1、十三、特殊句式之二主谓一致和it的用法 选题 周春红 编审 刘燕飞 （一）主谓一致I.知识重点：了解并能熟练掌握主谓一致的三个基本原则：语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。II.知识呈现在英语句子里，谓语受主语支配，其动词必须和主语在人称和数上保持一致，这就叫主谓一致。寻其规律，大致可归纳为三个原则，即语法一致、逻辑意义一致和就近一致原则。1.语法一致原则：语法上一致就是谓语动词和主语在单、复数形式上保持一致。1) 以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式；主语为复数时，谓语动词用复数形式。如：His father is working on the
2、 farm. / To study English well is not easy. / What he said is very important for us all. / The children were in the classroom two hours ago. / Reading in the sun is bad for your eyes.注意：由what引导的主语从句，后面的谓语动词多数情况用单数形式，但若表语是复数或what从句是一个带有复数意义的并列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数形式。如：What I bought were three English books.
3、 / What I say and do is (are) helpful to you.2) 由连接词and或both and连接起来的合成主语后面，要用复数形式的谓语动词。如：Lucy and Lily are twins. / She and I are classmates. / The boy and the girl were surprised when they heard the news. / Both she and he are Young Pioneers.注意： 若and所连接的两个词是指同一个人或物时，它后面的谓语动词就应用单数形式。如：The writer an
4、d artist has come.; / 由and连接的并列单数主语前如果分别有no, each, every more than a (an) , many a (an)修饰时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：Every student and every teacher was in the room. / No boy and no girl likes it.3) 主语为单数名词或代词，尽管后面跟有with, together with, except, but, like, as well as, rather than, more than, no less than, beside
5、s, including等引起的短语，谓语动词仍用单数形式；若主语为复数，谓语用复数形式。如：Mr Green, together with his wife and children, has come to China. / Nobody but Jim and Mike was on the playground. / She, like you and Tom, is very tall.4) either, neither, each, every 或no +单数名词和由some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词，都作单数看待。如：Each of us has a n
6、ew book. / Everything around us is matter.注意： 在口语中当either或neither后跟有“of+复数名词( 或代词) ”作主语时，其谓语动词也可用复数。如：Neither of the texts is (are) interesting. 若none of后面的名词是不可数名词，它的谓语动词就要用单数；若它后面的名词是复数，它的谓语动词用单数或复数都可以。如：None of us has (have) been to America.5) 在定语从句时，关系代词that, who, which等作主语时，其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。如
7、：He is one of my friends who are working hard. / He is the only one of my friends who is working hard.6) 如果集体名词指的是整个集体，它的谓语动词用单数；如果它指集体的成员，其谓语动词就用复数形式。这些词有family, class, crowd, committee, population, audience等。如：Class Four is on the third floor. / Class Four are unable to agree upon a monitor. 注意：pe
8、ople, police, cattle等名词一般都用作复数。如：The police are looking for the lost child.7) 由“a lot of, lots of, plenty of, the rest of, the majority of + 名词”构成的短语以及由“分数或百分数+名词”构成的短语作主语，其谓语动词的数要根据短语中后面名词的数而定。如：There are a lot of people in the classroom. / The rest of the lecture is wonderful. / 50% of the student
9、s in our class are girls.注意： a number of“许多”，作定语修饰复数名词，谓语用复数；the number of“的数量”，主语是number，谓语用单数。8) 在倒装句中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。如：There comes the bus./ On the wall are many pictures. / Such is the result. / Such are the facts.2.逻辑意义一致原则：逻辑意义一致就是谓语动词的数必须和主语的意义一致( 因有时主语形式为单数，但意义为复数；有时形式为复数，但意义为单数) 。1) what,
10、who, which, any, more, all等代词可以是单数，也可是复数，主要靠意思来决定。如：Which is your bag? / Which are your bags? / All is going well. / All have gone to Beijing.2) 表示“时间、重量、长度、价值”等的名词的复数作主语时，谓语动词通常用单数形式， 这是由于作主语的名词在概念上是一个整体，如：Thirty minutes is enough for the work. 3) 若英语是书名、片名、格言、剧名、报名、国名等的复数形式，其谓语动词通常用单数形式。如： “The Ar
11、abian Nights”is an interesting story-book.4) 表数量的短语“one and a half”后接复数名词作主语时，其谓语动词可用单数形式( 也可用复数。如：One and a half apples is (are) left on the table.5) 算式中表示数目( 字) 的主语通常作单数看待，其谓语动词采用单数形式。如：Twelve plus eight is twenty. / Fifty-six divided by eight is seven.6) 一些学科名词是以 ics 结尾，如：mathematics, politics, p
12、hysics 以及news, works等，都属于形式上是复数的名词，实际意义为单数名词，它们作主语时，其谓语动词要用单数形式。如：The paper works was built in 1990. / I think physics isnt easy to study.7) trousers, glasses, clothes, shoes, 等词作主语时，谓语用复数，但如果这些名词前有a (the) pair of等量词修饰时，谓语动词用单数。如：My glasses are broken. / The pair of shoes under the bed is his.8) “定冠
13、词the + 形容词或分词”，表示某一类人时，动词用复数。3.就近一致原则：在英语句子中，有时谓语动词的人称和数与最近的主语保持一致。1) 当两个主语由either or, neither nor, whether or , not only but also连接时，谓语动词和邻近的主语一致。如：Either the teacher or the students are our friends. / Neither they nor he is wholly right. / Is neither he nor they wholly right?2) there be句型be动词单复数取决
14、于其后的主语。如果其后是由and连接的两个主语，则应与靠近的那个主语保持一致。如：There are two chairs and a desk in the room.注意：Here引导的句子用法同上。III.高考真题1. (0 7 浙江)It is reported that the floods have left about _ people homeless. A. two thousand B. two-thousands C. two thousands D. two thousands of 2. (0 7 湖南)We live day by day, but in the g
15、reat things, the time of days and weeks _ so small that a day is unimportant. A. is B. are C. has been D. have been 3. (07 江西)A survey of the opinions of experts _that three hours of outdoor exercise a week _good for ones health. A.show; are B.shows; is C.show;is D.shows;are4. ( 07全国I)-Have you hear
16、d the latest news? -No, What _? A. is it B. is there C. are they D. are those 5. ( 07陕西)As a result of the serious flood, two-thirds of the buildings in the area . A. need repairing B. needs to repair C. needs repairing D. need to repair6. ( 06江苏)A poet and artist _ coming to speak to us about Chine
17、se literature and painting tomorrow afternoon. A. isB. areC. wasD. were7. ( 06安徽)Most of what has been said about the Simiths also true of the Johnsons. A. are B. is C. being D. to be8. ( 06浙江)The company had about 20 notebook computers but only one-third _ used regularly. Now we have 60 working all
18、 day long. A. isB. areC. wasD. were9.( 05上海) A roughestimate, Nigeria is_ Great Britain. A. three times the size as B. the size three times of C. three times as the size of D. three times the size of 10.( 05山东) The country life he was used to _ greatly since 1992. A. changeB. has changedC. changingD
19、. have changed11.( 05上海) Professor Smith, along with his assistants,_on the project day and night to meet the deadline. A. work B. working C. is workingD. are working12.( 05辽宁) Nowadays, a large number of women, especially those from the countryside, _ in the clothing industry. A. is working B. work
20、sC. workD. worked13. Either he or I _ to attend the mass meeting this evening.A. isB. amC. areD. be14. An iron and steel works, with some satellite factories, _ to be built here.A. areB. wereC. isD. will15. She as well as her brother _ a League member.A. areB. wereC. willD. is16. It is I who _ going
21、 to attend the meeting tomorrow.A. isB. amC. areD. be17. Many a man _ the novel.A. has readB. have readC. is readD. are read18. Tom is the only one of the students who _ going to swim this afternoon.A. isB. wasC. areD. were19. Here _ a pen, a few pencils and some paper for you.A. areB. isC. wasD. we
22、re20. Between the two rows of trees _ the teaching building.A.stand B.stands C. standing D.are21. Large quantities of water _ for irrigation.A. is needed B. has -needed C. are needed D. need22.1 have finished a large part of the book, the rest of which_ more difficult.A.is B.are C.was D.were23 .Ten
23、minutes_ an hour when one is waiting for a phone call.A.seems B.seem C.seemed D.seemes24.All_ present and all_ going on well, our monitor said.A.is;is B.are;are C.are;is D.is;are25. The League secretary and the monitor_ asked to attend the .meeting this afternoon.A.is B.was C.are D.is being26.Your t
24、rousers_ dirty.You must have_ washed.A.is;il B.are;it C.are;them D.is;them27.This pair of trousers _ too long for him.A.is B.be C.are D.were28. One and a half bananas _ left on the table.A.is B.are C.has D.have29.This is one of the most interesting questions that _ asked.A.have B.has C. have been D.
25、has been30. The great writer and professor_.A. is an old man B. are both old men C. is an old man and a young man D. were two Chinese(二) It的用法 I. 知识重点1.掌握it的基本用法 2.掌握含it的常用句型II. 知识呈现1. it的基本用法( 1) 用作人称代词，代替前文提到过的事物。The train has arrived. It arrived half an hour ago.( 2) 用以代替提示代词this, that。Whats this
26、? Its a knife. Whose watch is that? Its mine.( 3) 起指示代词的作用，指一个人或事物。Who is knocking at the door? Its me.( 4) 指环境情况等。It was very noisy (quiet) at the very moment.( 5) 指时间、季节等。What time is it? Its eight oclock. It often rains in summer here.( 6) 指距离。 It is a long way to the school.( 7) 作形式主语。It is not
27、easy to finish the work in two days. It is no use crying over spilt milk.( 8) 作形式宾语。He made it clear that he was not interested in that subject.( 9) 用于强调结构。It was in the street that I met Xiaoming last night.2. 含有“It is ”的句型( 1) It is time (for sb.) to do sth. It is (high) time that sb. did sth.(虚拟语
28、气)( 2) It is + 形容词( +of / for sb.) + to do sth. 通常用of的词有brave、clever、careful、hopeless、kind、good、naughty、nice、silly、stupid、foolish、wise等。( 3) It is + 形容词 + that + sb. + (should) do sth.( 虚拟语气) 能用的形容词有strange、wonderful、natural、good、proper、right、wrong、well、fortunate、important、necessary、useless、likely、p
29、robable、impossible等。有时可省去should而直接用动词原形。如：It is important that we should pay close attention to grain. It is natural that he( should) say so.( 4) It is no use/ good + doing sth. It is no use trying again = It is of no use to try again.( 5) It is /was+ 被强调部分 + that/who + Was it in the street that you
30、 met her? Who was it that called him“comrade”?It was not until yesterday that I met my old friend.It is in a small factory that my brother is going to work.( 注意上述各句均为强调句型的“考点”) 比较：It is a small factory where my brother is going to work.( 定语从句) ( 6) It is said/reported/announced/ (well) known that( 7
31、) It is/has been + 时间 + since 从已多久了。It is three years since I met him in Beijing.It was a long time since I (had) lived in that small mountain village with these farmers.( 注意两句中的时态) It is five months since I arrived in New York.我到纽约已经五个月了。It is five months since I was in New York.我离开纽约已经五个月了。( 注意：终止
32、性动词表示从动作发生时算起；如果是状态动词或持续性动词，则从动作或状态结束时算起。) ( 8) It was(not)/will(not) be + 时间 + before 这个句型和上面句型中时间都是时间段，如long、years、months、weeks、five days、three hours、twenty minutes等。不过主句的时态多用一般将来时或一般过去时。It will be several years before we meet again. 我们要过好几年才能再见面。It was not long before they set out for the front.
33、不久他们就出发去了前线。( 9) It is /was/will be the first/second/third time that It is the first time that I have been here. It was the second time that he had seen the film.( 10) It is up to sb. to do sth 应由某人做某事。It is up to you to decide whether we start or not.III. 特别提醒常见用法有以下几类：1、it可用于代替上文中提到的那一个事物。2、it可用于代
34、替上文中说到的一件事。3、it可用于代替不知情的人( 尤其是不知身份、性别和姓名的人) 。4、it可用于表示时间、天气、距离、计算结果等。5、it可用于代替不定式、动名词、从句等，充当形式主语。其常用句型为： It-be-adj./ n. / v-ed-to+V/ V-ing/ Clause6、it 可用于代替不定式、动名词、从句，充当形式宾语，把真正宾语( 不定式、动名词、名词或从句) 置于句末。其常用句型为： S-vt-it-adj./ n.-to+V / V-ing /n./ Clause7、 it可用于构成强调句，把一个句子中除谓语以外的句子成分( 如主语、宾语、表语、状语等) 提到句
35、首加以强调。其构成形式是：It is(was) + 被强调成分( 不能改变被强调成分的数和格) + that/ who+原句剩余部分8、it常用于一些固定结构中，作无人称代词用，充当主语等。IV. 高考真题1. (07江西)I dont mind her criticizing me,but is how she does it that I object to. A.it B.that C.this D.which2. (07浙江)It _ we had stayed together for a couple of weeks _ I found we had a lot in commo
36、n. A. was until; when B. was until; that C. wasnt until; when D. wasnt until; that3. (07重庆)It is not who is right but what is right _ is of importance. A. which B. it C. that D. this4. ( 07安徽)In my opinion, life in the twenty-first century is much easier than _. A. that used to be B. it is used to C
37、. it was used to D. it used to be5. ( 07上海春)If you talk nice and polite, people listen to you. If you shout, this is no good, ? A. do you B. dont you C. is it D. isnt it6. ( 0 7 上海春) It is imagination makes the world colorful, full of vigor and vitality. A. where B. what C. that D. when7. ( 06湖南)As
38、the busiest woman in Norton, she made _ her duty to look after all the other peoples affairs in that town. A. thisB. that C. one D. it8. ( 06浙江)_ is our belief that improvements in health care will lead to a stronger, more prosperous economy. A. As B. ThatC. ThisD. It9. ( 06全国I)If I can help_, I don
39、t like working late into the night. A. so B. that C. it D. them10. ( 06山东)Id appreciate _ if you would like to teach me how to use the computer. A. that B. it C. this D. you 11. ( 06辽宁)It was after he got what he had desired he realized it was not so important. A.thatB.whenC.sinceD.as12. ( 06山东)I ju
40、st wonder _ that makes him so excited. A. why it does B. what he does C. how it is D. what it is 13. ( 05全国) It wasnt until nearly a month later I received the managers reply. A. since B. when C. as D. that14.(05全国) The chairman thought necessary to invite Professor Smith to speak at the meeting.A.
41、that B. it C. this D. those15.( 04天津) It was evening we reached the little town of Winchester . A. that B. until C. since D. before16. ( 04福建) Scientists say it may be five or six years it is possible to test this medicine on human patients. A. since B. after C. before D. when17. ( 04福建) It was with
42、 great joy he received the news that his lost daughter had been found. A. becauseB. whichC. sinceD. that18. ( 04广东) I have always been honest and straightforward, and it doesnt matter _ Im talking to. A. who is it B. who it is C. it is who D. it is whom19. ( 04吉林) Do you like _ here? Oh, yes. The ai
43、r, the weather, the way of life. Everything is so nice. A. this B. these C. that D. it20. ( 04全国) I like _ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright. A. this B. that C. it D. one21. ( 04上海) Why! I have nothing to confess. _ you want me to say?A. What is it that B. What it is that C. How is
44、it that D. How it is that22. ( 04北京) The Foreign Minister said, “_ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace. ” A. This is B. There is C. That is D. It is 23. (08全国II) It was in New Zealand _ Elizabeth first met Mr. Smith. A. that B. how C. which D. when24. (08陕西）Not until the motorbike lo
45、oked almost new _ repairing and cleaning it.A. he stopped B. did he stop C. stopped he D. he did stop25.（08天津）It was along the Mississippi River _ Mark Twain spent much of his childhood. A. how B. which C. that D. where26.（08重庆）It was not until midnight _ they reached the camp site. A .that B. when
46、C. while D. as27.（08重庆）Only when I left my parents for Italy _ how much I loved them. A. I realized B. I had realized C. had I realized D. did I realize28.(09江西)It was _ he came back from Africa that year _ he met the girl he would like to marry. A. when; then B. not; until C. not until; that D. only; when 29.（09四川）Not until I came home last night _ to bed. A. Mum did go B. did Mum go C. went Mum D. Mum went 30.（09全国II） It is often_ that human beings are naturally equipped to speak.A. said B. to say C. saying D. being said
