1、典型技巧13 主线确定文章的标题【考情角度】考情分析社会与文化类说明文，结构层次较为分明，常见的文章结构是总分或总分总结构。中间段会利用事例进一步说明。考查角度常考查细节理解题、主旨大意题、词义理解题和标题归纳题等。【真题再现】(2019全国卷B)主题语境：社会与文化For Western designers, China and its rich culture have long been an inspiration for Western .“Its no secret that China has always been a source (来源) of inspiration fo
2、r designers，” says Amanda Hill, chief creative officer at AE Networks, a global media company and home to some of the biggest fashion (时尚) shows.Earlier this year, the China Through A Looking Glass exhibition in New York exhibited 140 pieces of Chinainspired fashionable clothing alongside Chinese wo
3、rks of art, with the aim of exploring the influence of Chinese aesthetics (美学) on Western fashion and how China has the fashionable imagination for centuries. The exhibition had record ， showing that there is huge interest in Chinese influences.“China is impossible to ，” says Hill. “Chinese models a
4、re the faces of beauty and fashion campaigns that sell dreams to women all over the world, which means Chinese_women_are_not_just_consumers_of_fashionthey are central to its movement.” Of course, not only are todays top Western designers being influenced by Chinasome of the best designers of fashion
5、 are themselves Chinese. “Vera Wang, Alexander Wang, Jason Wu are taking_on Galliano Albaz, Marc Jacobsand beating them hands down in design and sales，” adds Hill.For Hill, it is impossible not to talk about China as the leading player when discussing fashion. “The most famous designers are Chinese,
6、 so are the models, and so are the consumers，” she says. “China is no longer just another market; in many senses it has become the market. If you talk about fashion today, you are talking about Chinaits influences, its direction, its clothes, and how young designers and models are finally that in ma
7、ny ways.”1.What can we learn about the ？A. It promoted the sales of artworks.B. It attracted a large number of visitors.C. It showed ancient Chinese clothes.D. It aimed to introduce Chinese models.2.What does Hill say about ？A. They are setting the fashion.B. They start many fashion campaigns.C. The
8、y admire super models.D. They do business all over the world.3.What do the underlined words “taking on” in paragraph 4 mean?A. Learning from.B. Looking down on.C. Working with.D. Competing against.4.What can be a suitable title for the text?A. Young Models Selling Dreams to the WorldB. A Chinese Art
9、 Exhibition Held in New YorkC. Differences between Eastern and Western AestheticsD. Chinese Culture Fueling International Fashion Trends答案与解析：1.B2.A3.D4.D1.由题干关键词exhibition in New York定位文章第三段，寻读并定位关键信息record attendance可确定答案。2.根据题干关键词Chinese women导读原文，Hill对Chinese women的评价，定位第4段中破折号后内容“central to its
10、 movement”，由此可判断出答案。3.根据下文的beating them hands down可准确猜出词义。4.文章第一段就是主旨句，下文围绕其展开说明，举例也是为了说明此点。【技巧释义】循文章主线定最佳标题循主线定标题，首次肯定中国文化是西方设计师的创意素材(第12段)举例说明(第34段) 镜花水月展览参观人数创历史新高(可解第1题)Hill列举王薇薇(Vera Wang)、王大仁(Alexander Wang)和吴秀刚(Jason Wu)在设计和销售额方面击败西方顶级设计师(可解第3题)再次肯定中国文化在国际时尚领域的影响：引领潮流(第5段)【词汇积累】overlook vt.忽略
11、；俯瞰contemporary adj.当代的breathtaking adj.引人入胜的acknowledge vt.认可attendance n.出勤率creative n.创意fuel 【技巧演练】（建议用时：45分钟）1One way to divide up the world is between people who like to explore new possibilities and those who stick to the tried and true. In fact, the tension between betting on a sure thing and
12、 taking a chance that something unexpected and wonderful might happen troubles human and nonhuman animals alike.Take songbirds, for example. The half-dozen finches (雀) resting at my desk feeder all summer know exactly what theyll find there: black sunflower seed, and lots of it. Meanwhile, the warbl
13、ers (莺) exploring the woods nearby dont depend on this predictable food source in fine weather. As food hunters, they enjoy less exposure to predators and, as a bonus, the chance to meet the perfect mate flying from tree to tree.This explore-exploit trade-off (权衡) has prompted scores of lab studies,
14、 computer simulations and algorithms (算法) trying to determine which strategy brings in the greatest reward. Now a new study of human behavior in the real world, published last month in the journal Nature Communications, shows that in good times, there isnt much of a difference between pursuing novel
15、ty and sticking to the status quo (原状) When the going gets tough, however, explorers are the winners.The new study, led by Shay OFarrell and James Sanchirico, both of the University of California, Davis, along with Orr Spiegel of Tel Aviv University, examined the routes and results of nearly 2,500 c
16、ommercial fishing trips in the Gulf of Mexico over a period of 2.5 years. The study focused on bottom longline fishing, a system where hundreds of lines are attached to a horizontal bar that is then lowered to reach the sea bed. Dr. OFarrell explained the procedure this way: Go to a location and put
17、 the line down. Stay for a few hours. The lines are a mile long and have a buoy (浮标) at either end. When they pull that up, they assess the catch, and then decide if they will stay or move on to a different spot.Over two years of collecting data under various climate conditions, the researchers disc
18、overed that the fishermen were fairly consistent. The exploiters would go to a smaller set of locations over and over, and go with what they know, Dr. OFarrell said. The explorers would constantly try a wider range; theyd sample new places.In the long run, there wasnt a huge difference in payoffs be
19、tween the two groups, perhaps due to the sharing information between fishing crews, said Dr. OFarrell. But in challenging times, the studys message was clear: You can try new things in the face of uncertainty.1.The author takes the songbird as an example to indicate that _.A.like birds, humans tend
20、to be satisfied with the predictableB.some birds are used to looking for food instead of being fedC.there exist the conservative and the adventurous like humansD.birds choose different ways to look for food in different weather2.According to the third paragraph, people who mastered explore-exploit t
21、rade-off _.A.will choose either to pursue novelty or keep the status quoB.are ready to risk in time of difficultyC.will be tough in good times and bad timesD.will grow to be experts in lab studies3.Which can be inferred from the new study led by Shay OFarrell and James Sanchirico?A.The two groups re
22、act to the unexpected differently.B.The explore-exploit trade-off helps scientific research a lot.C.The exploiters are used to fishing based solely on their experience.D.The explorers tend to achieve more than the exploiters in the long run.4.Which of the following can be the best title for passage?
23、A.How the Exploiter differs from the ExplorerB.How to Become a Productive FishermanC.What is Explore-Exploit Trade-offD.When to take risks matters【答案】1.C 2.B 3.A 4.D【分析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了上个月发表在自然通讯杂志上的一项关于人类在现实世界中行为的新研究表明，在稳定时期，追求新奇与坚持现状没有太大区别，但在充满挑战的时期，面对不确定性，人们更应该尝试新事物，冒险者才是赢家。1.推理判断题。根据第一段“In fact, th
24、e tension between betting on a sure thing and taking a chance that something unexpected and wonderful might happen troubles human and nonhuman animals alike.”可知，事实上，在确定的事情上下注和冒险一些意想不到的美妙事情可能发生之间的紧张关系困扰着人类和非人类动物。根据第二段“Take songbirds, for example.”以以鸣禽为例。由此判断出，作者以鸣禽为例，说明像人类一样保守和冒险在动物间也是存在的。故选C项。2.推理判断
25、题。根据第三段“This explore-exploit trade-off (权衡) has prompted scores of lab studies, computer simulations and algorithms (算法) trying to determine which strategy brings in the greatest reward. When the going gets tough, however, explorers are the winners.”可知， 这种“探索-利用”的权衡促使了大量的实验室研究、计算机模拟和算法，试图确定哪种策略能带来最大
26、的回报。在充满挑战的时期，冒险者才是赢家。由此判断出，掌握了“探索-利用”权衡的人，在困难时期随时准备冒险。故选B项。3.推理判断题。根据第五段“The exploiters would go to a smaller set of locations over and over, and go with what they know, Dr. OFarrell said. The explorers would constantly try a wider range; theyd sample new places. ”可知，奥法雷尔博士说：“这些开发者会一次又一次地去一个较小的地点，并按
27、照他们所知道的去做。探险家们会不断地尝试更广阔的范围；他们不断尝试新的地点。由此判断出，两组人对未预料的事情的反应不同。故选A项。4.主旨大意题。短文介绍了上个月发表在自然通讯杂志上的一项关于人类在现实世界中行为的新研究表明，在稳定时期，追求新奇与坚持现状没有太大区别，但在充满挑战的时期，面对不确定性，人们更应该尝试新事物，冒险者才是赢家。所以短文的最佳标题为“何时冒险很重要”。故选D项。2 Faster, cheaper, better-technology is one field many people rely upon to offer a vision of a brighter
28、future. But as the 2020s dawn, optimism is in short supply. The new technologies that dominated the past decade seem to be making things worse. Social media were supposed to bring people together, but they are better known for leaking privacy. E-commerce, ride-hailing (网约车) and the gig economy (零工经济
29、) may be convenient, but they are charged with underpaying workers, worsening inequality and blocking the streets with vehicles.Todays pessimistic mood is centered on smart phones and social media, which took off a decade ago. Yet concerns that particular technologies might be doing more harm than g
30、ood have arisen before. The 1920s witnessed a criticism against cars, which had earlier been seen as an answer to the problems caused by horse-drawn vehicles which filled the streets with noise and animal waste and caused accidents. And industrialization was criticized in the 19th century by Romanti
31、cs who worried about the replacement of skilled workers, the robbing of the countryside and the suffering of factory hands.However, that pessimism can be overdone. Too often people focus on the drawbacks of a new technology while taking its benefits for granted. Worries about screen time should be w
32、eighed against the much more substantial benefits of convenient communication and the instant access to information and entertainment that smartphones make possible. A further danger is that Luddite (反对技术进步者) efforts to avoid the short-term costs associated with a new technology will end up denying
33、access to its long-term benefits-something Carl Benedikt Frey, an Oxford academic, calls a technology trap. Fears that robots will steal peoples jobs may discourage their use. Yet in the long run countries that wish to maintain their standard of living as their workforce ages and shrinks will need m
34、ore robots, not fewer.Any powerful technology can be used for good or ill. It is the choices people make about it that shape the world. Perhaps the real source of anxiety is not technology itself, but growing doubts about the ability of societies to hold this debate, and come up with good answers. S
35、o as the decade turns, put aside the pessimism for a moment. To be alive in the tech-obsessed 2020s is to be among the luckiest people who have ever lived.5.What phenomenon is described in Paragraph 1?A.The seriousness of social inequality.B.The rapid development of technology.C.Problems brought by
36、personal privacy leaks.D.Worries about the influence of new technologies.6.Which word can best describe Romantics concern over industrialization?A.Negative.B.Uncertain.C.Sympathetic.D.Enthusiastic.7.What might be a result of a technology trap?A.A lack of good jobs in the job market.B.An increase in
37、the number of Luddites.C.A decrease in the number of skilled workers.D.An interruption to the advancement of a new technology.8.What is the best title for the text?A.Pessimism vs ProgressB.Technology vs CivilizationC.2020s: The Age of TechnologyD.Robots: Our Future Caretakers【答案】5.D6.A7.D8.A【分析】这是一篇
38、说明文。作者从近些年火热起来的电子商务，网约车，零点经济等入手，介绍了科技给人们带来巨大便利的同时也使很多人感到担忧，从而提出人们如何选择和使用科技才是使社会进步的关键。【详解】5.推理判断题。根据第一段后三句“Social media were supposed to bring people together, but they are better known for leaking privacy. E-commerce, ride-hailing (网约车) and the gig economy (零工经济) may be convenient, but they are char
39、ged with underpaying workers, worsening inequality and blocking the streets with vehicles.”（社交媒体本应将人们团结在一起，但它们更出名的是泄露隐私。电子商务、网约车和零工经济或许很方便，但它们都被指控给工人支付了较低的工资，加剧了不平等，还用车辆堵塞了街道。）可知，第一段中提到了新媒体泄露隐私信息，网约车阻塞街道，电子商务缺乏公平，工人报酬低等问题，从而对新技术所产生的影响表示担忧。故选D。6.观点态度题。根据第二段最后一句“And industrialization was criticized in
40、 the 19th century by Romantics who worried about the replacement of skilled workers, the robbing of the countryside and the suffering of factory hands.”（在19世纪，浪漫主义者批评工业化，他们担心技术工人的替代，农村的掠夺和工厂工人的痛苦。）可知浪漫主义者对工业化的态度是消极的。故选A。7.推理判断题。根据第三段“A further danger is that Luddite (反对技术进步者) efforts to avoid the sh
41、ort-term costs associated with a new technology will end up denying access to its long-term benefits-something Carl Benedikt Frey, an Oxford academic, calls a technology trap. Fears that robots will steal peoples jobs may discourage their use. Yet in the long run countries that wish to maintain thei
42、r standard of living as their workforce ages and shrinks will need more robots, not fewer.”（更严重的危险是，路德派试图避免与新技术相关的短期成本，最终会阻碍其长期利益的获得牛津大学学者卡尔贝内迪克特弗雷称之为“技术陷阱”。对机器人会抢走人类工作的担心可能会阻碍机器人的使用。然而，从长远来看，那些希望随着劳动力老龄化和劳动力缩减而维持其生活水平的国家将需要更多的机器人，而不是更少。）可知，人们虽然担忧机器人会使很多人失业，但是从长期来看，机器人有助于改善人们的生活水平，社会需要更多的机器人，而“技术陷阱”
43、反对机器人的应用，进而会阻碍机器人技术的进步，由此可知，“技术陷阱”可能会导致一项新技术进展的中断，故选D项。8.主旨大意题。根据最后一段“Any powerful technology can be used for good or ill. It is the choices people make about it that shape the world. ”（任何强大的技术都可能被用于好的地方或坏的地方。人们做出的选择塑造了这个世界。）可知，作者从近些年火热起来的电子商务，网约车，零点经济等入手，介绍了科技给人们带来巨大便利的同时也使很多人感到担忧，从而提出人们如何选择和使用科技才是
44、使社会进步的关键。故选A。3Be black or white, the exact color of a persons skin is determined by a combination of his parentage and random chance and it affects how every single person treats you. You cant take your skin off, even if youre terrified or ashamed to wear it, even if youre sick and tired of wearing
45、it.Freddie Gray, who was arrested in 2016 for possessing a legal knife and died in police custody(拘留), was born Black. Tamir Rice , who barely lived more than one being Black, was shot at the age of 12 for playing with a toy gun in 2014. Breonna Taylor, who was shot and killed in March when two plai
46、nclothes police officers entered her apartment unannounced, didnt choose to be Black. But the police officers who shot her chose their careers. They chose to shoot her, too. Police across America also chose to shoot 336 other unarmed Black people from 2013-2019.Each of these victims did not possess
47、a weapon at the time of their murder, and in all but few of the cases they lost their lives because someone thought they were reaching for a gun that turned out to be a wallet, cell phone or nothing at all. This is absolutely unacceptable. Were not saying they shouldnt have been captured with all ne
48、cessary force and imprisoned accordingly. A criminal is a criminal and should be handled as such. But even a criminal, as long as he lives in this great country, is an American worthy of justified handling and a fair trial.Black people dont get to sign up for lives of discrimination and terror. They
49、 often found themselves moving through wave upon wave of white faces that usually mirrored the same emotionsshock, disbelief and anger. It is the fear of black skin that plays a part in each of these murders. African Americans can no longer tolerate the unjustified killings of their loved ones. As a
50、 country, its time to start effective dialogues to end this pitiless trend. It has to be a long struggle and pain before Black people overcome prejudice to win the chance of being understood by white ones.9.What is the authors purpose of mentioning the murders in Paragraph 2?A.To provide examples of
51、 unjustified killings of Black people.B.To give an explanation why police officers choose to shoot black people.C.To offer a description of Police officers hatred towards black people.D.To make an analysis of how hard lives black people were living.10.What is the authors attitude towards the killing
52、s mentioned in the text？A.Forgiving.B.Cautious.C.Disapproving.D.Indifferent.11.What can we infer from the text?A.The process of overcoming prejudice towards the black is on its way.B.Black people are ashamed to wear their skin color which leads to injustice.C.Black people will turn to violence to st
53、op the unjustified killings among them.D.The police should have chosen a proper way to treat black “criminals”.12.What is the best title of the text?A.Prejudice from WhitesB.Blacks Call for JusticeC.Policemens Fair TrialD.Fight for Mutual Trust【答案】9.A10.C11.D12.B【分析】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了美国黑人的生活状况，遭到白人无端的歧视和
54、白人警察无理的枪杀，美国的黑人不愿接受歧视和恐怖的生活，呼吁社会的公正。9.推理判断题。根据第二段“Freddie Gray, who was arrested in 2016 for possessing a legal knife and died in police custody(拘留), was born Black. Tamir Rice , who barely lived more than one being Black, was shot at the age of 12 for playing with a toy gun in 2014. Breonna Taylor,
55、 who was shot and killed in March when two plainclothes police officers entered her apartment unannounced, didnt choose to be Black. But the police officers who shot her chose their careers. They chose to shoot her, too. Police across America also chose to shoot 336 other unarmed Black people from 2
56、013-2019.可知，弗雷迪格雷于2016年因持有合法刀具被捕，并在警方拘留期间死亡。他是黑人。2014年，12岁的塔米尔赖斯因为玩玩具枪而被枪击。布若娜泰勒今年3月在两名便衣警察未经通知进入她的公寓时被枪杀，她并没有选择要成为黑人。但射杀她的警察忠于职守。他们也选择了射杀她。2013-2019年，全美各地的警察还射杀了另外336名手无寸铁的黑人。由此判断出，第二段中提到谋杀案的目的是提供无理杀害黑人的例子。故选A项。10.推理判断题。根据第三段“Each of these victims did not possess a weapon at the time of their murde
57、r, and in all but few of the cases they lost their lives because someone thought they were reaching for a gun that turned out to be a wallet, cell phone or nothing at all. This is absolutely unacceptable.”可知，这些受害者在遇害时都没有武器，除了极少数案件外，他们都是因为有人“以为”他们伸手去拿枪，结果却是钱包、手机或什么都没拿，所以才丧命的。这是绝对不能接受的。由此判断出，作者对文中提到的杀
58、戮持反对的态度。故选C项。11.推理判断题。根据第三段“Were not saying they shouldnt have been captured with all necessary force and imprisoned accordingly. A criminal is a criminal and should be handled as such.”可知，我们并不是说不应该采取一切必要的手段逮捕他们，并相应地关押他们。罪犯就是罪犯，应该按罪犯处理。由此判断出，警察应该选择一种正确的方式来对待黑人“罪犯”。故选D项。12.主旨大意题。短文介绍了美国黑人的生活状况，遭到白人无端
59、的歧视和白人警察毫无理的枪杀，美国的黑人不接受歧视和恐怖的生活，呼吁社会的公正。所以短文的最佳标题为“黑人呼吁公正”。故选B。4If you learned about Thanksgiving in an American elementary school, chances are that the holiday is in honor of how the Pilgrim（清教徒）of Plymouth, Mass, celebrated the harvest by enjoying a dinner with their friendly Indian neighbors. Thi
60、s story is inspired by a real 1621 meal, which reflects neither the 17th century nor the 21st century understanding of it.An 1889 novel that described Thanksgiving as an outdoor feast became a best-seller. The growing ad industry helped spread popular images of the tale. By the 1920s, Thanksgiving w
61、as the most talked-about holiday in U.S. classrooms. The parts that made the colonists（殖民者）look bad were left out.However, many classrooms are beginning to change. And on a recent Saturday morning in Washington D.C., about two dozens teachers went to the National Museum of the American Indian to lea
62、rn a better way to teach the Thanksgiving story. When Gokey, the museums teacher-services worker, explained that early Thanksgivings celebrated the burning of a Pequot village in 1637 and the killing of Wampanoag leader Massasoits son, listeners felt shocked.“I look back now and realize I was teachi
63、ng a lot of wrong facts and ideas,” Tonia Parker, a second-grade teacher told TIME.Teachers like the ones at the workshop know that change is coming, and state social-studies standards increasingly encourage students to look at history from multiple angles. Moreover, teaching a better lesson about t
64、hankfulness is something anyone can support.At the workshop in Washington, after learning something new, participants learned to say Wado. That Cherokee word means “Thank you”.13.What did Americans learn about Thanksgiving from the elementary school?A.It was first celebrated in 1889.B.It was a famil
65、y feast for the Pilgrims.C.It reflected the real history of the 17th century.D.It showed the friendship between the Pilgrims and Indians.14.Why did some teachers go to the National Museum of the American Indian?A.To confirm the importance of the holiday.B.To prepare for the changing of the classroom
66、.C.To find a more appropriate way to teach Thanksgiving.D.To correct their misunderstanding about Thanksgiving.15.What can we infer from the last two paragraphs?A.Wado means “Thank you ”in Cherokee.B.Lessons about thankfulness are increasingly popular.C.Participants at the workshop learned to suppor
67、t each other.D.Students are encouraged to see history from different aspects.16.What would be the best title of the text?A.The Importance of Thanksgiving EducationB.Thanksgiving: a Holiday with a Hidden TruthC.Thanksgiving: a Holiday Popularized by a NovelD.The Reform of Education in American Classr
68、ooms【答案】13.D14.C15.D16.B【分析】这是一篇新闻报道，介绍了美国课堂对感恩节的来历讲述并不正确，原先教材省略了历史上殖民者对美国印第安人的残忍行径，因此导致学生对感恩节来历的了解不准确和全面，最近，大约有二十多位老师前往美国印第安人国家博物馆去学习一种更好的教感恩节故事的方法。13.细节理解题。由第一段“If you learned about Thanksgiving in an American elementary school, chances are that the holiday is in honor of how the Pilgrim of Plymou
69、th, Mass, celebrated the harvest by enjoying a dinner with their friendly Indian neighbors.”（ 如果你在美国的小学里学到了感恩节的故事，你可能知道的是这样的感恩节： 为了纪念清教徒与友好的印第安人庆祝丰收）可知 ，感恩节展示了清教徒和印第安人之间的友谊，故选D。14.细节理解题。由第三段“about two dozens teachers went to the National Museum of the American Indian to learn a better way to teach t
70、he Thanksgiving story. ”（大约有二十多位老师前往美国印第安人国家博物馆去学习一种更好的教感恩节故事的方法）可知，这些老师去美国印第安人国家博物馆是为了找一种更合适的方法来教感恩节故事。故选C项。15.推理判断题。由第五段“and state social-studies standards increasingly encourage students to look at history from multiple angles.”（国家社会学习标准越来越鼓励学生从多个角度看待历史）可知，学生被鼓励从不同的角度看待历史。故选D。16.主旨大意题。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍了美国课堂对感恩节的来历讲述并不正确，原先教材省略了历史上殖民者对美国印第安人的残忍行径，因此导致学生对感恩节来历的了解不准确和全面，最近，大约有二十多位老师前往美国印第安人国家博物馆去学习一种更好的教感恩节故事的方法。因此，本文的最佳标题是：感恩节，一个隐藏了历史真相的节日。故选B。
