1、课堂重难突破课前基础认知Section Learning About Language课堂重难突破课前基础认知语法图解 非限制性定语从句课堂重难突破课前基础认知探究发现1.They tested hundreds of Chinese medical treatments that showed promise in the fight against the disease.他们测试了数百种中医疗法,这些疗法显示出了对抗这种疾病的希望。2.Tu Youyou was awarded the Nobel Prize,which is considered one of the highest
2、international honours a person can receive.屠呦呦获得了诺贝尔奖,这是个人可以获得的最高国际荣誉之一。课堂重难突破课前基础认知3.Tu Youyou went to Hainan,where malaria was more common,to study malaria patients.屠呦呦去了疟疾比较常见的海南,去研究疟疾患者。4.Later,the medicine was tested on malaria patients,most of whom recovered.后来,这种药物在疟疾患者身上进行了测试,大部分患者都康复了。课堂重难突
3、破课前基础认知以上四个句子中分别包含一个定语从句,其中第一个为关系代词that引导的限制性定语从句,而后三个和它不同,定语从句被逗号与先行词隔开,被称为非限制性定语从句。非限制性定语从句的引导词可以用如which,who等关系代词,如例句2;也可以用when,where等关系副词,如例句3;有时用不定代词+of+whom/which指代先行词或先行词的一部分。如例句4。课堂重难突破课前基础认知语法精析即学即练非限制性定语从句一、基本含义非限制性定语从句只是对主句内容,或先行词的补充、解释或附加说明。主句或先行词与从句之间一般用逗号分开,从句常常单独翻译。没有它,主句意思仍然完整。引导非限制性定
4、语从句的关系代词有as,which,who,whom,whose等,做定语从句的主语、宾语、表语及定语。关系副词有when,where等,做定语从句的状语。关系代词和关系副词在定语从句中一般不能省略。课堂重难突破课前基础认知语法精析即学即练二、非限制性定语从句的引导词1.who:关系代词who用于指人,在从句中做主语。Our guide,who was a Canadian,was an excellent cook.我们的向导,一个加拿大人,是一位优秀的厨师。2.whom:关系代词whom用于指人,在句中做动词宾语和介词宾语,做介词宾语时,介词可位于句首。Mr Smith,from whom
5、 I have learned a lot,is a famous scientist.史密斯先生是一位著名的科学家,我从他那儿学了许多东西。课堂重难突破课前基础认知语法精析即学即练3.whose:whose是关系代词who的所有格形式,在从句中做定语。whose通常指人,也可指动物或无生命的事物。The boy,whose father is an engineer,studies very hard.这个男孩,他的爸爸是一位工程师,学习很努力。课堂重难突破课前基础认知语法精析即学即练4.which:关系代词which在非限制性定语从句中所指代和修饰的可以是主句中的名词或整个主句,在从句中做
6、主语、动词宾语、介词宾语或表语。which指代主句中的名词,被指代的名词包括表示物、婴儿或动物的名词、表示单数意义的集体名词以及表示职业、品格等的名词。These apple trees,which I planted three years ago,have not borne any fruit.这些苹果树是我三年前栽的,还没有结过果实。课堂重难突破课前基础认知语法精析即学即练which指代整个主句,翻译成“这一点”。In the presence of so many people he was a little tense,which was understandable.在那么多人面
7、前他有点紧张,这是可以理解的。课堂重难突破课前基础认知语法精析即学即练5.when:关系副词when在非限制性定语从句中做时间状语,指代主句中表示时间的词语。He will put off the picnic until October 1st,when he will be free.他将把郊游推迟到10月1号,那时他将有空。6.where:副词where在非限制性定语从句中做地点状语,指代主句中表示地点的词语。They went to London,where they lived for six months.他们去了伦敦,在那儿待了六个月的时间。课堂重难突破课前基础认知语法精析即学即
8、练7.as:as引导非限制性定语从句时,代替整个主句,翻译成“正如”,通常用于as we all know,as it is known,as is known to all,as is often the case,as is reported in the newspaper等句式中。As is known to the United States,Mark Twain is a great American writer.美国人都知道,马克吐温是一位伟大的美国作家。课堂重难突破课前基础认知语法精析即学即练三、限制性和非限制性定语从句的区别1.定语从句有时跟先行词的关系并不十分密切,只是做
9、一些补充说明,不起限制作用,这种从句称为非限制性定语从句。它常常用逗号与主句分开;翻译时常译成并列的分句。This note was left by John,who was here a moment ago.这条子是约翰留下的,他刚才来过这儿。课堂重难突破课前基础认知语法精析即学即练2.非限制性定语从句在修饰人时用who(主格),whom(宾格),whose(所有格),即:在定语从句中关系代词指人做主语时,只能用who;做宾语时,只能用whom,不能有几种选择,也不能省略,只有一种答案。在修饰物时用which而不能用that。总之,非限制性定语从句里没有that,也没有why。The te
10、am is headed by a Chinese,whose wife is a Japanese.这个队的队长是个中国人,他的妻子是日本人。课堂重难突破课前基础认知语法精析即学即练3.引导非限制性定语从句,若关系代词所指代的先行词是整个主句,则关系代词用as或which。在非限制性定语从句中,as和which都可以表示一句话、一个整体的情况。二者在句中的位置上不同:which只放在主句后面;而as可在主句前、中、后。Air,as we know,is gas.空气,就像我们知道的那样,是气体。(在中)He is a foreigner,as I know from his accent.他
11、是外国人,我从他的口音中可以听出来。(在后)课堂重难突破课前基础认知语法精析即学即练含义上不同。as有“如同,正如”的含义。而which仅仅表示“这一点”。Things will turn out contrary to ones wishes,as is often the case.结果会事与愿违,正如经常发生的那样。课堂重难突破课前基础认知语法精析即学即练四、用非限制性定语从句的情况1.关系代词指代整个主句的内容。She said she had finished her work,which I doubted very much.她说她已经完成了工作,我对此深感怀疑。2.先行词是世界
12、上独一无二的事物或专有名词。The moon,which is 384,400 kilometres away from the earth,creates many beautiful stories.月球,这个离地球384,400千米远的星球,给人们留下很多美好的故事。课堂重难突破课前基础认知语法精析即学即练3.先行词指的是某人的唯一某个亲属。His brother who is now a lawyer always encourages him to go to college.他那个现在是律师的哥哥总是鼓励他上大学。(他还有其他的哥哥)His brother,who is now a
13、 lawyer,always encourages him to go to college.他的哥哥,现在是律师,总是鼓励他上大学。(他只有一个哥哥)课堂重难突破课前基础认知语法精析即学即练4.“名词/代词/数词+介词+关系代词”结构中。此结构常见的有:some(several,a few,many,most,part,the largest)of which/whom等形式。有时of which/whom可以提前到名词/代词等前。I bought a dozen eggs,six of which(=of which six)broke when I dropped the box.我买了
14、一打鸡蛋,六个在我失手掉了盒子时摔碎了。课堂重难突破课前基础认知语法精析即学即练He went with a group of people,few of whom were correctly equipped for such a climb.他和一队人一起去了,其中没有几个人配有进行这样一次登山的适当装备。课堂重难突破课前基础认知语法精析即学即练选用正确的关系代词填空(1)Her house,which was built a hundred years ago,stood still in the earthquake.(2)Charles Smith,who was my forme
15、r teacher,retired last year.(3)China has thousands of islands,the largest of whichis Taiwan.课堂重难突破课前基础认知语法精析即学即练(4)They talked about a movie,the name of which Ive never forgotten.(5)He seems not to have grasped what I meant,whichgreatly upsets me.(6)Mike,as we expected,attended the meeting.(7)I still remembered January 10,when he came to see me.(8)As is known to everybody,the moon travels round the earth once every month.
