1、Unit 5Meeting your ancestors话 题 导 读导语：甲骨文(Oracle bone script)是中国古代的一种文字，被认为是现代汉字的早期形式，有时候也被认为是汉字的书体之一，同时也是中国现存最古老的一种成熟文字。甲骨文引导炎黄子孙走上使图形记号表示意义而不约束其读音的文字发展历程，造就了延绵数千年统一的文化意识。Oracle Bone ScriptOracle bone script refers to the ancient Chinese characters found on animal bones or turtle shells used in div
2、ination(占卜)in Bronze Age China.The vast majority record is the divination by fire of the royal house of the late Shang Dynasty at the capital of Yin(modern Anyang,Henan Province)Because turtle shells as well as bones were used,the oracle bone script is also sometimes called shell and bone script.As
3、the majority of oracle bones bearing writing date to the late Shang Dynasty,oracle bone script essentially refers to Shang script.It is certain that the writing of the Shang Dynasty experienced a period of development before the Anyang oracle bone script;however,no significant quantity of clearly id
4、entifiable writing before or during the early to middle Shang cultural period has been discovered.The oracle bone script of the late Shang appears pictographic(象形文字的),as does its contemporary,the Shang writing on bronzes.The earliest oracle bone script appears even more so than examples from late in
5、 the period.Comparing oracle bone script to both Shang and early Western Zhou period writing on bronzes,oracle bone script is clearly greatly simplified；this is thought to be due to the difficulty of carving on the hard and bony surfaces.The more detailed and more pictorial(图片的，图画似的)style of the bro
6、nze graphs is thus thought to be more representative of typical Shang writing(as would have normally occurred on bamboo books)than the oracle bone script forms,and it is this typical style which continued to evolve(演化)into the Zhou period writing and then into the seal script of the Qin state in the
7、 late Zhou period.Section Warming Up&Prereading&ReadingComprehending练读文 记词汇 学翻译1 教材助读先读通A VISIT TO THEZHOUKOUDIAN CAVESA group of students(S)from England has come to theZhoukoudian caves for a visit.An archaeologist(A)is showingthem round.A：Welcome to the Zhoukoudian caves here in China.It is a grea
8、t pleasure to meet you students from England,who are interested in archaeology.You must be aware that its here that we found evidence of some of the earliest people who lived in this part of the world.Weve been excavating here for many years and.S1：Im sorry to interrupt you but how could they live h
9、ere?There are only rocks and trees.A：Good question.You are an acute observer.We have found human and animal bones in those caves higher up the hill as well astools and other objects.So we think it is reasonable to assume they lived in these caves，regardless of the cold.S2：How did they keep warm?They
10、 couldnt have mats，blankets or quilts like we do.It must have been very uncomfortable.A：Weve discovered fireplaces in the centre of the caves where they made fires.That would have kept them warm，cooked the food and scared wild beasts away as well.We have been excavating layers of ash almost six metr
11、es thick,which suggests that they might have kept the fire burning all winter.We havent found any doors but we think they might have hung animal skins at the cave mouth to keep out21 the cold during the freezing winter22.S3：What wild animals were there all that time ago？A：Well,weve been finding23 th
12、e bones of tigers and bears in the caves,and we think these were their most dangerous enemies.Now what do you think this tells us about the life of these early people24？(shows picture of a sewing needle)S2：Gosh!Thats a needle.Goodness,does that mean they repaired things？A：What else do you think it m
13、ight have been used for25？S4：Let me look at it.Its at most26 three centimetres27 long.Ah yes,it seems to be made of bone.I wonder28 how they made the hole for the.S2：(interrupting)Do you mean that they made their own clothes?Where did they get the material？A：They didnt have material like we have tod
14、ay.Can you guess what they used？S1：Wow!Did they wear clothes made entirely29 of animal skins30？How did they prepare them?Im sure they were quite heavy to cut and sew together.A：Our evidence suggests that they did wear clothes made from animal skins 31.We continue discovering 32 tools that were sharp
15、eners 33 for other tools.It seems that they used the sharpened34 stone tools to cut up35 animals and remove their skin.Then smaller scrapers36 were probably used to remove the fat and meat from the skin.After that they would rub an ample37 amount of38 salt onto the skin to make it soft.Finally,they
16、would cut it and sew the pieces together.Quite a difficult and messy39 task!Now look at this.(shows a necklace)S2：Why,its a primitive40 necklace.Did early people really care about41 their appearance like we do?Its lovely！A：Yes,and so well preserved42.What do you think its made of？S4：Let me see.Oh,I
17、think some of the beads43 are made of animal bones but others are made of shells.A：How clever you are!One bone is actually an animal tooth and the shells are from the seaside.Can you identify44 any other bones？S1：This one looks very much like a fish bone.Is that reasonable？A：Yes,indeed,as the botani
18、cal45 analyses46 have shown us47，all the fields around here used to48 be part of a large shallow lake.Probably there were fish in it.S3：But a lake is not the sea.We are miles from the sea,so how did the seashells49 get here？A：Perhaps there was trade between early peoples or they travelled to the sea
19、side on their journeys.We know that they moved around,following the herds of animals50.They didnt grow their own crops,but picked51 fruit when it ripened52 and hunted animals.Thats why53 they are called hunters and gatherers.Now，why dont we go and visit the caves54？再记住archaeologist/kIldIst/n.考古学家(美a
20、rcheologist)show sb.round 带领某人参观archaeology/kIldI/n.考古学(美archeology)be/become aware that.意识到/认识到evidence n证据；证明excavate/ekskveIt/vt.挖掘；发掘interrupt/Intrpt/vt.&vi.打断讲话；打岔；暂时中断或中止acute/kjut/adj.有观察力的；敏锐的；严重的；深刻的此处在句中表示“观察力敏锐的”。as well as“也，又”，连接并列成分。assume/sjum/vt.假定；设想regardless/rIgdls/adv.不管；不顾regard
21、less of 不管；不顾；不理会在 it is reasonable to assume.中，it 是形式主语，真正的主语是 to assume.mat/mt/n.席子；垫子quilt/kwIlt/n被子；棉被must have done 意为“一定，肯定”，表示对过去情况的肯定推测。make fires 生火keep them warm 是“keep宾语adj.(宾补)”结构。beast/bist/n.野兽scare.away 把吓跑as well 还；也；用于肯定句句尾。21 keep out 阻挡22 freezing winter 寒冷的冬天23 have been finding
22、是现在完成进行时。24.what do you think this tells us about.？是复杂的特殊疑问句，其构成形式为：wh-/howdo you think宾语从句。do you think 作插入语，其后宾语从句用陈述语序。除 think 外，可用于此句式的动词还有 believe,suppose,imagine,expect,guess 等。25 be used for.被用来26 at(the)most 至多；最多27 centimetre/sentImit/n.厘米(美centimeter)28 wonder vt.&vi.想知道；感到诧异 n惊奇；奇迹；奇观29 e
23、ntirely adv.完全地；全部地30 过去分词短语 made entirely of animal skins 作后置定语，修饰 clothes。31 did wear clothes made from animal skins 中，did 强调谓语动词 wear，表示“的确穿着”，过去分词短语 made from animal skins作后置定语，修饰 clothes。32 continue doing sth.继续做某事；持续做某事33 sharpener/pn/n.磨具；削具34 sharpen/pn/vi.&vt.(使)锋利；尖锐；清晰35 cut up 切碎cut down
24、 砍倒；缩减36 scraper/skreIp/n.刮刀；刮削器scrape/skreIp/vt.擦净；削平；磨光37 ample/mpl/adj.足够的；充足的；富裕的ample 表示很多，根本不用发愁enough 表示够用38 an ample amount of 许多；大量修饰不可数名词。39 messy/mesI/adj.凌乱的；脏的40 primitive/prImItIv/adj.原始的；远古的；简陋的41 care about 在乎；介意；关心care for 照料；想要；喜欢42 preserve vt.保存；保护；维护43 bead/bid/n.小珠子；滴44 identif
25、y/aIdentIfaI/vt.确认；识别；鉴别identify.as.确认是45 botanical/btnIkl/adj.植物学的；与植物学有关的botany/btnI/n.植物学46 analysis/nlsIs/n.(pl.analyses)分析analyse vt.分析47 as 引导非限制性定语从句，as 指代后面整个主句的内容。48 used to do 过去常常做否定形式可以用 usednt to do,也可以用 didnt use to do。49 seashell/siel/n.海贝壳50 现在分词短语 following the herds of animals 作 mo
26、ved around 的伴随状语。51 pick vt.挑选；采；摘；剔除52 ripen/raIpn/vt.&vi.使成熟；成熟53 Thats why.意为“这就是为什么”，why 引导表语从句，why 从句表示结果，原因在前面已经说明。54 Why dont we do.？Why not do.？用来提出建议。再翻译周口店洞穴参观记一群英国学生(学)来到周口店洞穴参观，一位考古学家(考)正领着他们参观。考：欢迎来到中国参观周口店洞穴。很高兴见到你们这些来自英国并且对考古学感兴趣的学生。你们想必都很清楚，正是在这个地方，我们找到了居住在世界上这个地区的最早人类的证据。我们在这儿进行挖掘工作
27、已经很多年了，而且学 1：对不起打断你。但他们怎么能住在这个地方呢？这儿只有石头和树木啊。考：问得好。你是个敏锐的观察者。在高山上的那些洞穴里我们找到了人骨和兽骨，还有工具和其他物品。因此，我们有理由认为他们不顾严寒，就住在这些洞穴里。学 2：那他们是怎样取暖的呢？他们不可能像我们现在这样有垫子、毯子和被子。想必是很不舒服的了。考：我们发现在洞穴中央有生火用的地炉。他们用地炉里的火来取暖、做饭，还可以用火来吓跑野兽。我们一直在挖掘一层层的积灰，几乎有六米厚。这意味着他们可能整个冬天都在烧火。我们没有找到门，但我们认为在天寒地冻的冬天他们可能是用兽皮挂在洞口来防寒的。学 3：在那以前有些什么野兽
28、呢？考：嗯，我们在洞里陆续发现老虎和熊的骨头。我们认为，这些野兽对他们来讲是最危险的敌人了。现在，你们看这个东西能告诉我们有关早期人类生活的什么情况呢？(指着一张画有针线的照片让大家看)学 2：哎呀！那是一根针。天哪，难道他们还会修补东西吗？考：除此之外，你们认为它还可能有别的什么用处吗？学 4：让我看看。这个东西最多三厘米长，噢，它看起来像是用骨头做的。我不知道他们是怎样做成针眼的学 2：(插话)你是不是说他们自己做衣服穿？他们又是从哪里弄到衣料的呢？考：他们没有像我们今天穿的这种衣料。你们能猜出他们用的是什么吗？学 1：哇！他们穿的衣服全都是用兽皮做的吗？他们那些衣服是怎么做成的？我想兽皮
29、剪裁并缝起来一定又厚又重啊。考：我们有证据表明，他们的确穿的是用兽皮制作的衣服。我们不断发现一些磨削其他工具用的工具。看样子他们用磨尖的石器来切割野兽并剥皮，可能再用小一些的刮子把皮上的脂肪和肉去掉。然后，他们可能在兽皮上边擦上大量的盐，使皮变柔软。最后进行剪裁，缝起来就成了。确实是既难又脏的活！现在来看看这个吧。(指着一串项链)学 2：哎呀！这是一条原始的项链吧。早期人类也像我们现在一样讲究外貌吗？太漂亮了！考：是的。还保存得很好呢。你们看看是用什么做的？学 4：我看看。噢，我想有些珠子是用兽骨做的，但是其他的是用贝壳做的。考：你真聪明！有块骨头实际上是野兽的牙齿，贝壳是从海边捡来的。你们认
30、得别的骨头吗？学 1：这根很像鱼骨头，对吗？考：很对，正如植物学的分析结果告诉我们的一样，这四周曾经是一个很大的浅水湖的一部分。当时可能湖里是有鱼的。学 3：不过，湖并不是海呀。我们离海还远着呢。那么，海贝壳又是怎么来的呢？考：早期人类之间也许有贸易来往，或者他们也可能旅行到海边去。我们知道，他们跟着兽群四处走动。他们并不种植谷物，而是在野果熟了的时候采摘它们并捕杀野兽来充饥。这就是他们被称为猎人和采摘者的缘故。好了，咱们现在去参观洞穴好吗？通语篇 学理解 重分析2语篇理解Step 1 Fast Reading(一)Read the text quickly and write down th
31、e main idea of the text.The text is about a guided trip some _ students made to the Zhoukoudian caves,from which they learned a lot about the _ of the earliest people living there.Britishlife(二)Read the text and find out the three topics that the archaeologist talked about.Topic 1:_.Topic 2:_.Topic
32、3:_.Life in the caveWhat we can learn from a needleWhat we can learn from a necklaceStep 2 Careful Reading(一)Read the text and choose the best answer according to the text.1What did they find in the caves?AOnly human bones and fires.BJust animal bones.CModern tools and ornaments.DBones,tools and orn
33、aments,as well as fireplaces.2Which of the following is the CORRECT order about how early people made clothes?aClean the fat and meat from the skin.bCut up the animals.cRub salt inside the skin.dRemove the skin.eSew the pieces together.AbdcaeBbdaceCbadce Dbacde3From the needle，we can infer the earli
34、est people in Zhoukoudian _.Awere able to do the same thing as tigers or bearsBwere much cleverer than tigers or bearsCwere trained how to use needlesDcould make clothes like we have todayB4From“but others are made of shells”，we cant infer that _.Athe sea was not far away at that timeBthey ran to th
35、e sea for the shellsCthe shells could be sold and boughtDthey could make necklaces by machines5Which of the following is TRUE?AThis passage is an explanation about the earliest people.BThis passage shows that the students are being shown around the cave.CThis passage is a part of an interview at TV
36、station.DThis passage tells us the earliest people would not be our ancestors.答案：15 DBBDA(二)Fill in the blanks.The life of early people in ZhoukoudianWhere to livemainly living in 1._，in the centre of which there were fireplaces to keep them 2._，cook the food and 3._ wild beasts awaycaveswarmscareHo
37、w to liveand what to wearusing the 4._ stone tools to cut up animals and 5._ their skin；with smaller 6._，removing the fat and meat from the skin；7._ with salt to make the skin soft；cutting the skin and sewing the pieces together with 8._How to decoratewearing 9._ made of animal bones or shells which
38、 may be 10._ from the seasharpenedremovescrapersrubbingneedlesnecklacestraded(三)Analyze the following difficult sentences in the text.1It is a great pleasure to meet you students from England,who are interested in archaeology.分析形式主语不定式定语翻译 很高兴见到你们这些来自英国并且对考古学感兴趣的学生。2You must be aware that its here t
39、hat we found evidence of some of the earliest people who lived in this part of the world.分析宾语地点状语here 定语翻译 你们想必都很清楚，正是在这个地方，我们找到了居住在世界上这个地区的最早人类的证据。3We have been excavating layers of ash almost six metres thick,which suggests that they might have kept the fire burning all winter.分析翻译 我们一直在挖掘一层层的积灰，几乎有六米厚。这意味着他们可能整个冬天都在烧火。非限制性定语
