one day to raise their hands if they thought they could never be a president.The a
14、nswer broke his heart.Whaley says the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public.He wants these kids to learn to boast(夸耀)about themselves.“Boasting about yourself，and your best qualities，”Whaley says，“is very difficult for a child who came into the classroom not feeling co
15、nfident.”26We can infer that the purpose of Whaleys project is to _Ahelp students see their own strengthsBassess students public speaking skillsCprepare students for their future jobsDinspire students love for politics解题思路第一步题干关键词infer，the purpose of Whaleys project第二步原文关键词boast(夸耀)about themselves，
16、your best qualities，feeling confident第三步比对选项关键词Ahelp students see their own strengths.帮助学生了解自己的优势。直接推断Bassess students public speaking skills.评估学生的公共演讲技能。偷梁换柱第三步比对选项关键词Cprepare students for their future jobs.为学生将来的工作做准备。推理过度Dinspire students love for politics.激发学生对政治的热爱。推理过度第四步概括总结根据倒数第二段“Whaley say
17、s the project is about more than just learning to read and speak in public.He wants these kids to learn to boast about themselves.”和最后一段“Boasting about yourself，and your best qualities”可推知，Whaley老师发起总统竞选活动是为了帮助学生建立自信，看到自己的优点，strength意为“优点”，故答案选A二、态度、观点推断题作者的观点和态度，就是表达作者对某个话题、行为、事件的看法、感觉或判断，一般分为三大类：支
18、持、赞同、乐观；客观、中立；反对、批评、怀疑、悲观。作者的观点和态度情感往往隐含在文章的字里行间。因此，在推断过程中，应特别注意文中作者的措辞，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词或副词。此类试题往往让考生推断文章作者或文中人物对某事所持的态度、观点或看法，或推断文中人物的语气、性格等。设问形式常有：Whats the writers attitude towards.?What is the authors opinion on.?What does the author think about.?选项中常见的有关作者情感、态度的词语：表示支持或肯定的词语：favourable 赞同的，有利的；pos
19、itive 积极的，肯定的，确实的；supportive 支持的；approval 赞成，正式批准；reasonable 合理的；enthusiastic 热情的等。表示反对或否定的词语：critical 批评的；negative否定的，消极的；disapproval 不赞成；impractical 不实际的；radical 激进的；prejudiced 有成见的，偏颇的；等。真题例析(2017全国卷，D 篇节选)Charles Darwin，over 150years ago，imagined a world far busier，noisier and more intimate(亲密的)
20、than the world we can see and hear.Our senses are weak.Theres a whole lot going on.35What can we infer from the last paragraph?AThe world is changing faster than ever.BPeople have stronger senses than before.CThe world is more complex than it seems.DPeople in Darwins time were more imaginative.解题思路第
21、一步题干关键词infer，the last paragraph第二步原文关键词far busier，noisier and more intimate(亲密的)than，our senses，weak第三步比对选项关键词AThe world is changing faster than ever.世界的变化比以往任何时候都快。无中生有第三步比对选项关键词BPeople have stronger senses than before.人们比以前有更强的感官。颠倒是非CThe world is more complex than it seems.世界比看起来更复杂。正确推断DPeople i
22、n Darwins time were more imaginative.达尔文时代的人们更有想象力。偷梁换柱第四步概括总结根据最后一段可知，达尔文设想了一个远比现实世界更繁忙、更喧嚣和更亲密的世界，而我们的感官却非常弱，我们还有很长的路要走。由此可知，世界似乎比它看上去的样子更复杂，故选C项三、出处和意图推断题要求考生根据文章的论述，揣测作者的写作意图。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实，客观地使读者信服某种想法或观点。这种题型要求考生不但能理解文章的大意，同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。判断文章的写作目的时一定要对文章主题有正确的把握，阅读时务
23、必找准文章的主旨句，准确归纳文章主题。题干中关键词有：found，taken，in order to，purpose 等。该类型的设问形式常为：This passage would probably/most likely be found in_The passage is probably taken from/out of_What is the authors purpose in writing the text?真题例析(2018全国卷，B 篇)Many of us love July because its the month when natures berries and s
24、tone fruits are in abundance.These colourful and sweet jewels from British Columbias fields are little powerhouses of nutritional protection.Of the common berries，strawberries are highest in vitamin C，although，because of their seeds，raspberries contain a little more protein(蛋白质)，iron and zinc(not th
25、at fruits have much protein)Blueberries are particularly high in antioxidants(抗 氧 化 物 质)The yellow and orange stone fruits such as peaches are high in the carotenoids we turn into vitamin A and which are antioxidants.As for cherries(樱桃)，they are so delicious who cares？However，they are rich in vitami
26、n C.When combined with berries or slices of other fruits，frozen bananas make an excellent base for thick，cooling fruit shakes and low fat“ice cream”For this purpose，select ripe bananas for freezing as they are much sweeter.Remove the skin and place them in plastic bags or containers and freeze.If yo
27、u like，a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown.Frozen bananas will last several weeks，depending on their ripeness and the temperature of the freezer.If you have a_juicer，you can simply feed in frozen bananas and some berries or sliced fruit.Out comes a“soft-serv
28、e”creamy dessert，to be eaten right away.This makes a fun activity for a childrens party；they love feeding the fruit and frozen bananas into the top of the machine and watching the ice cream come out below.27From which is the text probably taken?AA biology textbook.BA health magazine.CA research pape
29、r.DA travel brochure.解题思路第一步题干关键词from which，taken第二步原文关键词nutritional protection，vitamin C，protein，low fat“ice cream”，creamy dessert第三步比对选项关键词AA biology textbook.生物学教科书。偷梁换柱BA health magazine.健康杂志。正确推断CA research paper.研究论文。推理过度第三步比对选项关键词DA travel brochure.旅行手册。无中生有第四步概括总结文章出处题。从全文内容看，第一段提到丰收的七月带来的各种
30、水果，说这些水果好比储存营养的小“动力室”；第二段提到草莓等各种水果含有的维生素等营养成分；第三、四段提到利用这些水果制作各种美食。因此可知本文可能摘选自健康类的杂志。故选B项Passage 1(2019全国卷，D 篇)Bacteria are an annoying problem for astronauts.The microorganisms(微 生 物)from our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station，so astronauts spend hours cleaning
31、 them up each week.How is NASA overcoming this very tiny big problem?Its turning to a bunch of high school kids.But not just any kids.It is depending on NASA HUNCH high school classrooms，like the one science teachers Gene Gordon and Donna Himmelberg lead at Fairport High School in Fairport，New York.
32、HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers.For the past two years，Gordons students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity，and they think theyre close to a solution(解决方案)“We dont give the students any breaks.They have to do it just like NASA engineers，”s
33、ays Florence Gold，a project manager.“There are no tests，”Gordon says.“There is no graded homework.There almost are no grades，otherthanAre you working towards your goal？Basically，its Ive got to produce this product and then，at the end of the year，present it to NASA.Engineers come and really do an in-
34、person review，and.its not a very nice thing at times.Its a hard business review of your product.”Gordon says the HUNCH program has an impact(影响)on college admissions and practical life skills.“These kids are so absorbed in their studies that I just sit back.Idont teach.”And that annoying bacteria？Go
35、rdon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem，readying a workable solution to test in space.32What do we know about the bacteria in the International Space Station?AThey are hard to get rid of.BThey lead to air pollution.CThey appear in different forms.DThey damage
36、the instruments.33What is the purpose of the HUNCH program?ATo strengthen teacher-student relationships.BTo sharpen students communication skills.CTo allow students to experience zero gravity.DTo link space technology with school education34What do the NASA engineers do for the students in the progr
37、am?ACheck their product.BGuide project designsCAdjust work schedules.DGrade their homework.35What is the best title for the text?ANASA：The Home of AstronautsBSpace：The Final Homework FrontierCNature：An Outdoor ClassroomDHUNCH：A College Admission Reform【语篇解读】本文为说明文。本文介绍了 HUNCH项目通过 Gordon 的学生找到如何杀死空间站
38、的细菌这一技术，把空间技术带进课堂，与学校教育相结合，鼓励学生开发创新思维，培养了学生的实际生活技能。32解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Bacteria are annoying problem for astronauts.The microorganisms form our bodies grow uncontrollably on surfaces of the International Space Station，so astronauts spend hours cleaning them up each week.”可知，细菌对宇航员来说是个令人讨厌的问题。这种来自我们身体
39、的微生物在国际空间站的表面不受控制地生长，宇航员每周要花几个小时来清 理 它 们。也 就 是 说 它 们 很 难 去 掉。其 中 的“the microorganisms”包括“bacteria”。由此可知，A 项符合题意。答案：A33解析：推理判断题。根据第二段的“HUNCH is designed to connect high school classrooms with NASA engineers.Gordons students have been studying ways to kill bacteria in zero gravity，.”可知，HUNCH 旨在把高中教室和
40、NASA 的工程师联系起来。Gordon 的学生一直在研究如何在零重力下杀死细菌。结合最后一段中的“Gordon says his students are emailing daily with NASA engineers about the problem，.”可知，学生每天都给NASA 的工程师发邮件一起探讨(如何杀死空间站的细菌这 一 空 间 技 术)这 个 问 题。由 此 可 推 断 出 HUNCH program 的目的是把空间技术与学校教育相结合。分析选项可知 D 项符合题意。答案：D34解析：细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Ive got to produce this prod
41、uct and then，at the end of the year，present it to NASA.Engineers come and really do an in-person review，and.its not a very nice thing at times.Its a hard business review of your product.”可知，NASA 的工程师要检查学生所做的产品。分析选项可知 A项符合题意，故选 A。答案：A35解析：主旨大意题。本文介绍了 HUNCH 项目把如何杀死空间站的细菌这一空间技术引入 Gordon 学校的课堂，鼓励学生开发创新思
42、维，培养了学生的实际生活技能。由此可知 B 项更适合作标题。答案：BPassage 2(2019全国卷，C 篇)Before the 1830s，most newspapers were sold through annual subscriptions in America，usually$8 to$10 a year.Today$8 or$10 seems a small amount of money，but at that time these amounts were forbidding to most citizens.Accordingly，newspapers were re
43、ad almost only by rich people in politics or the trades.In addition，most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience.They were dull and visually forbidding.But the revolution that was taking place in the 1830s would change all that.The trend，then，was toward the“penny paper”a t
44、erm referring to papers made widely available to the public.It meant any inexpensive newspaper；perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street.This development did not take place overnight.It had been possible(but not easy)to buy single copies of news
45、papers before 1830，but this usually meant the reader had to go down to the printers office to purchasea copy.Street sales were almost unknown.However，within a few years，street sales of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities.At first the price of single copies was seldom a pennyusually two
46、 or three cents was chargedand some of the older well-known papers charged five or six cents.But the phrase“penny paper”caught the publics fancy，and soon there would be papers that did indeed sell for only a penny.This new trend of newspapers for“the man on the street”did not begin well.Some of the
47、early ventures(企业)were immediate failures.Publishers already in business，people who were owners of successful papers，had little desire to change the tradition.It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.28 Which of the following best describes newspapers in America before t
48、he 1830s?AAcademic.BUnattractive.CInexpensive.DConfidential.29What did street sales mean to newspapers?AThey would be priced higher.BThey would disappear from cities.CThey could have more readers.DThey could regain public trust.30Who were the newspapers of the new trend targeted at?ALocal politician
49、s.BCommon people.CYoung publishers.DRich businessmen.31What can we say about the birth of the penny paper?AIt was a difficult process.BIt was a temporary success.CIt was a robbery of the poor.DIt was a disaster for printers.【语篇解读】本文为记叙文。文章讲述了十九世纪上半叶美国报业的发展变化。28解析：细节理解题。根据第一段中的“Before the 1830s，.Acco
50、rdingly newspapers were read almost only by rich people.In addition，most newspapers had little in them that would appeal to a mass audience.They were dull and visually forbidding.”可知，在 19 世纪 30 年代之前，只有富人才能读报纸，而且大多数报纸中几乎没有能吸引大众的内容，让人感觉无聊，视觉上令人望而却步。由此可得出那时的报纸没有什么吸引力。academic“学术的”；unattractive“没有吸引力，无魅
51、力的”；inexpensive“廉价的，不贵的”；confidential“机密的，保密的”。可知 A、C 和 D 是错误的，只有 B 符合题意，故选 B。答案：B29解析：推理判断题。根据第二段提到“便士报纸”是针对大众，很便宜的。更重要的是，它是在大街上可以买得到的报纸。结合第三段中间的“streets sales of newspapers would be commonplace in eastern cities”可知，报纸的街头销售随处可见。由此可推断出，街头销售意味着读报纸的多了。分析选项可知 C 项符合题意。答案：C30解析：细节理解题。根据第二段中的“The trend，th
52、en，was toward the penny paper a term referring to papers made widely available to the public.；perhaps more importantly it meant newspapers that could be bought in single copies on the street.”可知，这种“便士报纸”针对大众，是在街上可以买到的报纸。分析选项可知，选项 B 符合题意，故选 B。答案：B31解析：推理判断题。根据第二段“The trend，then，was toward the penny p
53、aper”及最后一段“The new trend of newspapers for the man on the street did not begin well.Some of the early ventures were immediate failures.Publishers already in business，people who were owners of successful papers，had little desire to change the tradition.It took a few youthful and daring businessmen to get the ball rolling.”可知，“便士报纸”新趋势一开始并不好，一些早期的尝试立即失败了。已经进入商业领域的成功的出版商，并不想改变这一传统。后来一些年轻而大胆的商人才推动了这件事。由此可推断出“便士报纸”的诞生是一个困难而曲折的过程。分析选项可知，A 项符合题意。答案：A
