1、Section Grammar单元语法项目(一)强调结构：倒装句和分裂句“It”语法图解探究发现Seldom has drumming caused such conflict.Had they known their neighbour was a drummer,they wouldnt have moved into the building.Neither could they relax nor read a book without plugging their ears.It was only after careful consideration that we gave Ya
2、ng Ming a warning.No sooner had they moved in than the noise began and rare did they get a full nights sleep.我的发现(1)句是否定词置于句首，引起的倒装。(2)句是省略“If”将“”提前，还原句为：If they had known.(3)句是用于强调结构中。部分hadit一、倒装倒装是将语句中的主语、谓语、宾语、状语等颠倒顺序的一种语法现象，常常具有强调语气，在英语中比较常见，也是高考中常考的一种语法。根据倒装的结构可以分为完全倒装和部分倒装。(一)完全倒装1there be句型属于
3、完全倒装结构，该句型中be可换为appear,lie,live,stand,remain,exist等表示存在意义的动词。There is a bench under the big tree.那棵大树下有一个长凳。It is said that there lived a god called Lv Dongbin in ancient time.据说古代有一位神仙叫吕洞宾。2here,there等方位副词及now,then等时间副词位于句首，句子的谓语动词为come,go,leave,run等表示动作趋向或状态(be)的动词，且句子的主语不是代词时，句子完全倒装。Here is the b
4、ook you want.你要的书在这儿。Now comes your turn.现在该你了。3in,out,away,up,down,off等表示趋向的副词位于句首，且句子的谓语动词为go,fly,rush,run等表示动作的动词，且句子主语是名词时，句子完全倒装。Away flew the bird.鸟飞走了。Down went the boat.船沉了。4表语置于句首时，句子要完全倒装。其结构为“表语系动词主语”。Present at the meeting were experts on AIDS.出席会议的是艾滋病方面的专家。Among the goods are Christmas
5、 trees,flowers,candles and toys.这些东西里有圣诞树、花、蜡烛和玩具。5分词短语置于句首时，句子要完全倒装。Seated in the front are the guests.坐在前面的是客人。Lying on the floor is a boy named Tom.躺在地上的是一个叫汤姆的男孩。名师点津 完全倒装的句子中，谓语通常是不及物动词或 be 动词，时态为一般现在时和一般过去时，且主语为名词，不能为代词。即时演练 1 (1)完成句子教学楼前耸立着国旗杆。In front of the teaching building.那座城堡里住着一位残忍的国王。
6、There in the castle.主席进来，会议开始了。the chairman and the meeting began.stands the national flag polelived a cruel kingIn came七八个国家聚在一起决定市场走向的时代已经过去了。Gone when seven or eight countries would come together to determine the direction of global markets.(2)单句改错Beyond the river live an old fisherman.Such is th
7、e facts,no one can deny them.are the dayslivelivesisare(二)部分倒装1never,seldom,by no means,not until,rarely,hardly,at no time,scarcely,little,in no way,nowhere等表示否定或半否定的词置于句首时，句子要部分倒装。Nowhere will you find the answer to this question.无论如何你不会找到这个问题的答案的。Not until the child fell asleep did the mother leav
8、e the room.母亲直到孩子睡着才离开房间。2only状语(副词/介词短语/状语从句)在句首构成部分倒装。Only in this way can you learn English well.只有这样，你才能学好英语。Only after being asked three times did he come to the meeting.叫了三次，他才来参加会议。名师点津(1)如果 only 后面不是状语，则不用倒装。(2)如果 only 后面是状语从句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装。Only Tom can come up with a good idea to persuade her
9、 to change her mind.只有汤姆才能想出好办法来说服她改变主意。Only when he is seriously ill does he ever stay in bed.病得很重时，他才卧床休息。3so/such.that.结构中的so或such位于句首时，主句用部分倒装强调so/such和that之间的部分。So hot was the weather that we couldnt go to sleep.天这么热，我们都无法入睡。4so,nor,neither置于句首，表示前面提到的情况也适用于后者，后面的句子用部分倒装结构。Mary has learned by h
10、eart 200 words,and so have I.玛丽已经记住了200个单词，我也一样。I never play PC games;nor/neither do they.我从不玩电脑游戏，他们也不。名师点津(1)若两个动词的形式不一样，即表示两种不同情况时，则用 so it is with.或 it is the same with.。Jane is a good student and works hard.So it is with Tom./It is the same with Tom.简是个好学生并且学习刻苦。汤姆也是。(2)当 so 表示“确实，正是”，是对前句内容的肯定
11、和附和时，用正常语序。The students work very hard.So they do.学生们学习很努力。他们确实是这样。5在not only.but(also),no sooner.than,hardly/scarcely.when中，not only,no sooner,hardly,scarcely置于句首时，其后的句子要倒装，但but(also),than,when后的句子不倒装。Hardly had he arrived when it began to snow.他刚到，天就下起雪来。Not only did he refuse the gift,but he also
12、 severely criticized the sender.他不但拒绝接受礼物，而且还严厉地批评了送礼者。6as引导让步状语从句时，从句须倒装；though引导让步状语从句时，从句可倒装。Tired as/though he was,he sat up late.尽管他很疲倦，但他很晚才睡。7在省略了引导词if的虚拟条件句中，当从句谓语为were,had,should时要将它们置于句首，从句用部分倒装结构。Were I in your position,I would not go.我要是碰到你那样的情况，我是不会去的。名师点津 部分倒装巧记口诀only 修饰副介状，位于句首半倒装；否定意
13、义副连词，位于句首须倒装；表语前置主语长，平衡结构常倒装；so 和 such 置句首，此时主句要倒装；not only 开头句，前一分句须倒装；had,were,should 虚拟句，省略 if 半倒装。即时演练 2(1)完成句子(2016江苏高考改编)直到最近他们才鼓励农村地区旅游相关活动的发展。Not until recently _ of tourist-related activities in the rural areas.(2015湖南高考改编)只有当与这两个学生谈话之后我才意识到有着强大的动力是达到目标的关键因素之一。Only after talking to two stud
14、ents _ that having strong motivation is one of the biggest factors in reaching goals.did they encourage the developmentdid I discover(2014陕西高考改编)莫言一登上舞台，观众就报以雷鸣般的掌声。No sooner on the stage than the audience broke into thunderous applause.(2014大纲版全国卷改编)护士们不仅想涨工资，而且还想减少工作时间。a pay increase,they want red
15、uced hours as well.(2)把下列句子转换为倒装句He spoke so loudly that even people in the next room could hear him.that even people in the next room could hear him.had Mo Yan steppedNot only do the nurses wantSo loudly did he speakAlthough he is busy,he wont miss the football game.,he wont miss the football game.
16、If it should rain,the crops would grow better.,the crops would grow better.I have never heard such a thing in my life.Never in my life such a thing.Busy as/though he isShould it rainhave I heard二、强调句型(分裂句“It”)(一)强调句型的基本结构I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.我昨天在火车站遇见了李明。强调主语：It was I that(
17、who)met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.强调宾语：It was Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday.强调地点状语：It was at the railway station that I metLi Ming yesterday.强调时间状语：It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station.(二)强调句型的特殊结构1一般疑问式：Is/Was it被强调部分that/who其他？Was it in Zh
18、ejiang that Tu Youyou was born?屠呦呦是在浙江出生的吗？2特殊疑问式：特殊疑问词is/was it that其他？When is it that they will leave for Beijing?他们什么时候动身去北京？3not until.强调句式：It is/was not until.that其他。It was not until midnight that they reached the camp site.直到午夜他们才到达宿营地。名师点津(1)“删减法”判断强调句。把“It is/was”和“that”删去后，可重新排列一下句子，如果句子结构完
19、整，句意通顺，就是强调句，否则就不是强调句。It is Tom that often helps me with my English.(强调句)It is strange that he did not come at all.(it 作形式主语的主语从句)(2)It is/was.that.结构不能强调谓语，如需强调谓语，需用助动词 do,does 或 did。He did write to you last week.上周他的确给你写信了。即时演练 3(1)单句改错(2017天津高考改编)It was when I got back to my apartment I first cam
20、e across my new neighbors.(2016天津高考改编)You are waiting at a wrong place.It is at the hotel where the coach picks up tourists.(2015湖南高考改编)It was when we were returning home where I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble.(2015重庆高考改编)Bach died in 1750,but it was not until
21、the early 19th century when his musical gift was fully recognized.apartment后加thatwherethatwherethatwhenthat(2)对下列句子中的加黑部分进行强调What do you want me to do?you want me to do?Did he go to Beijing ten years ago?he went to Beijing?I came late because I was caught in the traffic.I came late.I met Tom in the
22、street yesterday.I met in the street yesterday.Regular radio broadcasts didnt begin until 1920.regular radio broadcasts began.What is it thatWas it ten years ago thatIt was because I was caught in the traffic thatIt was Tom that/whoIt was not until 1920 that.单句语法填空1South of the river (lie)a small fa
23、ctory.2We laugh at jokes,but seldom we think about how they work.3It was not until I came here I realized this place was famous for not only its beauty but also its weather.4Its not what we do once in a while shapes our lives,but we do consistently.liesdothatthatwhat5So sudden (be)the attack that th
24、e enemy had no time to escape.6For a moment nothing happened.Then (come)voices all shouting together.7The headmaster will not permit the change in the course,nor _ he even give it a thought.8It was 80 years before Christopher Columbus crossed the Atlantic Zheng He had sailed to East Africa.wascamewi
25、llthat.句型转换1I had no sooner got home than it began to rain heavily.(变为同义句)got home it began to rain heavily.2If you had taken my advice,you wouldnt have failed in the examination.(变为同义句)my advice,you wouldnt have failed in the examination.3Where did you meet your old friend yesterday？(变为强调句)you met
26、your old friend yesterday?No sooner had IthanHad you takenWhere was it that4A person seldom lives to be a hundred years old.(变为倒装句)a person live to be a hundred years old.5I didnt realize the importance of learning English well until I went to America.(强调状语)I went to America I realized the importanc
27、e of learning English well.6He makes a living by painting.(强调谓语)He a living by painting.Seldom doesIt was not untilthatdoes make语法图解单元语法项目(二)表达完成的动词形式探究发现Why havent you been in touch?What have you been doing during the holidays?I expect you have been working hard for your exams!At least by the time
28、I get back I will have read that awfully boring book.Anyway,having walked all the way to the top,we were tired and stopped.Well,he had been standing there for a minute or so when there was a noise.It must have been an instinctive reaction but it saved my life.The boy pretended to have known it.我的发现(
29、1)以上句子分别使用了不同的或形式来表达完成的概念。(2)根据以上例句，表示“完成”的动词形式有：时态(句)，时态(句、句)，时态(句)，时态(句)，的完成式(句)，的完成式(句)，含有的完成时态(句)。时态非谓语动词现在完成现在完成进行过去完成进行将来完成不定式动词ing形式情态动词一、表达完成的谓语动词的形式和含义形式含义have done(现在完成时)表示过去发生的动作对现在的影响或造成的结果，还可表示动作从过去某一时间开始，持续到现在，还有可能持续下去have been doing(现在完成进行时)表示某一动作延续到现在并有可能持续下去，表示某一动作的延续性、重复性，或表示某种感情色彩
30、形式含义had done(过去完成时)表示在过去某一时间或某一动作之前已经发生的动作或存在的状态had been doing(过去完成进行时)表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到这一过去时间will have done(将来完成时)表示在将来某一时间点或某一动作之前完成的动作He has seen the film Wolf Warrior twice.他已经看了两遍电影战狼。Ann is very tired.She has been working hard.安很累，她一直努力工作。The play had already started when we got to the the
31、atre.我们到剧场时戏已经开始了。They will have been married for 20 years by then.到那时他们将已婚20年了。名师点津(1)现在完成进行时是完成时和进行时的结合，它具备未完成性或特定的感情色彩。He has been sleeping all the afternoon.他已睡了一下午了。(表示“抱怨”，有感情色彩)(2)过去完成时必须以过去某一时刻为起点，即“过去的过去”，因此只有在和过去的某个动作相比较时才能用到。He had prepared well before he stepped onto the stage of Avenue
32、of Stars.在走上星光大道的舞台之前，他已做了充分的准备。即时演练 1 用所给词的适当形式填空(2016北京高考改编)I (read)half of the English novel,and Ill try to finish it at the weekend.(2015北京高考改编)In the last few years,China(make)great achievements in environmental protection.(2015北京高考改编)Did you have difficulty finding Anns house?Not really.She (g
33、ive)us clear directions and we were able to find it easily.have readhas madehad given(2015福建高考改编)Where is Peter？I cant find him anywhere.He went to the library after breakfast and(write)his essay there ever since.(2015天津高考改编)Despite the previous rounds of talks,no agreement (reach)so far by the two
34、sides.He (learn)English for 8 years,and hell keep on it.The football fan was very tired because he(watch)the league match the whole night.We (finish)the job two days ahead of time if it doesnt rain.has been writinghas been reachedhas been learninghad been watchingwill have finished二、“情态动词have done”表
35、示推测或责备can(could),may(might),must,should(ought to),need等有时接have done对过去动作或状态进行推测或责备。should/ought to have done本该做某事而实际上没做must have done一定做了某事neednt have done本不必做某事而实际上做了can have done可能做了某事多用于否定句和疑问句could have done可能做了某事；本能做某事而实际上未做may have done可能做了某事might have done可能做了某事；本可能做某事而实际上未做She cant have fini
36、shed the work.她不可能做完了这个工作。He might have arrived now.现在他可能已经到了。She should have told me the news earlier.她本该早点告诉我这个消息的。三、非谓语动词的完成式完成时的非谓语形式有不定式的完成式和动词-ing 形式的完成式，表示非谓语动作发生于句子谓语动作之前。通常在句中作状语，也可作主语。1不定式的完成式构成：to have done，常用于 pretend,believe,prove,seem,consider 等词之后。He seems to have caught a cold.他似乎已经感
37、冒了。2动词-ing形式的完成式构成：having done；动词-ing形式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。Having found a hotel,we looked for somewhere to have dinner.在找好旅馆之后，我们就去找吃饭的地方了。Having been told many times,the naughty boy made the same mistake.虽然被告知了好多遍，但这个淘气的男孩犯了同样的错误。Not having met her,I cant tell you what she is like.(因为)我从没有见过她，所以没办法告
38、诉你她的模样。即时演练 2 (1)用所给词的适当形式填空(2016浙江高考改编)George cant (go)too far.His coffee is still warm.(note)down our names and addresses,the policeman dismissed me.The room is empty,where can/could he (go)?I happened (drive)that kind of car before.have goneHaving notedhave goneto have driven(2)完成句子很抱歉让您等了这么久。Im
39、very sorry waiting for a long time.他因未履行自己的诺言而向我们道歉。He apologized to us.昨晚你本不必等我的。You for me last night.to have kept youfor not having kept his promiseneednt have waited.用所给词的适当形式填空1She seemed (hear)about this matter.2I (sleep)when my friend called me.3(fail)twice,he didnt want to try again.4I (fini
40、sh)my homework before supper.5You (reach)Shanghai by this time tomorrow.to have heardhad been sleepingHaving failedhad finishedwill have reached6I (visit)most of the cities in China since five years ago.7These years China (help)some poor countries.8She (tell)me the news earlier.have visitedhas been
41、helpingshould have told.完成句子1I got to the office earlier that day,(赶上了)the 7：30 train from Paddington.2The weather turned out to be fine.I _(本不必费那么大劲)carry the umbrella with me.3The engine just wont start.Something seems_(出现了故障)with it.having caughtneednt have taken thetrouble toto have gonewrong4It
42、 was so quiet in the classroom that a needle _(可能被听到)to drop onto the floor.5By the end of this year,I (存有)enough money for a holiday.6The scientist was rewarded by government for _(做出了巨大的贡献)to the country.could havebeen heardwill have savedhaving madesuch a great contribution“单元质量检测”见“Unit 23 单元质量检测（二）”(单击进入电子文档)谢谢 观 看
