1、专题06 从句（定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句）Part01 定语从句1：考点梳理1. 引导定语从句的关系词； 2. 限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别；3. “介词关系代词”的结构；4. 关系词之间的异同及选用。考点1定语从句的种类(1)限制性定语从句从句在句中是不可缺少的部分，去掉后主句意思往往不明确，与主句之间不用逗号隔开。This is the house which we bought last month. (2)非限制性定语从句从句是对主句或先行词的补充和说明，去掉后不影响主句的意思，与主句之间往往用逗号隔开。The house, which we bought last month
2、, is very nice. 当先行词是专有名词或被物主代词/指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词，对其进行修饰，这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数。He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 考点2 关系代词
3、与关系副词关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系代词who人主语Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?whom,which和that在从句中作宾语时,常可以省略,但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略,也不可以用thatwhom人宾语Mr Smith is the person with whom I am working.The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.whose人、物定语I like those books whose topics are about history.The boy w
4、hose father works abroad is my deskmate.that人、物主语、宾语A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.which物主语、宾语The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.as人、物主语、宾语He is such a person as is respected by all of
5、us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.as作宾语一般不省略关系副词when时间时间状语I will never forget the day when we met there.可用on which替换where地点地点状语This is the house where I was born.可用in which替换why原因原因状语I cant imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.可用for which替换考点3关系代词that和which的特殊用法1. 限制性定语从句中，只用关系代词
6、that的情况：(1)先行词是all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much, few等不定代词。I will tell you everything that I know. (2)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰。What is the first foreign city that you have ever been to?(3)先行词被the only, the very (正好), the last, all, any, every, no, little, much, some等限定词修饰。Chatting is the only
7、 thing that interests her. (4)先行词中既有人也有物。The things and persons that they mentioned are strange to me. (5)在which或who的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句。Who is the boy that is lying under the tree?2. 先行词指物时，只用关系代词which的情况：(1)“介词关系代词”结构中。The house in which we live is very large. (2)非限制性定语从句中。He changed his mind, which made
8、 me angry. (3)先行词本身是that。What is that which you have put into your schoolbag just now?考点4限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别 类别语法意义及特征例句限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用,如果去掉,主句意思就不完整明确,这种从句与主句的关系十分密切,写时不用逗号分开The accident happened at the time when I left.非限制性定语从句对先行词作附加的说明,与主句的关系不是十分密切,较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开,相当于一个插入语,不能用that引导,关系代词作宾语时
9、也不能省略His mother,whom he loved deeply,died ten years ago.考点5关系代词as和which的区别1. 位置不同。as引导的定语从句可位于句首、句中、句末；which引导的定语从句不能位于句首。As we all know, life is not a bed of roses. Life is not a bed of roses, which we all know. 2. 意义不同。as意为“正如，就像”，引导的从句表达人的观点、事物的习惯性等意义，主要起承上启下的作用；which意为“这一点”，引导的从句在意义上相当于一个并列句，补充说
10、明主句的状态或结果。As often happened, they won the football game again. It rained heavily, which prevented us from going out. 3. 当先行词被such, so, as等词修饰时，一般用as引导定语从句。Such books as you want are sold out. Part02 名词性从句1：考点梳理5. 主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句的基本用法； 6. 易混引导词的辨析；7. 名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句的区分。考点1基本用法引导词类别常见引导词作用连接代词what, whi
11、ch, who, whose, whom, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever有词义，在从句中担任主语、表语、宾语、或定语等成分连接副词how, when, where, why, however, whenever, wherever有词义，在从句中担任状语成分从属连词that, whether, if除that外均有词义，在从句中不担任成分，只起连接作用考点2 主语从句1. 引导词在复合句中充当主句主语的从句叫作主语从句。主语从句的常见引导词有：(1)从属连词： that, whether, if(2)连接代词：what, which, who,
12、whose, whom, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever(3)连接副词：how, when, where, why, however, whenever, wherever2. it作形式主语在通常情况下，that引导主语从句时，常用it作形式主语，而将that从句置于句尾。用it作形式主语通常有以下四种句型：(1)Itbe形容词从句：It is necessary that. 有必要It is important that. 重要的是It is obvious that. 很明显(2)Itbe过去分词从句：It is believed that.
13、 人们相信It is known to all that. 众所周知It has been decided that. 已决定(3)Itbe名词(短语)从句：It is common knowledge that. 是常识It is a surprise that. 令人惊奇的是It is a fact that. 事实是(4)It不及物动词/动词短语从句：It appears that. 似乎It happens that. 碰巧It occurs to sb. that. 某人突然想起It doesnt matter whether. 没有关系考点3宾语从句动词+宾语从句I want to
14、 know what he has told you.介词+wh-类连接词引导的宾语从句His father is worried about whether he would lose his work.besides/beyond/but/except/that (除了)Have you heard anything beyond that he is ill?Criticism and self-criticism is necessary but that it helps us correct our mistakes.find,feel,think,consider,make,be
15、lieve等+it+宾语补足语+that引导的宾语从句I think it necessary that we take plenty of boiled water every day.hate,enjoy,like,love,dislike,see to等+it+宾语从句I hate it when they talk with their mouths full of food.形容词+宾语从句Im sure that they can make it.考点4表语从句1. 引导词在复合句中充当表语的从句叫作表语从句，可接表语从句的连系动词有be, seem, look, sound, t
16、aste, feel, remain, appear等。表语从句的常见引导词有：(1)从属连词： that, whether(2)连接代词： what, which, who, whose, whom, whatever, whichever, whoever, whomever(3)连接副词： how, when, where, why2. 几种特殊的表语从句(1) as if/though 引导的表语从句此类表语从句常出现在seem, look, sound, taste, feel, appear等连系动词后，从句可用陈述语气，也可用虚拟语气。It sounds as if you ar
17、e from Canada. It seemed as if she had heard the news. (2) because和why引导的表语从句此类表语从句常用于以下句型：this/that is why. 这/那是的原因this/that is because. 这/那是因为注意：主句主语是reason时，表语从句一般由that引导，而不用because或why。The accident that happened yesterday was because the driver had been drunk. The reason for yesterdays accident
18、is that the driver was drunk. 考点5同位语从句常见的能接同位语从句的名词belief,fact,hope,idea,doubt,news,conclusion,suggestion,problem,order,answer,decision,explanation,information,thought,word引导词同位语从句一般用that引导,但根据语境的不同,也可以用其他的连接代词和连接副词。引导同位语从句的that不能省略例句The news that our women volleyball team had won the championship e
19、ncouraged us all greatly.The question where we shall have a meeting hasnt been decided.考点6连词whether和if在名词性从句中的使用1. 用whether或if均可的情况(1) whether可引导各种名词性从句。引导大部分动词后的宾语从句时，两者均可。(2) it作形式主语，且主语从句在句末时，两者均可引导主语从句。It hasnt been decided whether/if we shall study abroad. 2. 用whether而不用if的情况(1)主语从句和宾语从句置于句首Whe
20、ther we will go camping depends on the weather. Whether he will succeed, I cant say. (2)引导表语从句和同位语从句The question is whether we can get in touch with him. He must answer the question whether he will attend the meeting. (3)引导介词的宾语从句Everything depends on whether we have free time. (4)引导词与or not连用He doe
21、snt know whether or not he is going to stay. (5)引导词后接to doThey needed more time to consider whether to hold a meeting. (6)有些动词如discuss, decide等后的宾语从句We discussed whether we should hold a meeting. (7)避免用if引导产生歧义Let me know whether you are coming to our party. Part03 状语从句1：考点梳理8. and和but的用法区别；9. while
22、表对比的用法。10. 时间、地点、原因、结果、目的、让步、条件、方式和比较状语从句等；11. 常用的引导状语从句的连词。考点1基本用法1. 并列句的用法及常见连词用法连词表并列、递进或顺承关系and，both. and.，neither. nor.，not only. but also. ，as well as表转折关系but(不可与although/though连用), yet表选择关系either. or. ，not. but.，or，or else，rather than表因果关系for(表“由于”，一般不放在句首)，soand与or用于并列句祈使句and陈述句，and表顺承祈使句or陈
23、述句，or表转折while表对比强调对比关系，意为“然而；而”2. 状语从句的类型及常见连接词状语从句类型常见连接词时间状语从句when, while, as, before, after, since, till, until, immediately, as soon as, every time地点状语从句where, wherever让步状语从句though/although, even if/even though, while, “疑问词-ever”， “no matter疑问词”条件状语从句if, once, unless, in case, as/so long as, on
24、condition that原因状语从句because, as, since, now that, seeing that, in that, considering that, for the reason that结果状语从句so that, so/such. that目的状语从句so that, in order that, for fear (that), in case比较状语从句than, as. as, not so. as方式状语从句as, as if/as though考点2 时间状语从句关联词或短语意义例句when,while,as当的时候He jumped up when
25、 the phone rang.We listened while the teacher read.The phone rang just as I was leaving.(as强调主、从句动作同时或几乎同时发生;while从句的谓语动词必须是延续性动词,不能是非延续性动词)till,until直到Jane completed her last novel Persuasion in 1816,but it was not published until after her death.(until要与延续性动词连用;not.until 要与非延续性动词连用)since自从It is tw
26、o years since he joined the army.他参军两年了。It is two years since he smoked.他戒烟两年了。(其后所用动词不同,该动词所表示动作持续时间的计算方法也不同)the moment,the minute,the instant,the second;no sooner.than.;hardly.when.;as soon as;directly,immediately,once一就Tell him the news as soon as you see him.I recognized her the moment (that) I
27、saw her.I want to see him the minute (that) he arrives.I went home directly I had finished work.Once he arrives,we can start.考点3结果状语从句关联短语或结构意义例句so that结果He didnt plan his time well,so that he didnt finish his work in time.so+形容词/副词+that从句如此以至于Xiao Ming is so clever that all his teachers like him.so
28、+形容词+a/an+单数可数名词+that从句It is so beautiful a scenery that many people look lost in it.so+ many/much/little/few+名词+that从句There was so little water in the jar that it was not enough for all of us.such+a/an+形容词+单数可数名词+that从句We left in such a hurry that we forgot to lock the door.such+形容词+可数名词复数/不可数名词+th
29、at从句They are such interesting books that I want to read them once more.考点4让步状语从句关联词或短语意义例句though,although虽然Although/Though small,the company has about 1,000 buyers in over 30 countries.(although和though用正常语序,可和yet连用,但不可和but连用)as虽然Hard as/though he works,he makes little progress.=Though he works hard,
30、he makes little progress.(在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式,可被though替换)even if,even though即使Even though/if you say so,I do not believe it.no matter what,whatever,no matter who,whoever,no matter which,whichever,no matter how,however,no matter when,whenever无论Whoever breaks laws will be punished.=No matter who breaks law
31、s,he/she will be punished.(“疑问词+ever”=“no matter +疑问词”,“疑问词+ever”也可以引导名词性从句)while尽管,虽然While he loves his students,he is very strict with them.(一般位于句首,用于句中时,译为“然而”,表对照对比关系)whether.or not无论(是否)Whether you believe it or not,it is true.考点5条件状语从句引导条件状语从句的常用连接词有if, once, unless, in case, as/so long as, on
32、 condition that, supposing (that), given (that), providing/provided (that) 等。1. if(1)若主句为将来时，if从句多用一般现在时表将来。If it snows tomorrow, we will go skiing. (2) if possible/necessary意为“如有可能，如有必要”。If (it is) necessary, please bring your computer here. (3) only if和 if onlyonly if意为“只有”， 置于句首时主句的主谓要用部分倒装。if on
33、ly 意为“但愿，要是就好了”，引导的从句要用虚拟语气。Only if you work harder can you catch up with others. If only it could be sunny tomorrow. 2. unlessunless引导条件状语从句，表示“除非，否则”，可替换成if. not.。Please dont speak, unless you are invited. Please dont speak, if you are not invited. 考点6比较状语从句比较状语从句一般位于句尾，常用than, as. as.， not as/so.
34、 as.等引导。1. than前的形容词和副词用比较级形式。Its easier than I thought. I sing better than he does. He doesnt sing as well as I do. 2. as. as.表示“前者与后者一样”，not as/so. as.表示“前者不如后者”，形容词和副词均用原级。常用于以下句型：asadj. /adv. asasadj. a/an可数名词单数asasmany/few可数名词复数asasmuch/little不可数名词asI have as good a sister as you have. Im not a
35、s considerate as so many people seem to think. They are having almost as much unemployment as we are. 考点7状语从句中的省略1. 在时间、地点、条件、方式、让步或比较状语从句中，当从句和主句主语一致，且从句中又有be动词时，可将从句主语及be动词省略。He opened the desk drawer, as if (he was) in search of something important. 2. 当从句主语为代词it，从句中又有be动词时，从句主语及be动词可省略。Come alon
36、g with your teacher if (it is) possible. 3. 当从句是there be结构时，there be可省略。You can ask me questions if (there are) any. 4. 在as, than引导的状语从句中，可省略与主句中重复的任何成分及be动词。She speaks English better than he (speaks English). You should do it as (you were) told to (do it). 考点8状语从句中的倒装1. no sooner. than.和hardly/scar
37、cely. when.引导时间状语从句，no sooner和hardly/scarcely位于句首时，需将no sooner和hardly/scarcely所在的句子部分倒装，且常用过去完成时，其后的than和when连接的句子不倒装，常用一般过去时。Hardly had he begun to speak when his wife stopped him. 2. not until.位于句首时，主句要部分倒装，not until从句不倒装。Not until he came back yesterday evening did we finish the work. 3. if虚拟条件状语
38、从句谓语含were, should, had时可将if省略，把were, should, had移至主语前。Should he be here ( If he should be here) next week, he would help us. 4. so. that.和such. that.引导的结果状语从句中，若将“so adj./adv.”或“such n.”置于句首，主句要部分倒装。So moved was she that she could not say a word. 5. as/though引导让步状语从句的倒装结构为：名词/形容词/副词/分词as/though主语谓语，
39、动词as/though主语助动词。若是可数名词单数，前置时要省略冠词a/an。Child as/though he is, he can take care of himself. Try as/though he might, he could not find a job. Much as/though I like it, I wont buy it. 6. however, whatever引导的让步状语从句。However/No matter how hard he worked, he couldnt solve the problem. Whatever/No matter what reasons you have, you should carry out your promise. 19原创精品资源学科网独家享有版权，侵权必究！学科网（北京）股份有限公司
