1、Unit 1 Cultural relicsLearning about LanguageThe Restrictive&Non-restrictive Attributive Clause（限制性和非限制性定语从句）1.who 指人,作主语或宾语(作宾语时可省略）The man who I talked with is our teacher.A person who steals things is called a thief.2.whom 指人,作宾语(作宾语时可省略，若介词提前则不能省略)The man(whom/who)I nodded to is Mr.Li.The man to
2、 whom I nodded is Mr.Li.一、关系代词引导的定语从句3.which 指物，作主语或宾语(作宾语时可省略,若介词提前则不能省略)These are the trees which were planted last year.This recorder（which）he is using is made in Japan.Is this the library(which)you borrow books from?Is this the library from which you borrow books?Mrs.Clark is angry with the goat
3、 which is eating her flowers.Can you lend me the book?You talked about it last night.Can you lend me the book(which)you talked about last night?Can you lend me the book about which you talked last night?Mrs.Clark is angry with the goat.The goat is eating her flowers.Do you find the pen?I wrote with
4、it just now.Do you find the pen with which I wrote just now?Do you find the pen(which)I wrote with just now?He is the man(that)I told you about.注意：介词提前时只能用which 而不能用that。4.that 指人/物，作主语或宾语(作宾语时可省略）A plane is a machine that can fly.Is this the library from which you borrow books?from thatthat和which在指
5、物的情况下一般都可以互换,但在下列情况下,一般用that而不用which。I am sure she has something(that)you can borrow.Ive read all the books that are not mine.(1)先行词为all,everything,nothing,something,anything,little,much 等不定代词时。(2)先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little,much等修饰时。This is the first book(that)he has read.This is the very book
6、 that belongs to him.(3)先行词被序数词或最高级修饰时。(4)先行词被the only,the very,the same,the last修饰时。The scientist we met yesterday is very famous in the world.who whom that(2)The dress is new.She is wearing it.The dress that she is wearing is new.which 【即学即练】(1)The scientist is very famous in the world.We met her
7、yesterday.Try your best!(3)He is the kind person.I have ever worked with him.(4)This is the best film.I have ever seen this film.He is the kind person that I have ever worked with.who whom This is the best film that I have ever seen.二、关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。1.关系副词when,where,why 的
8、含义相当于“介词+which”结构，因此常常和“介词+which”结构交替使用。例如：(1)我仍然记得我参军的那一天。I still remember the day.On that day I joined the army.I still remember the day when I joined the army.或I still remember the day on which I joined the army.(2)这就是我们去年住的房屋。This is the house.We lived in it last year.This is the house where we
9、lived last year.或This is the house in which we lived last year.或This is the house which we lived in last year.(3)你知道他迟到的原因吗？Do you know the reason?He was late for that reason.Do you know the reason why he was late?或Do you know the reason for which he was late?这是我们去年参观的地方。这是我们去年工作的地方。(1)vt.vi.This is
10、 the place which/that we visited last year.This is the place where we worked last year.2.当先行词是指时间、地点或原因时，并非就用when,where,why 来引导定语从句。例如：我仍然记得我入团的那一天。我仍然记得我们一起度过的那一天。(2)I still remember the day when I joined the League.I still remember the day that/which we spent together.三、判断关系代词与关系副词方法一：用关系代词还是关系副词完
11、全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.这是我去年呆过的山村。Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。方法二：准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。A.whereB.thatC.on which D.the one例1.Is this the museum _ you vi
12、sited a few days ago?例2.Is this museum _ you visited a few days ago?A.whereB.thatC.on which D.the oneBD四、限制性、非限制性定语从句的区别1限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句和主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。限制性定语从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略。(1)What is the name of the tall woman who is standing there?站在那边的那个女人叫什么名字?(2)Toronto is a
13、city(that)Ive always wanted to visit.多伦多是我常想去参观的一个城市。2非限制性定语从句和主句关系不十分密切，只是对先行词作些附加的说明,如果去掉,主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句和主句之间往往用逗号分开，一般不用that引导。非限制性定语从句中，关系词不可省略。例如：(1)Rome,which is the capital of Italy,has a very long history.意大利的首都罗马历史非常悠久。(2)Yesterday I met Professor King,who came from the University of London
14、.昨天我遇见了金教授，他从伦敦大学来。(3)He lent me a dictionary,which was just what I needed.他借给我一本词典，这正是我所需要的。【即学即练】Put the two sentences into one:1.Our friends missed the train again.They are always late for everything.2.My aunt was waiting for me on the steps.She had two heavy bags.3.The dog is easily frightened.I
15、t was beaten when it was small.Keys:1.Our friends,who are always late for everything,missed the train again.2.My aunt,who had two heavy bags,was waiting for me on the steps.3.The dog,which was beaten when it was small,is easily frightened.3.大多数限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的先行词往往为某一个词或短语，而特殊场合非限制性定语从句的先行词也可为整个主句，
16、此时非限制性定语从句常由which引导。A middle-aged woman killed her husband,which frightened me very much.一个中年女子杀害了其丈夫，这事令我十分恐惧。分析：从语境可知，令我恐惧的内容应为中年女子杀害了其丈夫这件事。此时由which引导非限制性定语从句，指代前面一句话的内容。4.关系代词whom在限制性定语从句中作宾语时可用who代替whom，但在非限制性定语从句中作宾语时不可用who来代替。This is the girl whom I met in the street.这是我在街上遇到的女孩。先行词the girl在限
17、制性定语从句中作宾语，可用who代替whom。The young man had a new girlfriend,whom he wanted to impress.这个年轻的小伙子新交了一个女朋友，他想给她留下深刻印象。先行词a new girlfriend在非限制性定语从句中作宾语，不可用who代替whom。as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时的相同点和不同点1.相同点：as和which都可以指代整个句子的内容。The meeting was put off,as/which was exactly what we wanted.这次会议延期了，这正是我们所希望的。注意as 和wh
18、ich的用法2.不同点：as引导的从句既可以位于句前，也可以位于句后，主句没有前后逻辑关系，常表示“正如”；而which引导的定语从句只能放在主句后，主从句常有一定的因果关系或前后顺序，常表示“这一点”。Liquid water changes to vapor,which is called evaporation.液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。As everyone knows,all that glitters is not gold.=All that glitters,as everyone knows,is not gold.=All that glitters is not go
19、ld,as everyone knows.众所周知，并非所有发光的东西都是金子。【即学即练】1.Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the others,of course,made all the others upset.【2011北京高考】A.who B.which C.what D.that【解析】选B。句意：玛丽对待杰克比对其他人好得多，当然，这使得其他所有人心烦。分析句子结构可知逗号后是一个非限制性定语从句，排除D项；C项不能引导定语从句，故排除；关系代词代指逗号前的整个句子，故排除A项。2.Julie was good at
20、German,French and Russian,all of _ she spoke fluently.【2011湖南高考】A.who B.whom C.which D.that【解析】选C。句意：朱莉擅长德语、法语以及俄语，这些语言她都说得很流利。先行词是German,French and Russian，所以定语从句的关系代词用which。注意：关系代词that一般不可直接置于介词后作宾语。3._ is often the case,we have worked out the production plan.【2012昆明高一检测】A.Which B.When C.What D.As
21、【解析】选D。句意：情况往往是这样的，我们已经完成了生产计划。as和which都可引导非限制性定语从句。as引导的非限制性定语从句既可放在句首又可放在句中，而which则不能。4.The film brought the hours back to me _ I was taken good care of in that faraway village.A.until B.that C.when D.where【解析】选C。句意：这部电影把我带回到了那些时光。那时我在遥远的村庄里被很好地照顾。本题的关键是要先找准先行词“the hours”,然后理解关系副词“when”本身在其引导的定语从句
22、中充当时间状语。5.He paid the boy$10 for washing ten windows,most of _ hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.A.these B.those C.that D.which【解析】选D。句意：他因这个男孩擦了十扇窗户而付给他10美元，这十扇窗户当中的大多数至少已经一年没清洗了。定语从句的先行词为windows。有的考生误认为前文提到windows,应用those 代替而选B。但those不可用作关系代词引导定语从句。由于横线处前有介词of不能选that。6.Hes got himself into a
23、dangerous situation _ he is likely to lose control over the plane.A.where B.which C.while D.why【解析】选A。句意：他使自己陷入到危险的情形之下，在这种情形下他有可能失去对飞机的控制。先行词situation作“处境”讲，引导定语从句是使用关系代词还是使用关系副词决定于关系词在从句中所担任的成分。此题的关系词在从句中担任状语，故选A项。C、D两项不符合语境。7.As a child,Jack studied in a village school,_ is named after his grandfather.【2010新课标全国卷】A.which B.where C.what D.that【解析】选A。句意：小时候，Jack在一个乡村学校里学习，这所学校是以他祖父的名字命名的。此题为非限制性定语从句，先行词是school,故需用关系代词，that不能引导非限制性定语从句，what不是关系词。Do more exercises about the Restrictive&Non-restrictive Attributive Clause.Homework
