1、第2讲冠词和介词考点1不定冠词不定冠词用于表示泛指，一般修饰单数可数名词，有a和an两种形式。当紧跟冠词的名词或名词的修饰词的第一个音素是辅音音素(不是辅音字母)时，用不定冠词a；当紧跟冠词的名词或名词的修饰词的第一个音素是元音音素(不是元音字母)时，用不定冠词an。1. 不定冠词的基本用法(1)用作可数名词单数前，泛指某一类人或物中的任何一个。It is generally accepted that a boy must learn to stand up and fight like a man.人们普遍认为男孩子必须学会像男人那样站起来战斗。(2)用在专有名词前表示“某一个”，相当于a
2、 certain。Excuse me, would you please give the iPad to John?打扰一下，请你把这个iPad给约翰好吗？Sorry, but I dont think theres a John in our class.对不起，但是我认为在我们班里没有叫约翰的。(3)用在“beofa/an名词”结构中，表示“同一，相同”时，相当于“of the same名词”。The two plants look different, but they are of a kind (of the same kind)这两种植物看上去不同，但属于同一类。2. 不定冠词的
3、活用(1)用于序数词前，表示“又一，再一”。First impressions are the most lasting. After all，you never get a second chance to make a first impression.最初的印象最持久。毕竟， 你不可能有机会给别人再留下一个第一印象。(2)不定冠词可以用于某些具体化的抽象名词前，常考的具体化的抽象名词：success, failure, surprise, pleasure, beauty, pity, danger, comfort, honour等。Being able to afford a dri
4、nk would be a comfort in those tough times.在艰苦的时期，能够买得起一杯饮料是一件令人感到欣慰的事。(3)有些不可数名词如knowledge，collection，understanding等后面加of. 时， 前面需用不定冠词a/an。have a (good) knowledge of. “精通”； have a (clear/good) understanding of. “了解”。If you dont have a good knowledge of English，its out of the question for you to use
5、 it flexibly and fluently!如果你不精通英语，那么何谈灵活而流利地运用它呢！3. 用于固定搭配中all of a sudden突然地as a matter of fact事实上be/go on a diet节食 pay a visit to参观；拜访make a fool of 愚弄 in a hurry匆忙地make a living谋生 a waste of. 浪费once in a while偶尔 keep an eye on 留意；留神give sb. a lift让某人搭便车at a loss不知所措；困惑have a gift for在方面有天赋have a
6、 word with与谈话in a way从某种意义上说as a result/consequence 因此考点2定冠词1. 定冠词的基本用法(1)指双方都知道的人或物，或特指的人或物的名词前。I just heard the bank where Dora works was robbed by a gunman wearing a mask.我刚刚听说多拉工作的那家银行被一名持枪蒙面人抢劫了。(2)用于某些形容词或分词前，表示一类人。Were not saying that everyone needs to contribute their lives to the poor.我们并不是
7、说每个人都需要为穷人贡献自己的一切。(3)用于序数词、形容词、副词的最高级以及形容词only, very, same前，以及对两个人或物进行比较时起特定作用的比较级前。As is known to all, the Peoples Republic of China is the biggest developing country in the world. 众所周知，中华人民共和国是世界上最大的发展中国家。This book is the better one of the two.这本书是这两者中较好的那一本。a与most连用，位于形容词前时，most是表示程度的副词，意为“非常”；th
8、e与most连用，位于形容词或副词前时，most是最高级的标志，意为“最的”。(4)用于世界上独一无二的事物名词前、乐器前、世纪年代前。例如：the sun; in the 21st century。(5)“the姓氏复数”表示“一家人”。The Smiths are coming to dinner.史密斯一家要来赴宴。(6)用于“bythe表示计量单位的名词(day/hour/dozen等)”结构中， 表示“按计算”。但size, weight这类名词跟by连用时不加定冠词。He was surprised to find that books are sold by weight in
9、this bookstore, that is, by the kilogram.他惊奇地发现在这家书店的书是按重量来卖，也就是说是按公斤来卖的。(7)用于“动词(hit, strike, pull, take等)sb. 介词the表示身体部位的名词”结构中， 其中的the不可用物主代词代替。hit sb. on the head 打某人的头pull/take sb. by the hand拉/抓住某人的手strike sb. in the face打某人的脸2. 用于固定搭配中at the moment 此刻，目前 by the way顺便说一下in the way 阻碍；挡路in the
10、distance在远处not in the least 一点也不 on the contrary与此相反the other day 几天之前 on the other hand另一方面to the point中肯； 切题 take the place of 代替go to the cinema/theatre去看电影/戏剧in the habit of有的习惯make the most/best of 充分利用to tell (you) the truth(跟你)说实话for the time being 暂时考点3零冠词1. 零冠词的基本用法(1)用于不含普通名词的纯专有名词或表示泛指的抽象
11、名词、物质名词、不可数名词或复数名词前。Human life is regarded as part of nature and，therefore, the only way for us to survive is to live in harmony with nature.人类生活被认为是自然的一部分，因此我们生存的唯一方式就是要与自然和谐相处。The Smiths dont usually like staying at hotels，but last summer they spent a few days at a very nice hotel by the sea.史密斯夫妇
12、通常不喜欢住旅馆，但去年夏天他们在海边的一个很舒适的旅馆住了几天。(2)名词前已有this, that, my, your, some, each, no, any 等指示代词、物主代词、不定代词作定语时不用冠词。Each student must hand in his/her exercise book by the end of this week.每个学生必须在本周末交作业本。(3)表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或补语时， 其前通常用零冠词。Dr Peter Spence, headmaster of the school, told us，“A fifth of pupils h
13、ere go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.”这所学校的校长彼得斯彭斯博士告诉我们说，“这里五分之一的学生都会到牛津大学或者剑桥大学继续学习。”(4)用于表示无特指意义的季节、月份、日期、星期和三餐的名词以及球类、棋类和学科名词前。Of all the subjects, I like history best because it gives us a useful knowledge of things in the past.在所有科目中，我最喜欢历史，因为我们可以从中了解过去许多有益的知识。(5)表示泛指的复数名词前。Bricks can be
14、 used to build houses.砖块可以用来建房子。2. 用于固定搭配中on/catch fire着火 by mistake错误地by chance/accident碰巧 in history在历史上under repair在维修中 hand in hand 手拉手do harm to对有害 on purpose故意地in place在正确位置 in danger在危险中in return作为回报 at present 目前ahead of time 提前 in advance 提前lose heart 灰心 out of control失控at dawn/dusk/night在黎
15、明/黄昏/夜晚make room for为让出空间3. 有无冠词意义不同的搭配考点4常考介词的用法1. 表示时间的介词介词用法at表示时间的点、时刻等。at 6：00 oclock在6点钟； at daybreak在黎明 on表示具体的日子或一个特定的时间或具体的某一天的上午、下午或晚上(常有前置定语或后置定语修饰)。on Monday afternoon在周一下午； on a rainy morning在一个雨天的上午in表示在某段较长的时间内。in the 20th century在 20世纪； in winter在冬季； in September在9月； in the morning在上
16、午since时间点自从以来for时间段长达during在期间until/till直到by 到为止；不迟于；表示增减的量in/after时间段在之后。“in时间段”常与将来时连用；“after时间段”常与过去时连用before 在之前over 在期间；直到结束Jane is in a hurry because the train to the airport leaves in half an hour.简很着急，因为去机场的火车半小时后出发。In Britain，its not unusual to have a business meeting over breakfast.在英国，早餐时
17、间开商务会议并不稀奇。(1)当时间名词前有this, that, last, next, every, each等词修饰时，通常不用任何介词。(2)“on/upon名词或动名词”结构可以表示“一就”。2. 表示方位的介词介词用法at后常接相对较小的地方in后常接相对较大的地方或在某一个大的范围之内on表示“在上”。(反义词beneath)across表示“从的表面穿过；在对面”through表示“从的内部穿过”over表示“从的上面跨过”。(反义词under)above指离开物体表面而在其上方，但并不一定是垂直向上。还可指数目、数量、水平、年龄等“超过，多于，大于”。(反义词below)The
18、 dog jumped over some bushes and saw the little stream.狗跳过几丛灌木看到了小溪。The sunlight came in through the windows in the roof and lit up the whole room.阳光透过天窗，照亮了整个房间。3. 表示方式的介词表示使用的工具、手段、材料时，with, by, in, on都意为“用”。with多指用具体的工具、身体的某部位或器官；by侧重指使用某种方法、手段或乘坐某种交通工具；in指使用某种语言、笔墨等；on 多用于固定词组中。by train乘火车； on t
19、he radio通过收音机； on TV通过电视； with a pencil用铅笔4. 表示“除之外”的介词(短语)介词(短语)用法besides意为“除之外(还有)”，相当于in addition to except意为“除之外(别无)”，可接名词、代词、介词短语和从句but 意为“除之外”( except)apart from既可相当于besides或in addition to，也可相当于except forother than意为“除之外(别无)”Apart from good service，the restaurant offers different kinds of trad
20、itional Fujian dishes.除了优质的服务外，这个饭店还提供各种各样的传统福建菜。(1)but常用于nobody, none, no one, nothing, anything, everyone, all 之后。接不定式时，如果前有实义动词do，则不定式中的to省略。(2)besides还可作副词，意为“另外，而且”，在句中常作插入语。5. 表示原因的介词(短语)for，because of，due to，thanks to，owing to，on account of, as a result ofThe openair celebration has been put
21、off because of the bad weather.因为天气不好，这次户外庆祝会被推迟了。Owing to the bad weather, the flight was delayed for a couple of hours.由于天气恶劣，航班延误了好几个小时。上述表示原因的短语都可作状语，due to还可作表语。thanks to 表示“多亏，幸亏”，多位于句首。6. 其他常考的介词介词用法against违背，反对；倚靠；以为背景，衬托beyond(范围、限度)超出，为所不能及by程度或增减的幅度；按计despite尽管for(表示目的)为了；(表示对象或用途)给；因为；从来
22、看；赞成，支持with和在一起；和，跟；具有，带有；(表示伴随)随着within(范围、程度)在内without没有off(表示位置)在的外面；(表示方向)偏离；从离开She drove so fast at the turn that the car almost went off the road.她在转弯处开得如此快，以至于车差点偏离公路。Any driver found drinking beyond the limit will be charged.任何司机如被发现饮酒超限都会被指控。考点5常考介词短语及搭配高考中的语法填空将更加注重对介词短语及搭配的考查，介词与名词、形容词与介词
23、、动词与介词形式的搭配是高考考查的难点。常考介词短语及固定搭配：1. 与名词的搭配at a time每次，一次 at a loss 困惑，不知所措at first sight乍一看 at table在吃饭by mistake错误地 by the way顺便说in charge主管，看管 in return作为回报in turn依次，转而 in shape健康状况良好in trouble 处于困境中 on purpose故意地on holiday在度假 in time及时，迟早on time准时 on average 平均in place of代替 in addition to 除了by han
24、d 手工 on the contrary相反地on account of 由于 on behalf of 代表approach to 的方法 visit to 到的访问for the sake of为了 by means of 借助reason for 的原因 (a) lack of 的缺乏2. 与动词的搭配answer for 对负责 apply for申请call at 拜访(地点) refer to 谈到；涉及；查阅result from 由于 suffer from遭受approve of赞成 complain of 抱怨consist of 由组成 dream of 梦到think
25、of 想起；考虑到 call on 拜访(某人)depend/rely on 依靠 result in/lead to导致belong to 属于 date from/back to 追溯到protect. from 保护不受伤害succeed in 在方面成功keep/prevent/stop sb. from doing sth. 阻止某人做某事3. 与形容词的搭配 be aware of 意识到 be proud of 以为荣be tired of厌倦 be angry with 对生气be eager for 渴望 be absent from 缺席be ashamed of对感到羞耻
26、be sure of 对有信心；确信be familiar with 熟悉be familiar to 为所熟悉be patient with 对有耐心be pleased/satisfied with 对满意be popular with 受欢迎be strict with 对严格be addicted to 对上瘾；沉溺于be available to 对可用；可供使用be beneficial to 对有益处be devoted to 致力于，献身于be similar to 与相似be confident in 对有信心be anxious about/for 忧虑，担心be craz
27、y about 热衷；着迷be curious about 对好奇be particular about 挑剔be suitable for/to适合于4. 其他搭配far from 远非 once in a while 偶尔after all 毕竟，终究 in spite of 尽管；虽然up to 达到；由决定ahead of (时间，空间)在前面；领先. 单句语法填空1. (2020天津市河西区高三总复习质量调查)Animals are obviously a lower form of life than man.2. (2020天津市河西区高三总复习质量调查)An artist wh
28、o was recently traveling on a ferry to the southern island discovered by chance a long lost antique Greek vase.3. (2020吉林延边质量检测)If the meal was outside or there were two or more doors of equal importance, then the right hand seat when facing east was the honour seat.4. (2020宁夏银川一中模拟)“This is a key s
29、tep for BDS developing from a Chinese experimental system to a regional and then a global navigation system，” said Yang Changfeng, chief designer of the BeiDou system.5. Im very happy I have protected this lady from unfair words and that we are treating her fairly now and doing something to shorten
30、the gap between the rich and the poor.6. The landing is an example of Chinas growing desire to compete with the American, Russian and European space programmes. 7. Copenhagen became the capital of Denmark in 1445.8. Our local Community Youth Club is very popular with young people in my town. I have
31、been a member for four years now. 9. Now years later, this river is one of the most outstanding examples of environmental cleanup.10. Last year was the warmest year on record, with global temperature 0.68 above average.11. This meeting room is a nonsmoking area. I would like to warn you in advance t
32、hat if you smoked here you would be fined.12. Have you ever heard of the trees that are home to animals both on land and sea?. 语篇语法填空(2020安徽“江淮十校”第一次联考)Weve all turned to sad music to make us feel 1. _ (good) at some point in our lives, but why does doubling down on the sadness help drag us out of t
33、he mire (泥沼)?A new study sheds light on whats going on inside our brains 2. _ we match our music to our feelings. It looks like sad music can be enjoyable rather than 3. _ (simple) depressing because it triggers positive memories that can help to lift our mood. Psychologist Adrian North from Curtin
34、University in Australia says there 4. _ (be) two groups of possible 5. _ (explain) for why we enjoy listening to sad music like this: one from social psychology, and one from cognitive neuroscience (认知神经学)In terms of social psychology, one way of 6. _ (think) about this is that we feel much better a
35、bout 7. _ (we) if we focus on someone whos doing even worse, a process known as downward social comparison. Everythings going to be okay, because this person 8. _ (have) an even worse day than you are.Another theory from social psychology is that people like to listen 9. _ music that mirrors the ton
36、e of their current life circumstances the songs act as 10. _ sort of tuning fork (音叉) for our own situations and they resonate (共鸣) with us.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。我们都曾在生命中的某些时刻通过听悲伤的歌来让自己好受一些，但是为什么更多的悲伤反而会让我们走出低谷呢？社会心理学有的派别认为，通过下行社会比较让我们感觉好一些；有的派别认为，那些悲伤的音乐让我们产生心理共鸣，所以感觉会好一些。1. better考查形容词的比较级。空格处单词位于系动词fee
37、l后，应用形容词形式。根据语境可知，应使用形容词比较级形式；且空格处单词与第三段中的“feel much better”相呼应，故填better。2. when/as考查时间状语从句中的连词。分析句子结构可知，这是一个时间状语从句。由于空格后句子使用的是一般现在时，所以空格处连词可以填when/as。3. simply考查副词。空格处单词修饰形容词depressing，应用副词形式。故填simply。4. are考查主谓一致。这里使用的是there be句型，be动词与其后主语保持一致。句中“two groups of”为复数意义，故be动词填are。5. explanations考查名词的单
38、复数。空格处单词位于形容词后介词前，应用名词形式。“explain (解释)”的名词形式为explanation，且为可数名词。这句话后列出了来自社会心理学与认知神经科学的两派解释，所以空格处名词用复数形式。故填explanations。6. thinking考查动名词。空格处位于介词of后，且think about是动词词组，所以空格处填动名词形式。故填thinking。7. ourselves考查反身代词。由于表语从句的从句部分主语we与about后的宾语指代的是同一类人，所以介词后宾语使用反身代词。we的反身代词为ourselves，故填ourselves。8. is having/has考查动词的时态、语态和主谓一致。这是原因状语从句，前半句使用的是一般现在时，所以从句部分也使用一般现在时。根据语境，从句部分使用一般现在时或现在进行时都可以，主语this person是第三人称单数，故填is having/has。9. to考查介词。“listen”是不及物动词，后面接宾语时需要加介词to，故填to。10. a考查固定搭配。a sort of意为“一种”，为固定搭配。故填a。
