1、专题七 动词的非谓语形式命题规律：2020年新高考I卷及近五年课标卷在语篇型填空中对非谓语动词用法的考查比较全面，各种功能用法均有所涉及，主要考查非谓语动词作状语、宾语、定语的用法。命题趋势： 1. 高考将继续加强对非谓语动词的考查，而且对非谓语作宾语、状语、定语的考查仍会是考查重点。2. 非谓语动词作补语可能会成为未来高考的一个难点。一、非谓语动词的概述1. 非谓语动词的形式主动形式被动形式肯定句不定式to do, to be doing,to have done, to have been doingto be done,to have been donev-ing形式doing, hav
2、ing donebeing done,having been done过去分词done否定句以上形式前加not,如: not to do, not doing, not to be done, not having done复合结构动名词名词所有格、形容词性物主代词+动名词不定式for sb./sth. to do 2. 非谓语动词的句法功能主语宾语补语表语定语状语不定式动名词分词练习：写出句中黑体部分在句中所作的成分1、Being able to have access to digital payment is such a convenience for us in the modern
3、 age. 2、Our parents tell us that they miss the age when they swam catching fish in the pond of their village. 3、 Faced with much trouble，President Xi Jinping is making great efforts to lead us to a harmonious dream. 4、When I came in，the crying boy pretended to be sleeping on the sofa. 5、With the 5G
4、are coming，we should prepare ourselves for the rapidly developing society. 6、The new Gaokao reform can make every teenager feel pretty ambitious for an ideal future. 7、After being overcome，the trouble seems like such a tiny stone. 8、Embarrassed and shameful，the little Japanese slipped quickly into t
5、he crowd. 9、To be admitted by a key university，every teenager is managing to fulfill his tasks. 10、Ma Yun having retired from Alibaba，many staff members are trying to adapt to the new work atmosphere. 答案: 1、主语2、伴随状语3、时间状语4、宾语5、宾语补足语6、宾语补足语7、宾语8、伴随状语9、目的状语10、独立主格结构作状语二、非谓语动词作宾语1. 下列动词一般用不定式作宾语口诀解释例句决
6、心学会想希望decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wishShe pretended not to see me when I passed by.当我经过时，她假装没看见我。We agreed to meet here but so far she hasnt turned up yet.我们约好了在此地见面，但是她到现在还没有露面。拒绝设法愿假装refuse, manage, care, pretend主动答应选计划offer, promise choose, plan同意请求帮一帮agree, ask/beg, help此外，afford,
7、 strive, happen(碰巧)， wait, threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。2. 下列动词或词组一般用动名词作宾语口诀对应动词（词组）例句考虑建议盼原谅consider，suggest/advise，look forward to，excuse/pardonThe squirrels were lucky that they just missed being caught.松鼠们很幸运没有被抓住。I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon.我对你今天下午回电话表示感谢。I can hardly imagine Pet
8、er sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.我几乎不能想象彼得在五天之内横渡大西洋。He got well-prepared for the job interview，for he couldnt risk losing the good opportunity.他为这次工作面试做了充分准备，因为他不能冒失去这次好机会的风险。承认推迟没得想admit，delay/put off，fancy（想象，设想）避免错过继续练avoid，miss，keep/keep on，practice否认完成就欣赏deny，finish，enjoy/appr
9、eciate禁止想象才冒险forbid，imagine，risk不禁介意准逃亡cant help，mind，allow/permit，escape注意： allow，permit，forbid，advise，consider后需加动名词作宾语，但如果后面有名词或代词作窦语，则用不定式作宾补。搭配：allow/ permit/ forbid/ advise/ consider+ doing sth.(动名词作宾语)/sb. to do sth(不定式作宾补)例句：We dont allow smoking in the hall.我们不准有人在大厅内吸烟。Smoking is forbidden
10、 here but you are allowed to smoke over there.这里禁止吸烟，但你可以去那里吸。3. 作介词的宾语无论是普通介词还是含介词的动词短语，一般情况下要用动名词作宾语。例：If you insist on doing something，do it every day.如果你坚持做某件事，那就每天做。注意：to既可以作介词，又可以作不定式符号，因此要牢记含介词to的常用短语。to作介词的短语（to后+doing）：be used to（习惯于）be accustomed to（习惯于）be opposed to（反对）object to（反对）lead t
11、o（导致）be devoted to（献身于）come close to（差点）stick to（坚持，坚守）get down to（开始）pay attention to（注意）reduce sb./sth.to（使沦落）例：He is used to getting up early. 他习惯了很早起床。Heart failure can sometimes lead to being killed.心力衰竭有时可能会导致死亡。I was so angry that I came close to hitting him.我如此生气以至于差点儿打他。He was reduced to be
12、gging in the streets.他沦落到沿街乞讨。4. 下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别。1）remember+to do sth.记着要做某事（do后于remember）+doing sth.记得做过某事（do先于remember）例：Remember to lock the door.记得锁门。I remember locking the door.我记得把门锁上了。2）forget+to do sth.忘记要做某事（do后于forget）+doing sth.忘记做过某事（do先于forget）3) regret+to say/tell/
13、inform.遗憾地说/告诉/通知（say/tell/inform后于regret）+doing sth.后悔做过某事（do先于regret）4）stop+to do sth.停下来做另外一件事+doing sth.停下正在做的事例：I stopped digging and looked at him.我停止挖，看着他。He stopped to look at him.他停下来看着他。5）try+to do sth.尽力做某事+doing sth.试着做某事例：Try doing more exercise and you will lose weight.试着多运动，你就会减肥了。I w
14、ill try to improve my habit.我将尽力改进我的习惯。6）mean+to do sth.打算做某事+doing sth.意味着做某事例：Raising salary means increasing purchasing power.涨工资意味着提高购买力。He didnt mean to hurt you.他并没打算伤害你。7）cant help+to do sth.不能帮助做某事+doing sth.情不自禁做某事例：She couldnt help bursting into tears.她禁不住突然大哭起来。That cant help to improve y
15、our English.那对你提高英语水平没有帮助。5. 有些动词既可以用动名词也可用不定式作宾语，但用法不同。1）sb. need (s) / want (s) + to do sthsth. need (s) / want (s) + doing/ to be done例：He needs to leave at once.他需要立即离开。The window needs cleaning/to be cleaned.这扇窗户需要擦一下。2) sth. require (s) + doing/ to be done3) deserve + doing/ to be done4) be wo
16、rthy + to be done/ of being done5) be worth doing例：The place is worth visiting.= The place is worthy to be visited.= The place is worthy of being visited.这个地方值得参观。6. 动词不定式在连词but后面时，如果连词之前有行为动词do的某种形式，那么连词后的不定式不带to, 否则就要带to。例：1、We could do nothing but wait.= We had nothing to do but wait.我们除了等待，什么也做不
17、了。2、We had no choice but to wait.我们除了等待，别无选择。练习：用所给词的适当形式填空1、I dont know whether you happen (hear), but Im going to study in the U.S.A. this September.2、The discovery of new evidence led to the thief (catch).3、The man insisted on (find) a taxi for me even though I told him I lived nearby.4、According
18、 to a recent U.S. survey, children spend up to 25 hours a week (watch) TV.5、Isnt it time you got down to (mark) the papers?6、Oh, my god, I didnt mean (hurt) him! I am so sorry now.7、My new house needs (decorate), for we will marry next year.8、You deserve (shoulder) such an annoying result because of
19、 your carelessness.9、The poor boy can do nothing but (study) hard.10、I regret (state) that you are all late for the meeting.11、We are determined (fulfill) our dream that we will go to Peking University for further study.12、We have to admit (make) a serious error before, for we are far behind at pres
20、ent.13、Any country cant escape (punish) if it attempts to destroy the interests of other countries.14、When at school, teachers are sure to forbid us (go) out to the downtown alone.15、Dont mention it any more! As you know, we have already been accustomed to (live) in the school dormitory.16、Now, it n
21、ot only devotes itself to (sell) books, but combines the functions of the bookstore, caf and the sale of creative cultural products.17、But if you do find it difficult (fall) asleep at night, then you should avoid naps and try to build up healthy sleepiness in the evening.18、Past studies have shown a
22、 link between sleeping less and weighing more, but scientists have had difficulty (determine) which came first, the chicken or the egg? says Julie from the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.19、It is a part of (become) an independent man.20、In my mind, they re helping us to become calm and consider
23、 (win) and solving real problems as well.答案：1.to have heard 2.being caught 3.finding 4.watching 5.marking 6.to hurt 7.to be decorated/decorating 8.shouldering/to shoulder 9.study 10.to state 11.to fulfill 12.having made 13.being punished/punishment 14.to go 15.living 16.selling 17.to fall 18.determi
24、ning 19.becoming20.winning三、非谓语动词作定语1. 不定式作定语1）当名词被序数词或the only，the right等修饰，且该名词是作定语的非谓语动词的执行者时，用不定式主动形式作定语。She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.她是第一位在奥运会上获得金牌的女性。He was the only one to survive the plane crash.他是这次飞机失事中唯一的幸存者。2）有些名词的同源动词常跟不定式作宾语，而这些名词也常跟不定式作定语，常见的有：wis
25、h，decision，refusal，arrangement，intention，agreement，hope，need，plan，promise，failure，attempt，offer，warning等。例句：1、I dont trust his promise to come for a visit.我不相信他来访的诺言。= He promised to come for a visit.2、He said he had no plans to go there.他说他没有要去那里的计划。= He didnt plan to go there.3、He made an attempt
26、to stand up.他试图站起来。= He attempted to stand up.3）有些名词的同源形容词常跟不定式作状语，而这些名词也常跟不定式作定语，常见的有：ability，anxiety，eagerness，willingness，readiness，patience，obligation，determination等。例句：His eagerness to get back home was quite obvious.很明显他急于回家。vs He was eager to get back home.他急于回家。A good teacher must have the a
27、bility to make himself understood.一个好教师必须有把自己的知识讲明白的能力。vsHe is able to make himself understood.他有能力把自己的知识讲明白。4）有些名词常用不定式作定语说明其内容，它们是：chance，opportunity，reason，way，effort，measure，movement，power，right，skill，strength，struggle，idea等不定式可以换成of + doing。例：He has a strange way to make his classes lively and
28、interesting.He has a strange way of making his classes lively and interesting.他有一个奇怪的方法使他的课既生动又有趣。5）中心词是作定语的不定式的动作的执行者，动词不定式所表示的动作一般后于谓语动词或在将来发生。He had no photographs to remind him of the past.他没有照片来使他回顾过去的事情。（remind后于had）Is there anybody to carry on the work？有人要继续这项工作吗？（to carry on表示将来）6）have sth.
29、to do与have sth. to be done的区别相同处：都有“有要做”的意思，不定式必须是及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语。区别：1）have sth.to do句型中，to do的执行者是句子的主语。例：I have a letter to post，so I cant go swimming with you.我有一封信要寄出，因此我不能和你一起去游泳。She has a lot of things to attend to.她有许多事情要处理。2）have sth.to be done句型中，to be done的执行者不是主语而是另有其人。例：I have a letter t
30、o be posted. Can you help me？我有一封信想让别人替我寄出去，你能帮我一下吗？“Do you have any clothes to be washed？”asked the maid.女仆问：“您有衣服要洗吗？”注意：作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面需有相应的介词。例：The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.布朗一家有一幢舒适的房子可以居住。Do you have a cup to drink water with？你有用来喝水的杯子吗？但是，不定
31、式所修饰的名词如果是time，place或way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。例：He had no place to live.他没有地方住。练习：1、They made a decision (put) off the meeting until next week.2、There is no need (build) a dam on the small river.3、Her eagerness (work) will please the boss.4、I want to buy a brush to paint .答案：1、to put 2、to build 3、to work
32、4、with2. 分词作定语1）及物动词分词形式作定语形式用法例句v.ing被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为逻辑上的主动关系，v.-ing形式表示被修饰词的特征I have never seen a more moving movie.我从未看过更动人的电影了。being done被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系且表示动作正在进行The houses being built are for the teachers.正在建的那些房子是为老师建的。done被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系，表示动作已经完成或表状态“Things lost never come again！”I couldnt he
33、lp talking to myself.我不禁自言自语道：“失去的东西不会再来！”2）不及物动词分词形式作定语v.ing 表示动作正在进行过去分词 表示动作已经完成例：boiling water正沸腾的水 vs boiled water白开水falling leaves正在下落的叶子 vs fallen leaves落叶developing countries发展中国家 vs developed countries发达国家3）英语中有些表示感觉的动词，其现在分词形式表示“令人的”，过去分词形式表示“感到的”。an exciting voice令人兴奋的声音 vs an excited voi
34、ce兴奋的声音a puzzling expression令人困惑的表情 vs a puzzled expression困惑的表情3. 动名词作定语动名词作定语，用来说明被修饰词的用途。例：a fishing net渔网（= a net for fishing）a swimming pool游泳池（=a pool for swimming）4. to be done, being done和done作定语的区别to be done 表被动、将来例：The question to be discussed at tomorrows meeting is very important.明天在会上将要
35、讨论的问题非常重要。being done 表被动、正在进行例：Listen！The song being sung is very popular with the students.听！正唱着的这首歌非常受学生们的欢迎。done 表被动、完成例：Have you read the novel written by Dickens？你读过狄更斯写的这部小说吗？练习：用所给动词的适当形式填空1、There are still many problems （solve）before we are ready for a long stay on the Moon.2、1 am fond of th
36、e plan (go) on a trip to Hainan next month.3、The flowers (smell) sweet in the botanic garden attract visitors to the beauty of nature.4、Designated a City of Design by UNESCO in 2008, Shenzhen was the first city in China (present) an official strategy around creative development.5、However, our discus
37、sions are more than just a way (practice) our debating skills.6、I was watching the clock all through the meeting, as I had a train (catch)7、 Its (amaze) news that we will go on a research course next weekend.8、 The fellow (treat) by doctors is exactly my cousin.9、 Its necessary to drink (boil) water
38、 every day, but few people can drink up (boil) water in one minute10、Most colleges now offer first-year students a course specially (design) to help them succeed academically and personally.11、 Actually, it is quite normal for the average person (live) in a city to see thousands of ads every single
39、day.12、During the XXIV Olympic Winter Games which will be held by Beijing in 2022，there will be quantities of people （watch）the sports events.13、There is a note pinned to the door （say）when the supermarket will open again.14、Online，many of them argued that the shows （delay）transmission broke their c
40、hildrens concept of punctuality，and also criticized the non-commercial TV show for surrendering to commercial advertisements.15.Over 2，000 delegates（代表） （choose）from a group of around 89 million party members across the nation will attend the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China.16
41、.The Xiongan New Area， （locate）to the southwest of Beijing，covers an area of about 2，000 square kilometers.答案：1、to be solved 2、to go 3、smelling 4、to present 5、to practice 6、to catch 7、amazing 8、being treated 9、boiled；boiling 10、designed 11、living 12、watching 13、saying 14、delayed 15、chosen 16、located
42、四、非谓语动词作主语、表语1. 不定式、动名词作主语、表语的区别1）不定式：表示具体的动作，尤其是某一次的动作。常见表达：It+be+名词 to do sthIt takes/took sb.+some time to do sthIt be difficult/easy/importantv/ impossible/necessary+for sb. to do sthIt+be+careless/clever/foolish/honest/ kind/lazy/silly/stupid/wise.+of sb. to do sth例：Your task today is to wash t
43、he curtains.你今天的任务是洗窗帘。2）动名词：多指抽象的、概念性的动作，可以是多次的、经常性的行为常见表达：It is/was + no use/good + doing sthIt is/was + not any use/good+ doing sthIt is/was + of little use/good+ doing sthIt is/was + worth+ doing sth例：His favorite sport is swimming.他最喜欢的运动是游泳。Playing with fire is dangerous.玩火会很危险。4.现在分词与过去分词作表语的
44、区别1）现在分词表特征，意为“令人的”例：The film is exciting.这部电影激动人心。2）过去分词表心理状态，意为“（人）感到的”例：He was excited at the news.听到这则消息，他激动不已。5. 非谓语动词作remain的表语主语+remain done doing/done意为：仍然是（remain = be still）主语+remain be done意为：仍需被做例：She remained standing（= was still standing）though we repeatedly asked her to sit down.虽然我们三
45、番五次地请她坐下，但她还是站着。The true author of the book remains unknown（= is still unknown）这本书真正的作者依然不详。Much remains to be done.许多事仍需去做。练习：用所给动词的适当形式填空1、It is no use （cry）over spilt milk.2、First of all， （become）aware of what causes your worry will help to reduce the stress.3、We take care of patients of all ages
46、. There is no type of injury，medical or surgical condition that we are not （equip）to care for.4、A life burdened with work leads you nowhere，for you will get tired and （bore）with your daily routine work.5、As well as the weather，the relaxing atmosphere and nightlife are very （appeal）.6、_（use） mobile p
47、hones for too long tends to make us passive and ignore physical exercise，which will cause obesity and poor eyesight.7、His new idea was （make）the shell shape on the roof into the shape of a ball.8、They may feel （leave）out.9、The robot is （equip）with speakers，microphones and cameras，which makes communi
48、cation easier.答案：1、crying 2、becoming 3、equipped 4、bored5、appealing 6、Using 7、to make 8、left 9、equipped五、非谓语动词作状语1. 不定式、分词作状语的基本原则不定式、分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致，即不定式、分词作状语，必须和句子的主语存在逻辑上的主动或被动关系，否则一般不能使用不定式、分词作状语。2. 不定式作状语1）不定式作目的状语形式位置例句to+动词原形句首，句中In order to/To make a study of kangaroos，he went to Au
49、stralia.为了研究袋鼠，他去了澳大利亚。Her mother plans to fly to Beijing at least four times a year so as to/in order to/to visit her.她母亲计划每年至少四次飞到北京去看她。in order to+动词原形句首，句中so as to+动词原形句中2）不定式作结果状语形式意思例句to+动词原形结果What have I done to offend you？我做什么了结果把你冒犯了？only to+动词原形结果却（表示意外的或事与愿违的结果）Jane hurried back only to f
50、ind that her mother had left.简匆忙赶回来，结果却发现她的母亲已经离开了。so+形容词或副词+as to+动词原形如此以至于Im not so stupid（a fool）as to write it down.我不至于愚蠢到把它写下来。such+名词+as to+动词原形如此以至于It was such a loud noise as to wake everyone in the house.声音很大，屋里的所有人都被吵醒了。enough to+动词原形足够能He is old enough to join the army.他足够大，可以参军了。too.to+
51、动词原形太而不能Im too tired to stay up any longer.我太累了，不能再熬夜了。3）不定式作原因状语用法：形容词作表语时，后面可接不定式作原因状语，用以说明产生这种情绪的原因。常用词：happy, glad, sorry, anxious, proud, disappointed, angry, surprised, ready, delighted, pleased例：You will never know how happy I was to see her yesterday.你永远不会知道昨天看到她时，我是多么高兴。4）不定式的主动形式表被动意义用法：在“
52、主语+系动词+表语（形容词）+to do”结构中，句子的主语与动词不定式有逻辑上的被动关系，且形容词表示主语的特征或性质，这时，需用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。常用词：easy, hard, difficult, important, impossible, interesting , pleasant, nice , comfortable, safe, dangerous例：This question is easy to answer.这个问题容易回答。This book is difficult to understand.这本书很难理解。3.分词作状语时其形式的选择1)分词作状语时
53、其形式的选择形式意义v.ing(doing)与句子主语为逻辑上的主动关系，与句子谓语动词动作同时发生，或基本上同时发生having+v.ed(having done)与句子主语为逻辑上的主动关系，先于谓语动词动作发生v.ed(done)与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系，表完成being+v.ed(being done)与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系，且与谓语动词动作同时发生having been +v.ed(having been done)与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系，且先于谓语动词动作发生2）分词作状语的句法功能句法功能例句时间状语When offered help，one often says
54、Thank youorIts kind of you.当被提供帮助的时候，人们常说Thank you或Its kind of you.原因状语Having been separated from other continents for millions of years，Australia has many animals and plants not found in any other country in the world.和其他大陆分离了数百万年，澳大利亚有许多在世界上任何别的国家都找不到的动植物。条件状语Generally speaking，if taken according
55、to the instructions，the drug has no side effects.一股来说，如果按照用法说明服用，这种药没有副作用。结果状语He glanced at her，noticing that though she was tiny，she seemed very well.他匆匆看了一下她，注意到她虽然很纤弱，但看起来非常健康。让步状语Having been told many times，he still repeated the same mistake.虽然被告诉过好多次了，但他仍然重复犯同样的错误。伴随状语The teacher came into the
56、lab，followed by some students.老师进了实验室，后面跟着一些学生。4. 独立成分作状语定义：有些分词或不定式短语作状语，其形式的选择不受上下文的影响，被称为独立成分。常见独立成分：generally speaking一般来说frankly speaking坦白地说judging from/by 根据来判断considering./taking.into consideration考虑到.to tell you the truth说实话compared to/with与相比5. 独立主格结构非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语应和句子主语保持一致。但有时非谓语动词带有自己的
57、逻辑主语，并在句子中作状语，我们称之为独立主格结构。构成：名词/代词+分词；名词/代词+不定式；with/without+名词/代词+分词/不定式。例：The test finished（= When the test was finished），we began our holiday.考试结束后，我们就开始放假了。The president assassinated（= Because the president was assassinated），the whole country was in deep sorrow.总统被暗杀了，全国上下沉浸在深深的悲痛之中。Weather perm
58、itting（=If weather permits），we are going to visit you tomorrow.如果天气允许的话，我们打算明天去看你。I stood before her with my heart beating fast.我站在她面前，心脏跳得很快。练习：1. Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only (find) it didnt fit.2. Clearly and thoughtfully (write), the book inspires confid
59、ence in students who wish to seek answers of their own.3. Group activities will be organized after class (help) children develop team spirit.4. (spend) the past year as an exchange student in Hong Kong, Linda appears maturer than those of her age.5. The lecture (give ), a lively question-and-answer
60、session followed.6. Here are some tips to help you in managing stress over exam. Its a good idea to talk to your classmates and teachers (share) fears.7. (host ) by the Jinan Municipal Peoples Government, the Jinan winter swimming race has been held for seven successive years.8. And it made me think
61、 that maybe I need to set time aside (tell) the people in my life how much I appreciate what they did.9. On the other side, many Chinese systems have been created (earn) money.10. Throughout Sandras life, she had to move between cities, never (allow) her much time to get settled in one place.答案：1.to find2.written3.to help 4.Having spent5.having been given 6.to share 7.Hosted 8.to tell 9.to earn 10.allowing
