1、6种方法梳理长难句难点梳理 长难句到底难在哪里？（1）中心词加了较多修饰语，后置的定语给理解带来较大困难。（2）简单句加了较多修饰语，尤其是非谓语动词，含义丰富，形式灵活。（3）含有三大从句的复合句。（4）并列成分、对等结构的存在。（5）同位语、插入语的运用。（6）特殊句式的使用：倒装、强调句型和省略。方法展示提主干，去枝叶何为句子主干？即句子的主语和谓语。1.句子主语主语(subject)是一个句子的主题(theme)， 是句子所述说的主体。它的位置一般在句首。主语一般有名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、主语从句来充当。（1）A mancalled you just now.(名词)（2）M
2、ost of uslike surfing the Internet.（代词）（3）One in tenwere for the plan.（数词）（4）It is kind of youto give meso much help.（不定式）（5）Helping othersis helping yourself.（动名词）（6）Whether he will comeis uncertain.（主语从句）（7）Its said thathe will not come back again.（主语从句）2.句子谓语谓语(predicate) 或谓语动词(predicate verb) 的位
3、置一般在主语之后。谓语有简单谓语和复合谓语两种。简单谓语是由一个行为动词构成的，比较容易识别。复合谓语包括情态动词+ 动词原形、连系动词+ 表语、动词短语及被动语态be done、进行时态be doing、完成时态 has/ have done、将来时态will do / be going to do 等。（1）Youcan makea difference if you are confident.（2）Hewas followedby the fans.（3）Iwas about to gooutwhen my phone rang.请尝试找出这句话的主干So when Ed arrive
4、d for our game not only with the bottom of his shirt gathered inside his trousers but also with a stomach you could hardly notice , I was so surprised that I was speechless.【句意】因此，当伊德来参加我们的比赛时，我发现他不仅将衬衫的底部扎进裤里，而且几乎注意不到他的肚子，我感到很惊奇，以致无话可说。【分析】句子主干为： I was surprised。判断是并列句or复合句 并列连词连接并列句常见的并列连词有and，but
5、，yet，or，so，for，not only.but also，while（然而）。 从属连词连接复合句常见的从属连词引导状语从句的有when，after，before，till，until，since，though，although，because等；引导定语从句的有 that，who，whom，which，where，when 等；引导名词性从句的有what，that ，which，who，whether，when，how 等。判断下列句子是并列句还是复合句。1.We should do everything that is useful to the people.2.The man
6、who/that/whom my mother is talking to is Mr Wang.3.He not only wants to be a good husband, but also a good son.4.Shall we go out for a walk, or stay at home and watch TV?5.I didnt know true happiness until I met you.6.I declare that you are unwelcomed here.7.The truth is you are a liar.8.I heared th
7、e news that you are married.参考答案：1.We should do everythingthatis useful to the people.（定语从句）2.The manwho/that/whommy mother is talking to is Mr Wang.（定语从句）3.Henot onlywants to be a good husband,but alsoa good son.（并列句）4.Shall we go out for a walk,orstay at home and watch TV?（并列句）5.I didnt know true
8、happinessuntilI met you.（时间状语从句）6.I declarethatyou are unwelcomed here.（宾语从句）7.The truth isthatyou are a liar.（表语从句）8.I heared the newsthatyou are married.（同位语从句）请尝试判断下面句子类型。1.Whether you get along well with your professors or not has a huge effect on your self growth as it is a measure of how well
9、you can respect authority and obey requirements.【句意】你与教授相处是否融洽，对你的自身发展起着重要的作用，因为这是衡量你是否尊重权威和服从要求的标准。【分析】此句为复合句，句中whether引导主语从句，as 引导原因状语从句，how well 引导从句作介词of 的宾语。2.The fact that members of one culture do not express their emotions as openly as do members of another does not mean that they do not exp
10、erience emotions.【句意】一种文化背景下的人不像另一种文化背景下的人一样直率地表达他们的情感，这一事实并不意味着他们没有这些情感。【分析】本句的主干为The fact does not mean that .，其中，that they do not experience emotions 是从句作mean 的宾语。that members of one culture do not express their emotions as openly as do members of another 为fact 的同位语从句，其中as do members of another 是
11、状语从句，助动词do 位于主语members of another 前形成倒装，主语后省略了express their emotions。确定中心名词，识别后置定语后置定语通常以不定式、分词、介词短语、定语从句等形式体现。此外，定语也可能不是一个，可能出现两个或者三个的情况，必要时应逐一分析。例如：（1）I got a chanceto give a speechat the meeting.（2）The girlwearing sunglassesis LiuXuan.（3）I like the bookwritten by DongQing.（4）The boywith a book in
12、 his handis Jim.（5）The manwho helped youis my boss.（6）The boywith a book in his hand written by DongQingis Jim.（7）The manwith a book in his hand who helped youis my boss.请尝试找出下面句子的定语部分。Economists from the University of Sussex analysed findings from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Healt
13、h, a 15-year research project charting the fortunes of a group of thousands of teenagers who attended high schools in the US in the mid-1990s.【句意】来自萨塞克斯大学的经济学家们分析了国家青少年健康纵向研究的研究结果，这项研究是一个历时15年的课题，它记录了数千名在美国20世纪90年代中期上中学的一组青少年的财产情况。【分析】句子主干为Economists analysed findings。from the University of Sussex 作
14、economists的定语；from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health 作findings的定语；a 15-year research project作the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health 的同位语；charting . 作project 的定语；who引导定语从句修饰teenagers。正确理解非谓语动词非谓语动词是句子中的次要动词，保留了动词的部分特征，有时态、语态，但其有自己的特征。尤其是当分词作定语和分词作状语时，学生非常容易混淆。分词作定语相当于
15、定语从句，分词作状语相当于状语从句或并列句。（1）She is a pupil admired by all her classmates. （定语）=She is a pupil who is admired by all her classmates.（2）This is the novel translated into a few languages.（定语）=This is the novel that has translated into a few languages.（3）Written in a hurry, this article was not so good.（原因
16、状语）=Because it was Written in a hurry, this article was not so good.（4）Following the teacher, the students walked into the office.（伴随状语）=The students followed the teacher, and the students walked into the office.请尝试找出句子中的非谓语动词并说出其在句中的作用。Discovered by the Portuguese admiral of the same name in 1506,
17、and settled in 1810, the island belongs to Great Britain and has a population of a few hundred.【句意】这个岛屿，于1506年被同名的葡萄牙海军上将发现，在1810年有人居住，现在属于英国，人口数有几百人。【分析】句中Discovered by和settled是两个过去分词短语，在句中作状语。识别同位语由两个或两个以上同一层次的语言单位组成的结构，后项是前项的同位语。（1）Mr Zhang, our president, asked us not to punish students.（2）Tony,
18、 one of the most clever boys in our school, is planning to attend the university.请找出下面句子的同位语。In his latest book,Doing Our Own Thing:The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should、 Like、Care，John Mc Whorter, a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views, sees the tr
19、iumph of 1960s counter-culture as responsible for the decline of formal English.【句意】语言学家和辩论家John McWhorter（持有）自由派与保守派的混合观点，在他最近的书做我们自己的事情：语言和音乐的衰落，以及我们为什么应该、喜欢或在意中，这位学者认为60年代反文化运动的胜利要对正式英语的衰败负责。【分析】插入语Doing Our Own Thing：The Degradation of Language and Music and Why We Should 、Like、Care是his latest b
20、ook的同位语；a linguist and controversialist of mixed liberal and conservative views也是同位语，用于说明John McWhorter的身份。看清介词短语介词短语在句子中充当表语、定语、状语等。（1）In spite of the difficulties, we went onwith our work.（2）Apps areof great use.（3）Did you like the last grand fashion showof the 20th century?请尝试找出下面句子的介词短语，并分析在句中的作
21、用。For the time, attention, and money of the art-loving public, classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th century.【句意】如今为了获得艺术爱好者的时间、关注和金钱，古典音乐
22、演奏家们不仅要和歌剧院、舞蹈团、剧团以及博物馆进行竞争，而且还要和那些录制了20世纪古典音乐大师的演奏的音乐产品竞争。【分析】本句的主干是 classical instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses.，but also with the recorded performances.。句首For引导的介词结构为句子的目的状语，表示“为了”。谓语部分compete.with后是宾语，说明与主语竞争的对象，由not only.but also.连接。介词结构 of the great classical musicians o
23、f the 20th century是performances的后置定语。实例应用 技巧应用试着用以上方法分析下面句子。【句子1】Sometimes working outdoors, sometimes in an office, sometimes using scientific equipment and sometimes meeting local people and tourists, I am never bored.【简析】此句主干是I am never bored，而其前面出现了含有非谓语动词和介词短语组成的四个状语，分别是working outdoors, in an
24、office, using scientificequipment 和meeting local people and tourists，因此，本句是简单句。【句意】我从来不会无聊，我有时在户外工作，有时在办公室工作，有时使用科研设备，还有的时候见见当地人和游客。【句子2】Although my job is occasionally dangerous, I dont mind because danger excites me and makes me feel alive.【简析】此句是句套从句，也就是复合句，第一层是although 引导的让步状语从句，第二层是because 引导的原
25、因状语从句。句中主谓成分明显，句意理解难度相对较低。【句意】尽管我的工作有时是危险的，但是我不介意，因为这种危险令我感到兴奋，使我充满活力。【句子3】Having collected and evaluated the information, I help other scientists to predict where lava from the volcano will flow and how fast.【简析】此句难点有三处，一是非谓语动词现在分词doing 的完成时，相当于一个时间状语从句；二是predict 后为宾语从句；三是宾语从句中需要识别出中心名词lava, 而其后的fr
26、om the volcano 是其后置定语。【句意】收集和分析完信息之后，我帮助其他科学家预测火山的岩浆将会从哪里喷出以及以多块的速度喷出。【句子4】Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusual animal husbandry (饲养) technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment although no one had proposed to do so and asked an independ
27、ent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on humancloning.【简析】这个句子相比前面几个句子要复杂很多，分析这个句子，首先，抓住主干，分清主次；此句中的谓语形式的动词及其对应的主语有：was opposedhe，orderedhe，（should）not be usedfederal funds，had propos
28、edno one，askedhe（asked前面有and，说明asked与前面某个谓语动词并列，根据逻辑意义asked应与ordered并列）。这一句的主干为“he ordered.and asked.”，“Declaring that.”作状语。其次，分清并列句和复合句；Declaring that 和ordered that 后面都是宾语从句，although后面为让步状语从句；and asked 为并列句。最后，确定中心名词，识别后置定语；本句中，后置定语有：chaired by Princeton President。【句意】他宣布自己反对使用这种非同寻常的畜牧繁殖技术来克隆人类，并下
29、令不准联邦政府基金用于做此类试验尽管还没有人建议这么做他还请一个普林斯顿大学校长Harold Shapiro为首的独立专家组在90天内向白宫汇报关于制定有关克隆人的国家政策的建议。【句子5】First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the 17th century，the theorem（定理） had baffled（阻碍）and beaten the finest mathematical minds, including a French woman scientist who made a maj
30、or advance in working out the problem, and who had to dress like a man in order to be able to study at the Eco-lab Polytechnique.【简析】本句夹杂分词短语、动名词及两个定语从句。“First put forward by the French mathematician Pierre de Format in the 17th century”为过去分词短语作状语；“including.”为介词短语作状语；“who made.and who had to.”为两个并列的定语从句，修饰a French woman scientist。所以句子的主干为the theorem had baffled and beaten the finest mathematical minds，此为主要信息。【句意】这个定理，先是由十七世纪法国数学家Pierre de Format提出，曾使一批杰出的数学大师为难，其中包括一个法国女科学家，她在解决这个难题方面取得了重大的进展，为了能够在Eco-lab Polytechnipue学习，她曾女扮男装。
