1、名词性从句在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句 (Noun Clauses）。 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为、和。一、引导名词性从句的连接词引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：A. 连词：that（无任何词意）whether, if（表示“是否”，表明从句内容的不确定性）as if, as though（表示“好像”，“似乎”）以上在从句中均不充当任何成分B. 连接：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whose, whichever,whomever ：w
2、hen, where, how, why,how many,how muchC. 不可省略的连词：1. 介词后的连词2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。That she was chosen made us very happy.We heard the news that our team had won.比较：whether与if 均为是否的意思。 但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代：1. whether引导主语从句并在句首2. 引导表语从句 3. whether从句作介词宾语4. 从句后有or not Whether he will come is not cle
3、ar.大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用 it充当。It is not important who will go.It is still unknown which team will win the match.主语从句(The Subject Clause)作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例：
4、What he wants to tell us is not clear. Who will win the match is still unknown. It is known to us how he became a writer.Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 注意：主语为从句时，从句谓语动词一般要用单数形式；但如果what引导的从句做主语、代表复数概念（常可从表语上看出）时，谓语动词则常用复数形式。 What we need is water. What we need are
5、useful books. 有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：（1）It + be + 名词 + that从句（2）It + be + 形容词 + that从句（3）It + be + 动词的过去 + that从句（4）It + 不及物动词 + that 从句例：That light travels in straight lines is known to all. Its known to all that light travels in straight lines.注意：A.
6、 that引导的主语从句大多数要放在句末。 B. what-引导的主语从句一般不用it作形式主语的结构。 C. 由whether及其他连词引导的主语从句放在句首或句末皆可。 D. 如果带主语从句的句子是疑问式，则须用it作形式主语结构。 Has it been announced when the planes are to take off?注意: 在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、怀疑、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用 “(should) +do”，常用的句型有：It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that It is a p
7、ity (a shame, no wonder, etc.) that It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that注意：it引导的强调句与it作形式主语的复合句不可混淆。 强调句是用来对所表达句中的某一成分加以强调的特殊句型。其结构为：. It is/was + 强调部分 + that / who -. (人用who或that;其他用that) 例：I met John in the street yesterday. A. It was I that/who met John in the street yesterda
8、y.(强调主语) B. It was John that/who I met in the street yesterday.(强调宾语) C. It was in the street that I met John yesterday. (强调地点状语，不用where) D. It was yesterday that I met John in the street. (强调时间状语，不用when) 强调主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要与被强调的部分一致（即：与原主语一致）。 例：It is I who/that am your true friend. 宾语从句(The Object
9、Clause)在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。动词、介词和形容词都可以带宾语从句。例：1) I think (that) he can do the job well.2) Did she say anything about how we should do the work?3) Im not sure whether / if Ill have time.学好宾语从句要过好三道关：* 第一关，选好连接词（也叫关联词）。引导宾语从句的连接词。 5. 连词that：只起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，也无词义，口语中或非正式文体中常被省略。 （连接陈述句； 信息完整，不表疑问） (主句动
10、词常为表肯定概念的观点、看法、意念、要求等，如：believe, feel, hear, hope, expect, explain, prefer, promise, report, say, see, think, understand, wish warn等)例： 1）He knew（that）he should work hard 2）I am glad（that）youve passed the exam 2.连词whether或if：起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，作“是否”解，口语或非正式文体中多用if。 （连接一般/选择疑问句/反义疑问句；信息完整，但有疑问，用if/whet
11、her） (主句动词常为表疑问意义的观点、看法、意念、要求等，如：ask, wonder, want to know, dont know, cant remember等)例： 1) Do you know whether he will ride here at 8 tomorrow morning？ 2）Tom didnt know if whether his grandpa liked the present 作“是否”解的if 和whether在具体用法上差别较大，同学们不易掌握。在宾语从句中用whether没有用 if 时受到那么多限制。（whether 比 if 用得广）例： 3
12、）He asked me whether or not I was coming他问我是否要来。（该句中的whether不能换成if，因为if不能与or连用）*注意：在下列情况下，一般用whether而不用if: A. 在介词后，作介词的宾语：We didnt think about whether it would rain the next day. that引导的宾语从句只有在except, but, besides, in等少数介词后偶尔可以用到。 Your article is all right except that it is too long. 有时在介词和其宾语从句的中间加
13、形式宾语it: Ill see to it that everything is ready. (see to 负责) B. 后跟不定式构成不定式短语：She cant decide whether to get there tomorrow. C. 与ornot连用：I dont know whether he is free or not. D. 提出两种选择时：Tell me whether its a boy or a girl. E. 在discuss, consider, decide后: We discussed whether we would go to Beijing th
14、e next week. F. 宾语从句位于句首时：Whether the plane will arrive on time, we are not sure. G. 引导主语、表语或同位语从句时：Whether he will go to Beijing tomorrow hasnt decided yet. 温馨提示：当用if会造成误解时，常用whether而不用if。 例：Please tell me if he will arrive tomorrow. (是否，最好换成whether) Please tell me if he arrives tomorrow.(如果)3. A.
15、连接代词who, whom, whose, what, which：起连接作用，作句子成分，各有意义。例： 1）The teacher asked the new student which class he was in？（which引导宾语从句，在从句中作定语，修饰class，意为“哪个”） 2）Can you tell me what he is saying？(what引导宾语从句，在从句中作say宾语,涉及说话内容) 注意：what = all that；what 与that不能混用。B. 连接副词when, where, why, how：起连接作用，分别作时间、地点、原因、方式状
16、语，各有其自己的意义。例： 1）I wonder where he got so much money（where在从句中作地点状语，修饰got，意为“哪里；什么地方”） 2）He didnt tell me how old his friend was（how引导宾语从句，作程度状语，修饰old，意为“怎样；如何”等意）(注意： 信息不完整，缺句子成分，有疑问，用特殊疑问词。) 友情提示：当连接词是whether或特殊疑问词而且主句主语或宾语与从句的主语一致时，常可变为“whether/特殊疑问词 + 不定式”的形式作宾语 （此时为简单句） 例： 1. She cant decide whe
17、ther she will get there tomorrow.-She cant decide whether to get there tomorrow. 2. She told me what I should do next. - She told me what to do next. *第二关，宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序，即“连接词主语谓语其他”。特别强调的是，它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述句的语序(包括疑问词作句子的主语)，不是疑问句的倒装语序。 例：1）You must remember what your teacher said2）Dad ,do you know when
18、the football game will start？ 3) Can you tell me who（whom）we have to see？4) Could you tell me which is the way to the post office, please? 5) Do you know what was wrong with Tom last week? 6) Would you please tell me whats the matter with the boy? (第4-6句疑问词做主语)(提示：whats the matter-？句式为约定俗成习惯表达，无论是独立
19、问句抑或为从句，语序保持不变) 错句的错误往往出在宾语从句中误用疑问句的结构主语前加个助动词do。因为我们已经习惯了特殊疑问句，如：what time does the plane arrive in Paris？就顺口说出“Do you know what time does the plane arrive in Paris？”这种错误句子来。但是一旦我们注意了，不久就习惯于说“Do you know what time the plane arrives in Paris？”了。 *第三关，注意时态的呼应。 宾语从句中谓语动词的时态，常常受主句谓语时态的制约，这种现象称为“时态的呼应”。
20、例：误：I thought（that）you are free today 正：I thought（that）you would be free today 错句中宾语从句用are很可能是因为有 today，但因为主句谓语是thought，所以从句谓语就该用过去将来时would be了。 这种时态的呼应，如果主句谓语是现在时或将来时，宾语从句的谓语时态不受限制。如果主句时态是过去时，宾语从句一般要随着改为相应的过去时（即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时等）。例：1）He thought he was working for the people 2）I heard she had
21、 been to the Great Wall 3）John hoped that he would find a job soon *注意: A. 宾语从句如果表示定理法则、永恒真理等，则不变化： 例： The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun The teacher told us that light travels faster than sound. The teacher told us that the sun rises in the east. B. Could/Would you (please) tel
22、l me-?句式表客气委婉的现在时而非过去时，宾语从句根据具体情况用相应的时态：例：Could you tell me whether LiLei has gone to Canada? C. 在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+ 动词原形”。例：I insist (坚持) that she (should) do her work alone. The captain ordered that troops (部队) (should
23、) set off at once. *注意：1. 如直接引语是祈使句时，须以相应的不定式作宾语补足语的形式表达。例：1). Mrs Zhao said to me, “Open the door ,please.” -Mrs Zhao asked me to open the door.2).Mother said to me, “Dont play with fire” -Mother told me not to play with fire. 3). “Stand straight!” the captain said to them. - The captain ordered th
24、em to stand straight. 2. 感叹句变为间接引语时，宾语从句的引导词仍然用what或how引导。注意人称和时态的变化，语序不变；也可使用that引导的宾语从句（引述动词常为say, tell, cry, shout等不含疑问意义的动词） 例：We said, “What a clever monkey it is!” We said what a clever monkey it was. / We said that it was a clever monkey. 3. 如果宾语从句后面有宾语补足语时，要使用it作形式宾语，而将从句放在补足语后面。 例: I though
25、t it strange that he failed to call me. *注意：在think, believe, imagine, suppose, expect等动词之后的宾语从句中，如果从句谓语是否定含义，则不用否定形式，而将主句的谓语动词think等变为否定形式(即否定转移)例：I dont think (that) you are wrong, are you? (主句以第一人称I/we做主语时，反义问句与从句的主谓呼应)He doesnt believe (that) Ann is ill, does he?(主句以第二、三人称作主语时，反义问句与主句的主谓呼应) (巧记方式
26、：“一从宾句，二三从主句”；相信“自己”，怀疑“别人” ) 在think, believe, suppose, imagine, guess, hope等动词以及Im afraid 等后，可用so代替一个肯定的宾语从句，还可用not代替一个否定的宾语从句。 例：- Do you believe it will clear up (转晴)? - I believe so. 或 I believe not. / I dont believe so. 小结：(一) 连接词1). 陈述句用引导词that（可省略）连接2). 疑问句A. 一般疑问句用引导词if或whether连接 B. 否定的一般疑问句
27、用引导词whether- or not连接 C. 选择疑问句用whether - or-连接 D. 反义疑问句用whether - or not连接 E. 特殊疑问句用原来的疑问词连接 3). 感叹句用原来的how或what连接（语序不变，时态适当调整） 4). 祈使句用不定式做宾补 (二)语序 宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序，即“连接词主语谓语其他”。特别强调的是，它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述句的语序(包括疑问词作句子的主语)，不是疑问句的倒装语序。 (三)时态的呼应 宾语从句中谓语动词的时态，常常受主句谓语时态的制约：如果主句谓语是现在时、将来时或祈使句的时候，宾语从句的谓语时态不受限制。如果主
28、句时态是过去时，宾语从句一般要随着改为相应的过去时（即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时等）。 表语从句(the Predicative Clause)在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用as if引导。其基本结构为：主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例：The fact is that we have lost the game. Thats just what I want. This is where our problem lies. That is why he didnt come to th
29、e meeting. It looks as if it is going to rain. It seems as if it were going to rain. (虚拟语气)注意: 当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例：The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning .【注意】whether 可引导表语从句，但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。同位语从句(the Appositive Clause)同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具
30、体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例: The news that we won the game is exciting. I have no idea when he will come back home. The thought came to him that Mary had probably falle
31、n ill.同位语从句和的区别： that作为关系代词，可以引导定语从句，充当句子成分，在从句中作宾语时可以省略； that引导同位语从句时，起连词的作用，没有实际意义，不充当句子成分，一般不能省略。 试比较下面两个例句: I had no idea that you were here（that引导同位语从句，不能省略）Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？（that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略）总结名词性that-从句1）由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。 th
32、at只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语。主语：That she is still alive is her luck.宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office. 形容
33、词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.2）that-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末。 It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. Its a pity that you should have to leave.用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句It is necessary that有必要It is important that重要的是It is ob
34、vious that很明显b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句It is believed that人们相信It is known to all that众所周知It has been decided that已决定c. It + be +名词+ that-从句It is common knowledge that是常识It is a surprise that令人惊奇的是It is a fact that事实是d. It +不及物动词+ that-从句It appears that似乎It happens that碰巧It occurred to me that我突然想起
35、名词性wh-从句1）由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等.主语： How the book will sell depends on its author.直接宾语：In ones own home one can do what one likes.间接宾语：The club will give who
36、ever wins a prize.表语： My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to. 同位语：I have no idea when he will return.形容词宾语：Im not sure why she refused their invitation.介词宾语：That depends on where we shall go.2）wh从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末。It is
37、 not yet decided who will do that job.It remains unknown when they are going to get married.if, whether引导的名词从句1）yes-no型疑问从句从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和wh-从句的功能相同。主语：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 宾语：Let us know whether / if you can fin
38、ish the article before Friday.表语：The point is whether we should lend him the money.同位语：They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.形容词宾语： Shes doubtful whether we shall be able to come.介词宾语： I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness.2）选择性疑问从句选择性疑问从句由关
39、联词if/whetheror或whetheror not构成。Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish. I dont care whether you like the plan or not.if和whether的区别： 1、 在动词不定式之前只能用whether。 I cant decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。 2、 在whether or not 的固定搭配中。I want to know whether its good news or not . 我想知道是否是好消息。 3 、在
40、介词后，只能用whether。 His father is worried about whether he lose his work . 他的父亲担心是否会失去工作。 4、宾语从句放在句首表示强调时，只能用whether。 Whether this is true or not, I really dont know. 这是否真的，我真的不知道。Whether they can finish the work on time is still a problem. 他们是否能准时完成这项工作还是个问题。 5、用if会引起歧义时，只用whether。Could you tell me if
41、you know the answer ? 这句话有两种意思：“你能告诉我是否知道答案吗？”或“如果你知道答案，请告诉我，好吗？”。如用whether可避免歧义.否定转移 1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中，即主句的谓语动词用否定式，而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。I dont think I know you.我想我并不认识你。I don t believe he will come.我相信他不回来。注意：若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。I hope you werent i
42、ll. 我想你没有生病吧。2) 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。It doesnt seem that they know where to go.看来他们不知道往哪去。 It doesnt appear that well have a sunny day tomorrow.看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。3) 有时将，介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。I dont remember having ever seen such a man.(not否定动名词短语)Its not a place where anyone would expect to see
43、 strange characters on the street. (anyone 作主语，从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。)4) 有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。The ant is not gathering this for itself alone.(否定状语)He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. (否定because状语) She had not been married many weeks when that mans younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty. (否定状语many weeks)
