1、Unit 1Great scientistsLearning about Language过去分词作定语和表语【语用功能】过去分词具有形容词、副词、动词性质,能够作表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语。【新知导引】观察上面对话,并类比填空:1.The miner _(trap)in the mine was saved by the rescue workers.2.The person feels _(inspire)by his teachers word.trappedinspired【要义详析】过去分词是非谓语动词的一种。从语法功能分析,过去分词兼有动词、形容词或副词的特性,可在句中充当定语、
2、表语、宾语补足语或状语。过去分词通常与其逻辑主语之间存在动宾关系,表示被动和完成。一、过去分词作定语1.过去分词作定语时的位置。(1)一般情况下,单个过去分词作前置定语,即放在被修饰词之前。有时为了表示强调,也可放在被修饰词之后。*From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.(前置定语)病从胃里发作并迅速殃及全身,很快患者就会死去。*The polluted water was to blame for the spread of cholera.(前置定语)污
3、染了的水造成了霍乱的传播。(2)过去分词短语作定语时往往作后置定语,即放在被修饰词之后。*He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London.(后置定语)他发现,它是从河里来的,而河水被从伦敦排出的脏水污染了。*Do you know the victim injured in the accident?(后置定语)你知道事故中受伤的受害者吗?2.过去分词作定语的时态和语态意义。(1)及物动词的过去分词作定语通常表示被动和完成,即被修饰词通常是过去分词所表示的动作的承受者,且该动作已经完成。*
4、Have you read the novel written by Dickens(=which is written by Dickens)?你读过狄更斯写的这部小说吗?*The scientific theory concluded by the expert(which was concluded by the expert)was suspected by many other scientists at first.词汇复现由这个专家推断出的科学理论一开始受到其他科学家的怀疑。(2)不及物动词的过去分词作定语仅表示完成,不表示被动。*The fallen leaves of the
5、 wood cover the ground when in fall.秋天时,树林里的落叶覆盖着地面。*The risen sun is shining brightly in the morning.早上已升起的太阳正明亮地闪耀着。3.过去分词(短语)作非限制性定语,相当于非限制性的定语从句,用来补充说明被修饰词的情况,通常用逗号与主句隔开。*The bridge,built last year(=which was built last year),is in use now.这座桥,去年建成,现在已通行。*Paper cuts,used for religious purposes(=
6、which are used for religious purposes),can be bought in the store.用于宗教目的的剪纸可以在这家商店里买到。4.现在分词与过去分词作定语的区别。(1)语态上不同:现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词多表示被动意义。*The running water(=The water which runs)in the river is very clear.河里的流水很清澈。*Nine out of ten women interviewed(=who were interviewed)about the product said they li
7、ked it.就这个产品被采访的十位妇女中有九位说她们喜欢这个产品。(2)时间关系上不同:现在分词表示正在进行的动作,而过去分词表示已经完成的动作。*We are all living in a changing world(=a world which/that is changing).我们都生活在正在发生变化的世界里。*The changed world(=The world which had changed)surprised him.已经变化了的世界令他吃惊。【即学活用】语法填空(1)The bridge _(construct)in 2016 was designed by a
8、local company.(2)Some experts _(invite)to the party didnt show up at the conference.(3)At that time,such thing was a topic _(forbid)to be talked about.constructedinvitedforbidden(4)The witness _(question)by the police just now gave a very different description of the fight.(5)The producer comes regu
9、larly to collect the cameras _(return)to our shop for quality problems.questionedreturned二、过去分词作表语1.过去分词作表语时位于系动词(如be,get,become,look,feel,seem等)之后,多表示主语的状态或状况,它所体现的是形容词的特性。*The physician was absorbed in analysing the condition of the patient.(作表语)医生正专心分析病人的情况。词汇复现*We were shocked at the news that h
10、ad been announcedby the local government.词汇复现我们对当地政府公布的这个消息感到震惊。2.常见的作表语的过去分词有:amused 逗乐的,觉得好笑的 connected 连接的broken 碎了的closed 关闭的completed 完成的astonished 吃惊的covered 覆盖的crowded 拥挤的delighted 高兴的 disappointed 失望的discouraged 泄气的dressed 穿着衣服的drunk 喝醉的experienced 有经验的gone 遗失的lost 丢失的worried 担忧的interested 感
11、兴趣的tired 疲劳的pleased 高兴的satisfied 满意的surprised 吃惊的married 已婚的known 著名的confused 困惑的 embarrassed 尴尬的【易错精点】过去分词作表语时,强调主语所处的状态;而动词的被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者,强调动作。3.过去分词与现在分词作表语时的区别:过去分词表示人自身的感受或事物自身的状态,常译作“感到的”现在分词表示事物具有的特性,常译作“令人的”*The game was exciting,because of which the participants were excited.这个游戏很激动人心,这让参
12、与者们很激动。*The man standing there looks frightening,and the little boy is frightened.站在那里的那个男人看起来很可怕,小男孩被吓着了。【知识延伸】类似的形容词有:excited激动的;兴奋的 exciting令人激动的astonished惊讶的astonishing令人惊讶的inspired受鼓舞的inspiring令人鼓舞的disappointed感到失望的disappointing令人失望的encouraged受到鼓舞的 encouraging令人鼓舞的interested感兴趣的interesting令人感兴趣
13、的frightened吓坏了的frightening令人害怕的moved受感动的moving感人的pleased高兴的pleasing令人高兴的shocked感到震惊的shocking令人震惊的tired感到劳累的tiring令人劳累的worried感到担心的worrying令人担心的satisfied感到满意的satisfying令人满意的puzzled感到迷惑的puzzling令人迷惑的【即学活用】世纪金榜导学号(1)I quickly lower myself,ducking my head to avoid looking directly into his eyes so he do
14、esnt feel _(challenge).(2)For those with family members far away,the personal computer and the phone are important in staying _(connect).challengedconnected(3)(2018浙江高考)I was _(shock)when I learnt she hadnt cooked once in all that time.(4)(2018江苏高考)Within five minutes,we ordered the one we were _(satisfy)with.shockedsatisfied
