1、考点一 并列连词1.and考点清单用法例句意为“和,并且”,当连接三个或三个以上并列的成分时,一般在最后两者之间加and,其余用逗号分开Solid,liquid and gas are the three states of matter.固态、液态和气态是物质的三种状态。“go(come,stop等)+and+动词”中,“and+动词”相当于in order to+动词Ill go and bring back your boots.=Ill go in order to bring back your boots.我去把你的靴子拿来。“动词+and+动词”,前后为同一动词,表示动作长时间地
2、“继续”或“重复”We waited and waited.我们等呀等。“祈使句+and+陈述句”相当于“if从句+主句”Work hard and you will succeed.=If you work hard,you will succeed.努力工作,你就会成功。2.or3.表示对比、转折关系的并列连词有but,yet,whereas,while等。Jane said she was ill,yet I saw her in the street just now.简说她生病了,但刚才我在街上看到了她。He likes pop music,while I am fond of fo
3、lk music.他喜欢流行音乐,而我喜欢民间音乐。Some of the studies show positive results,whereas others do not.有一些研究结果令人满意,然而其他的则不然。用法例句表示选择,意为“或,还是”Would you prefer tea or coffee?你喜欢茶还是咖啡?“祈使句+or(else)+陈述句”相当于“if.not.+主句”Dress warmly,or else youll catch a cold.穿暖和点儿,否则你会感冒的。此外but还可用于“Im sorry but.”,“Excuse me but.”句型中。
4、I am sorry but I wont be able to come tonight.对不起我今晚不能来。4.表示因果关系的并列连词有so,for等。It must have rained last night,for it is wet all over.昨晚一定下雨了,因为到处都是湿的。The shops were closed,so I didnt get any milk.商店都关门了,所以我没买到牛奶。5.when也可用作并列连词,常用于下列句式:when.We were having a meeting when someone broke in.我们正在开会,这时有人闯了进
5、来。We were about to set off when it suddenly began to rain.我们正打算动身,突然下起了雨。I had just finished my homework when Tom came to me.我刚写完作业,Tom就来找我了。6.both.and.,neither.nor.,not only.but also.等。He spoke with both kindness and understanding.他说话既亲切又善解人意。Neither Tom nor Helen is hard-working.汤姆和海伦都不勤奋。Not only
6、 men but also women were chosen.选中的不仅有男性还有女性。They have a flat in town as well as in the countryside.他们在城里有一套公寓,在乡村也有。题组训练用并列连词填空Shall we go out to the cinema or stay at home?There are many kinds of sports,but my favorite is swimming.Henry is very smart,so many of his classmates like him.Work hard an
7、d you will be admitted to a key university.Hurry up or you will miss the bus.考点二 定语从句一、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别He has two sons,who work in the same company.(He has only two sons.)他有两个儿子,他们在同一家公司上班。He has two sons who work in the same company.(Perhaps he has more than two sons.)他有两个儿子在同一家公司上班。分类用法限制性定语从句对
8、先行词起修饰限制作用非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用。在非限制性定语从句中,先行词与定语从句往往由逗号隔开。非限制性定语从句相当于并列句、状语从句等He failed in the match,which was a great pity.(非限制性定语从句,先行词为前面的句子)(=He failed in the match,and it was a great pity.)他在比赛中失败了,这太令人遗憾了。题组训练句型转换That is his father,and he works in Shanghai.That is his father,who works in Shangh
9、ai.I like the boy,who is very lovely.I like the boy,because/for he is very lovely.He told me a story yesterday,and I thought it was very interesting.He told me a story yesterday,which I thought was very interesting.二、关系代词的用法(一)限制性定语从句中关系代词的用法作用先行词 主语宾语定语及物动词宾语或没被提前的介词宾语被提前的介词宾语指人who/that,aswho/whom/
10、that,aswhomwhose/of whom指物which/that,asthat/which,aswhichwhose/of which1.先行词指人且在定语从句中作主语,需用who/that引导,且不能省略。She is the girl who/that lives next door.她就是住在隔壁的女孩。2.先行词指物且在定语从句中作主语,需用that/which引导,且不能省略。The work that/which has just been finished is very important.刚刚完成的那份工作很重要。3.先行词指物且在定语从句中作宾语,用that或whi
11、ch引导,且可省略that/which。That is the book(that/which)I want to read.那就是我想要读的那本书。4.先行词指人且在定语从句中作宾语,用whom/who/that引导,且可省略whom/who/that。Thats the girl(whom/who/that)I teach.那就是我教的女孩。5.先行词指人或物且在定语从句中作定语,用whose或of whom/of which引导。This is the scientist whose achievements are well known.=This is the scientist,t
12、he achievements of whom are well known.=This is the scientist,of whom the achievements are well known.这就是那位成就卓著的科学家。This is the house whose window broke last night.=This is the house,the window of which broke last night.=This is the house,of which the window broke last night.这就是昨晚窗户被打破的那所房子。(注意等号后定语
13、从句中的定冠词)6.as引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式:We have found such materials as are used in their factory.我们已经找到了像他们工厂里用的那种材料。(as作主语)This book is not such as I expect.这不是我期望的书。(as作宾语)I have the same book as he has.我和他有同样的书。(as作宾语)题组训练用who,whom,that,which,whose,as填空The house whose windows face the north belongs to him.
14、The man who/whom/that you met just now is my old friend.The man who/that is walking in the playground is my old friend.Take the book which/that is lying on the table.She is such a girl as is always finding fault with other people.作用先行词 主语宾语定语及物动词宾语被提前的介词宾语指人whowho/whomwhomwhose/of whom指物whichwhichwh
15、ichwhose/of which句子which,as(二)非限制性定语从句中关系代词的用法1.关系代词在任何情况下都不能省略。I want to buy a dictionary,which is valuable to my learning.(which不能省略)我想买本字典,字典对我的学习很有价值。2.who(主语,宾语),whom(宾语),which(主语,宾语)不能用that代替。This is New York,which I have visited for several times.(which不能用that代替)这就是纽约,我参观过这里好几次了。3.which引导非限制性
16、定语从句时,先行词可以是一个词,也可以是个句子。He was late again,which made the teacher very unhappy.(先行词为整个主句)他又迟到了,这使老师很不高兴。4.关系代词as也可引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为句子,as在从句中作主语、宾语等。As we know,China is a developing country.我们知道,中国是个发展中国家。As is known to us all,China is in the east of Asia.众所周知,中国在亚洲的东部。(三)关系代词除上面的基本用法外,还有下列特殊用法:1.有时为了使表
17、达的意思更清楚,用“which+名词”引导定语从句。He advised me to hide behind the door,which advice I took at once.他建议我躲在门后,我立即照着做了。2.“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句(1)当介词放在关系代词的前面时,关系代词常用which或whom,并且不能省略。He paid the boy$10 for washing ten windows,most of which hadnt been cleaned for at least a year.他付给男孩10美元擦洗10扇窗户,这10扇窗户中大部分至少一年没擦了。I
18、n the dark street,there wasnt a person,to whom she could turn to.在黑暗的街道上一个人也没有,她没有人可以求助。(2)在限制性定语从句中,当介词位于定语从句的末尾时,可用that/which(指物),that/whom/who(指人)作介词的宾语,而且作介词宾语的关系代词可以省略。This is the hero we are proud of.这是我们引以为荣的那个英雄。This is the pen I wrote the letter with.这是我写信时用的那支钢笔。(3)在非限制性定语从句中,“介词+which/who
19、m”中的介词不能移到从句的后面。He has visited Guan No.One High School for several times,in which he has many friends.(in不能放在定语从句句末)他已经参观固安一中几次了,在那里他有很多朋友。(4)“复合介词短语+关系代词which”引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开,定语从句常用倒装语序。He lived in a big house,in front of which stood a big tall tree.他住在一所大房子里,房子前面有一棵又大又高的树。(5)“介词+which/whom+不定式”结
20、构。The poor man has no house in which to live.=The poor man has no house(that/which)he can live in.=The poor man has no house in which he can live.=The poor man has no house to live in.那个穷人没房子住。题组训练单句填空He may win the competition,in which case he is likely to get into the national team.Franks dream is
21、 to have his own garden in which to produce many beautiful flowers.(四)几组关系词的辨析1.关系代词that 和which的区别(1)在限制性定语从句中,用关系代词that不用which的情况:情况例句当先行词是不定代词all,little,few,much,everything,anything,nothing,none,some等时Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?你有什么要为自己说的吗?当先行词被the only,the very(恰恰,正好),
22、any,every,no,all,few,little,much,the right,the last,just 等词修饰时This is the very bus that Im waiting for.这就是我正在等的公共汽车。当先行词是形容词最高级或先行词的前面有形容词最高级修饰时This is the best way that has been used against pollution.这是已经用过的抗污染的最好的办法。当先行词是序数词或它前面有序数词修饰时This train is the first that will go to Suzhou.这是去苏州的第一趟火车。当先行
23、词既有人又有物时Do you know the persons and things that they are talking about?你知道他们正在谈论的人和事吗?当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时Which is the bike that you lost?哪辆是你丢的自行车?有两个定语从句时,其中一个关系代词宜用which,另外一个宜用thatThey secretly built up a small factory,which produced things that could cause pollution.他们偷偷地建了一家小工厂,这家工厂生产会造成污染的东西。当
24、先行词在主句中作表语,而关系代词在从句中也作表语时Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.上海不再是过去的那座城市了。主句是there be句型且关系词在从句中作主语时,用that不用which引导There is a seat in the corner that is still available.在那个角落还有一个座位可用。(2)当先行词指事/物时,定语从句中关系代词用which不用that的情况:情况例句在非限制性定语从句中,只用which,不用thatThe sports meeting was put off,which
25、 astonished me.运动会被推迟了,这使我很吃惊。当动词短语中的介词提前时,只用which,不用that注意:在一些固定搭配的动词短语中,由于动词和介词不可分割,因此不能把介词置于关系代词之前This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.这是鲁迅曾住过的房子。()This is the pen(which/that)Im looking for.这是我正寻找的那支笔。()This is the pen for which Im looking.先行词后面有插入语时,只用which,不用thatHere is the English gram
26、mar book which,as Ive told you,will help You improve your English.这就是我告诉过你的那本英语语法书,它能帮你提高英语。先行词本身就是that时,只用which,不用thatWhats that which flashed through the sky just now?刚才在天空中一闪而过的是什么?I refuse to accept the blame for something that was someone elses fault.Whenever I met her,which was fairly often,sh
27、e greeted me with a sweet smile.All the presents that your friends gave you on your birthday should be put away.This is the very book that I have been looking for.He was late for the opening ceremony,which was very surprising to me.题组训练用关系代词that或which填空2.关系代词as和whichas和which都可以引导非限制性定语从句,先行词为整个主句或主句
28、中的一部分内容,先行词在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语,as与which均不可省略,有时两者可以互换。He married her,as/which was natural.他跟她结婚了,这是很自然的事。(1)下列情况通常只用as而不用which:1)当定语从句置于主句前面时,用as不用which。As you see,the Chinese people are hard-working.(定语从句在句首)正如你所知道的,中国人民是勤劳的。注意下面句子的多种表达方法:题组训练用as,it,what填空What is known to us all is that China has the l
29、argest population in the world.It is known to us all that China has the largest population in the world.As is known to us all,China has the largest population in the world.2)先行词作主语且定语从句使用被动语态时,通常用as不用which,从句谓语通常为:be known,be said,be reported,be announced,be men-tioned等。如果从句是主动语态,一般用which作主语。She has
30、 been absent again,as is expected.她又缺席了,这在预料之中。Tom has made rapid progress,which makes me very happy.汤姆进步很快,这使我很高兴。另外,as常用在下列习惯用语中:as(it)seems likely,as(it)often happens,as(it)was printed out,as(it)was said earlier,as I remember(it),as I understand(it),as(it)appears,as is often the case,as anybody c
31、an see,as we have expected。Jack has won first prize,as it often happens.像往常一样,杰克得了一等奖。She has read widely in Romantic Literature,as it appears from her essay.她广泛涉猎了浪漫主义文学,这从她的文章中可以看出来。(2)下列情况通常用which而不用as:用法例句关系代词代替前面主句中的宾语从句或定语从句的谓语动词后有复合宾语时I dont think that he will come to see me,which makes me sa
32、d.我认为他不会来看我了,这使我伤心。主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时Tom was late for school again and again,which made his teacher very angry.汤姆一次又一次上学迟到,这使得他的老师很生气。当非限制性定语从句是否定句时He pretended not to know me,which I didnt understand.他假装不认识我,我真不明白。非限制性定语从句中的be动词不能省略时,用which;反之用asJane told me she won the match,which was a lie.简告诉我她
33、赢了这场比赛,这是谎话。(was不可省略)As(was)planned,we met at the airport.按照计划,我们在机场相见了。(was可省略)题组训练单句填空 A lot of language learning,as has been discovered,is happening in the first year of life,so parents should talk much to their children during that period.There is no simple answer,as is often the case in science
34、.三、关系副词的用法(一)当关系词在定语从句中作状语时,要用关系副词。其中when=表时间的介词(如:in,at,on,during等)+which;where=表地点的介词(如:in,at,on,under等)+which;why=表原因的介词(如:for)+which。I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.(when=on which)我还记得第一次来北京的那一天。Can you tell me the office where he works?(where=in which)你能告诉我他工作的办公室吗?Do you
35、know the reason why he is absent?(why=for which)你知道他缺席的原因吗?此外,当先行词为situation,case,stage,point等,且关系词在定语从句中作状语时,也要用关系副词where引导。They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.他们已经到了必须分手的地步。题组训练单句填空He wrote a letterwhere he explained what had happened in the accident.Sales direc
36、tor is a positionwhere communication ability is just as important as sales skills.(二)where/when=介词+关系代词(which),有时为表达清楚,还可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from/to等。China is the birthplace of kites,from where kite flying spreads to Japan,Thailand,India and so on.中国是风筝的发源地,从这里放风筝传到了日本、泰国、印度等国家。(三)关系副词when,where可用于非
37、限制性定语从句中,而关系副词why不可以。四、注意way和time后接定语从句的情况1.当先行词是way(意为“方式,方法”)时,引导定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式。What surprised me was not what he said but the way he said it.让我吃惊的不是他说的话,而是他说话的方式。注意下面两个句子中关系词的不同,试比较:The way he explained to us was quite simple.他向我们解释的那种方法很简单。The way he explained the sentence to us was not difficu
38、lt to understand.他向我们解释句子的那种方式不难理解。2.先行词是time,若time作“次数”讲,应用关系代词that引导定语从句,that可省略;若time作“一段时间”讲且作状语,应用关系副词when或“介词at/during+which”引导定语从句。This is the second time(that)the President has visited the country.这是总统第二次访问这个国家了。This was at a time when/during which there were no radios,no telephones or no TV
39、 sets.这是在一个没有收音机、没有电话,也没有电视的时期。题组训练用适当的关系代词、关系副词或“介词+关系代词”填空 I dont like the waythat/in which he laughs at her.This is the second timethat I have been here.Can you still remember the timethat/which we spent together in our childhood?五、定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的比较引导定语从句的关系代词和关系副词除了起连接主句和从句的作用外,它们还有一个最重要的作用,那就是它
40、们分别在定语从句中作成分。具体地说,关系代词在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语或表语,而关系副词在定语从句中作状语。因此,在选择关系词时,最重要的是分析一下定语从句中所缺的成分,若从句中缺主语、宾语、定语或表语,那么需用关系代词;若从句中缺状语,那么需用关系副词。试比较下面的句子:(1)Do you still remember the days(that/which)we spent in Qingdao?你还记得我们在青岛度过的日子吗?(2)Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao?你
41、还记得我们在青岛过暑假的日子吗?在句(1)中,定语从句中缺宾语,因此可用关系代词that/which来引导从句,也可省略;在句(2)中,定语从句中缺时间状语,因此需用关系副词when来引导从句。题组训练用that,when,why,where,which填空I want to know the datewhen you were born.I have forgotten the datethat/which you told me.Do you know the reasonwhy he is absent today?That is the reasonthat/which I want
42、to know.Many countries are now setting up national parkswhere animals and plants can be protected.This is the factorythat/which his father built.考点三 名词性从句一、名词性从句的结构和功能总述名词性从句包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。名词性从句是一种具有名词功能的非独立分句。名词性从句主要有四种从句结构:以that引导的从句;以whether/if引导的从句;以连接代词/副词who,where,why等引导的从句;以what或wh-ev
43、er等引导的名词性关系从句。此外,as if/as though也可引导表语从句。具体用法见下表:主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句作及物动词宾语作介词宾语that一般不省略可以省略一般不省略一般不省略一般不省略whether/if(是否)放于句首时常用whether用whether/if均可,但有区别常用whether常用whether常用whether连接代词/副词注意语序要用陈述句语序名词性关系从句注意语序要用陈述句语序题组训练完成下面句子Can you tell me how I can (我如何能)get to the railway station?These photograph
44、s will show you what our village looks/is like (我们村看上去是什么样子的).二、以that引导的从句(一)主语从句1.that从句作主语时,常用it作形式主语,常见的句型有:句型例句It+be+形容词(obvious,true,natural,surprising,good,wonderful,funny,pos-sible,likely,certain,probable,etc.)+that 从句It is certain that she will do well in her exam.可以肯定她会考得很好。It+be+名词(词组)(no
45、wonder,an honor,a good thing,a pity,no surprise,etc.)+that 从句Its no surprise that our team has won the game.我们队已经赢了那场比赛并不令人惊奇。It+be+过去分词(said,reported,thought,expected,decided,announced,ar-ranged,etc.)+that从句It is said that Mr.Green has arrived in Beijing.据说格林先生已经到北京了。2.在口语中,that常可省略,尤其是在非常短的句子中,但th
46、at从句位于句首时,that是不能省略的。Its a pity(that)youre leaving.你要离开,真遗憾。That we are invited to the concert this evening is good news to us.我们被邀请去参加今晚的音乐会,这对我们来说是个好消息。结构例句+that从句Do you know(that)he has joine d the army?你知道他参军了吗?+it+宾补+that从句He has made it clear that he will not give in.他不会屈服的,这一点他已明确表示了。(二)that从
47、句作宾语从句1.that从句可作及物动词的宾语,常用的结构有:2.that从句作介词宾语,常用结构有:结构例句in/except+that从句He is a good student except that he is a little bit careless.他是个好学生,就是有点儿粗心。He differed from his classmates in that he devoted his spare time to read-ing.他和他的同学不同的地方在于他把空闲时间用在了读书上。其他介词+it+that从句You may depend on it that I shall a
48、lways help you.你可以相信我会一直帮助你的。从句用法例句表语从句that从句作表语从句,that一般不可省略My decision is that all of us are to start at 6 oclock tomorrow morning.我的决定是我们所有人明天早上6点出发。同位语从句that从句作同位语从句,that不可省略Theres a feeling in me that well never know what a UFO is.我有一种感觉,我们将永远不会知道不明飞行物是什么。(三)that引导的从句作表语从句、同位语从句(四)that引导同位语从句与t
49、hat引导的定语从句的区别题组训练单句填空It is obvious to the students that they should get well prepared for their future.The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true.从句用法例句同位语从句对前面的名词起补充说明的作用同位语从句不缺任何成分The news that our football team won the match was encouraging.我们足球队赢了比赛的消息令人鼓舞。定语从句对先行词起修饰限制的作用定语从句是残缺
50、的句子The news(that)we heard on the radio was not true.我们在收音机里听到的那则消息不是真的。从句用法例句表语从句只用whetherThe problem is whether the meeting will be held.问题是是否要举行会议。同位语从句只用whetherI have no idea whether the meeting will be held.我不知道会议是否会举行。三、以whether/if(是否)引导的从句(一)whether/if(是否)引导的表语从句、同位语从句(二)whether/if(是否)引导的主语从句条
51、件连接词例句句首whetherWhether the meeting will be held is still a problem.是否要开会仍然是个问题。it作形式主语,主语从句置于句末与or not直接连用whetherIt makes no difference whether or not he comes.他是否来无关紧要。与表示选择的or.连用whetherIt makes no difference whether he comes or leaves.他是来还是去无关紧要。与or not不直接连用whether或ifIt makes no difference whether
52、/if he comes or not.他是否来无关紧要。引导词条件例句只用whether不用if与or not直接连用I dont care whether or not he comes.我不在乎他是否来。与表示选择的or.连用I dont care whether he will leave or stay.我不在乎他是去还是留。为了强调宾语从句将宾语从句提前时Whether he will come I am not sure.他是不是来我拿不准。Whether he is married I dont know.他是否已婚我不清楚。(三)whether/if(是否)引导的宾语从句只用
53、whether不用if用if表示“是否”容易产生歧义时Please let me know whether you need help.请告诉我你是否需要帮助。对比:Please let me know if you need help.如果你需要帮忙请告诉我。/请告诉我你是否需要帮助。后加不定式I dont know whether to go there.我不知道(我)是否去那里。作介词宾语It depends on whether you can do the work well.那取决于你是否能做好这项工作。作discuss的宾语We are discussing whether we
54、 will accept his offer.我们正讨论是否接受他的帮助。只用if不用whether宾语从句为否定句I dont care if he doesnt come.我不在乎他是否来。用if或whether均可宾语从句中不含or(not)He didnt tell me if/whether he would come.他没告诉我他是否来。与or not不直接连用I dont care whether/if he comes or not.我不在乎他是否来。题组训练用whether/if填空It is still under discussion whether the old bu
55、s station should be re-placed with a modern hotel or not.I am not sure whether/if he will come here or not.This decision will have an effect on whether or not he will succeed.四、连接代词/副词where,who,how,why等引导的从句(一)连接代词/副词引导的主语从句连接代词/副词引导主语从句时,常用it作形式主语。如:It makes no difference where we shall have the me
56、eting.我们在哪儿开会都无所谓。It has not been decided yet who will preside over the meeting.由谁来主持会议还没有决定。(二)连接代词/副词引导的宾语从句1.能接连接代/副词引导的宾语从句的动词有很多,常见的有see,tell,ask,know,decide,imagine,suggest,doubt,wonder,show,discuss,understand,in-form,advise等。I cant imagine how he did it.我不能想象他是如何做的这件事。They couldnt understand
57、why I refused it.他们不明白我为什么拒绝这件事。2.作介词宾语。如:It all depends on how we solve the problem.这完全要看我们如何解决这个问题。We are worrying about what we should do next.我们正在为下一步该做什么而烦恼。(三)连接代词/副词引导的表语从句、同位语从句The problem is where we should stay.问题是我们应该待在哪里。(表语从句)The question how I shall get in touch with him has not been a
58、nswered.我如何能和他取得联系的问题还没有得到答复。(同位语从句)题组训练单句填空Im afraid hes more of a talker than a doer,which is why he never finished anything.Many young people in the West are expected to leave what could be lifes most important decisionmarriagealmost entirely up to luck.五、以what或wh-ever等引导的名词性从句what可用来引导名词性从句,此时wh
59、at=the thing(s)which/that,有时what可以用作前置定语,如what help,what funny stories等。此外,whoever=anyone who;whichever=anyone who/anything that(whichever也可指人);whatever=anything that(whichever和whatever也可作定语)。有时where(=the place where)和when(=the time when)也可以用来引导名词性从句。(一)主语从句What they need is a good textbook.他们需要的是一本
60、好课本。Whatever he likes will be given to him.他喜欢的任何东西都会给他。Whichever book he bought would be paid for.无论他买了哪一本书都要付款。Whoever did this job must be rewarded.无论谁干了这项工作一定要得到酬谢。(二)宾语从句She will give whoever(=anyone who)needs help warm support.凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。(作动词宾语)I spent what little time I had with my fa
61、mily.我仅有的那一点时间都与家人在一起度过了。(作动词宾语)She walked up to where(=the place where)he stood.她走到他站着的地方。(作介词宾语)I can judge by what(=the things that)I know of him.我可以根据我对他的了解来判断。(作介词宾语)You can write about whatever topic(=any topic that)you prefer.你可以写你喜欢的任何话题。(作介词宾语)(三)表语从句This is where our problem lies.这就是我们的问题所
62、在。Tomorrow is when it would be the most convenient.明天是最方便的时候。(四)同位语从句I gave the girl a big doll,exactly what she longed to have.我给了这个女孩一个大洋娃娃,那正是她渴望拥有的东西。(五)宾语补足语Well make him whatever he is fit for.他适合干什么,我们就培养他干什么。Ill call the baby whatever name you like.你喜欢什么名字,我就叫这个小孩什么名字。He has made the company
63、 what it is today.他把公司办成了今天这个样子。题组训练单句填空 Whichever one of you breaks the window will have to pay for it.The book can be of help to whoever wants to do the job.She is very dear to us.We have been prepared to do whatever it takes to save her life.How about camping this weekend,just for a change?OK,wha
64、tever you want.六、名词性从句的几个易混点(一)that通常不可省略的情况1.that引导的主语从句置于句首时;That prices will go up is certain.物价要上涨是肯定的。2.当一个句子有两个或多个并列的宾语从句时,引导第二个和以后几个从句的that不可省略;He told me he had to leave and that he would be back soon.他告诉我他得离开且很快就回来。3.由it作形式宾语时,that引导的宾语从句中的that大多不可省略。You can put it that it was arranged befo
65、re.您可以说这是之前安排好的。(二)as if/as though,because,why也可引导表语从句。It looked as if it was going to rain.看起来天好像要下雨。Thats because he didnt work hard enough.那是因为他不够努力工作。That was why I asked for three days leave.那就是为什么我请了三天假。注意:because引导表语从句时,主句主语不能是reason或cause,而且since和as不能引导表语从句。考点四状语从句一、时间状语从句(一)when,while,as1.从
66、属连词when既可引导一个持续性动作,也可引导一个短暂性动作;可用于主句动作和从句动作同时发生,也可用于从句动作先于主句动作发生的情况。When I lived there,I used to go to the seashore on Sundays.我住在那里时,星期天常到海滨去。When the film ended,the people went back.电影一结束,看电影的人便回去了。2.从属连词while引导的动作必须是持续性的,侧重主句动作和从句动作相对比。Please dont talk so loud while others are working.别人在工作时请别那么大
67、声谈话。3.从属连词as可表示从句和主句的两个动作交替进行或同时完成,可译为“一边,一边”或“随着”。He hurried home,looking behind as he walked.他匆匆忙忙回家去,一边走一边回头望。As time goes on,its getting warmer and warmer.随着时间的推移,天气变得越来越暖和了。4.如果主句表示的是短暂性动作,而从句用延续性动词的进行时态表示在一段时间内正在进行的动作,此时when,while与as可互换使用。When/While/As I was walking down the street,I came acro
68、ss an old friend of mine.当我沿大街行走时,碰巧遇到了我的一个老朋友。题组训练用when,while,as填空 When/While/As I was waiting at the bus stop,I noticed a police car in front of the store.When John arrived,I was cooking lunch.As he grew older,he lost interest in everything except gardening.(二)as soon as,immediately,directly,the m
69、oment,the minute,the instant和once(一就)这些从属连词引导的从句都表示从句的动作一发生,主句的动作随即发生,常译为“一就”。The boy burst into tears immediately he saw his mother.那个男孩一见到他妈妈便放声大哭。注意:no sooner.than.;hardly/scarcely.when.也可表示“一就”,这一结构的时态搭配为:no sooner与hardly/scarcely所在的主句的谓语动词应用过去完成时,而than与when引导的从句的谓语动词应用一般过去时。此外,当把no sooner和hardl
70、y/scarcely提到句首时,其所在的主句应用倒装语序。题组训练单句填空He had no sooner finished his speech than the students started cheer-ing.You will be successful in the interview once you have confidence.Just use this room for the time being,and well offer you a larger one as soon as it becomes available.(三)till,until和not.until
71、1.肯定句:主句的谓语动词必须是延续性动词,主句、从句都为肯定式,意为“某动作一直延续到某时间点才停止”。He remained there until/till she arrived.他在那儿一直待到她来。You may stay here until/till the rain stops.你可以在这里待到雨停。2.否定句:主句的谓语动词必须是非延续性动词,从句为肯定式,意为“某动作直到某时间才开始”。He wont go to bed till/until she returns.直到她回来他才会去睡。3.till不可以置于句首,而until可以。Until you told me I
72、 had no idea of it.直到你告诉我,我才知道此事。4.not until.句型的强调和倒装用法。直到你告诉我,我才知道这件事。It was not until you told me that I had any idea of it.(强调句型)Not until you told me did I have any idea of it.(not until置于句首,主句要部分倒装)题组训练同义句转换I didnt leave until she came back.Not until she came back did I leave.It was not until s
73、he came back that I left .(四)before和since1.若表达“还未就;不到就;才;还没来得及就”时,需用连词before。We had sailed four days and four nights before we saw land.我们航行了四天四夜才看到陆地。We hadnt run a mile before he felt tired.我们跑了还不到一英里他就感到累了。Before I could get in a word,he had measured me.我还没来得及插话,他就已经给我量好了尺寸。2.before从句中谓语不用否定式。Bef
74、ore they reached the station,the train had gone.他们到火车站前(他们还没到火车站),火车就已开走了。3.“It will be/was+一段时间+before.”常翻译成:才;就。It was half a year before I came back.半年后我才回来。It wont be long before we meet again.过不了多长时间我们就会再见面了。4.since从句的谓语动词一般是非延续性动词,主句的谓语动词是延续性的或者是反复发生的动作。since从句的时态若是一般过去时,主句中的时态常是现在完成时或现在完成进行时。
75、I have written home four times since I came here.自从我来到这儿,我已经给家里写过四封信了。She has been working in this factory since she left school.她离开学校以后就一直在这个工厂工作。5.在“It is+一段时间+since从句”句型中,since引导的从句的谓语动词若是延续性动词,常理解为某一状态的终止;若是终止性动词,则理解为某一动作的开始。It is three years since the war broke out.(终止性动词)自战争爆发以来已有三年了。It is thr
76、ee years since I smoked(=since I stopped smoking).(延续性动词)我不吸烟已有三年了。如果译成“我吸烟已有三年了”,应为:It is three years since I began to smoke.(终止性动词)题组训练英译汉It is three years since she was in our class.她离开我们班已有三年了。It is three years since he lived here.他不在这儿住已有三年了。单句填空As is reported,it is 100 years since the universi
77、ty was founded.Because of the heavy traffic,it was time for lunch when she got to her office.I have heard a lot of good things about you since I came back from abroad.(五)every time,each time,next time,the last time,any time等名词短语用来引导时间状语从句,表示“每当;每次;下次”等。Every/Each time I was in trouble,he would come
78、to help me out.每当我处于困境,他就会来帮助我。Next time you come,do remember to bring your son here.下次你来这里的时候,一定记着把你儿子带来。The last time she saw James,he was lying in bed.上次她看见詹姆斯的时候,他正躺在床上。二、地点状语从句引导地点状语从句的从属连词where,wherever指具体地点时,从句可用于主句之前或之后;表示抽象条件的含义时,从句需放在主句之前。We should go where the Party needs us most.我们应到党最需要
79、我们的地方去。You are free to go wherever you like.你愿意去哪里就去哪里。Where there is a will,there is a way.有志者,事竟成。Where there is smoke,there is fire.无火不生烟。/无风不起浪。题组训练单句填空After the war,a new school building was put up where there had once been a theatre.I have kept the portrait where I can see it every day,as it a
80、lways reminds me of my university days in London.三、原因状语从句1.引导原因状语从句的从属连词主要有:because,as,since,now that。每个连词的含义不尽相同。区别连词 位置内涵语气能否回答以why开头的问句能否被强调because(因为)主句前或后直接因果关系强能能as(由于)主句前或后双方都知道的原因弱不能不能since/now that(既然)主句前I was absent from the meeting because I was ill.因为我病了,所以我没有参加会议。As it is raining,we sha
81、ll not go to the park.由于在下雨,我们不去公园了。Now that/Since everybody is here,lets begin our meeting.既然大家都在这里,我们开始开会吧。2.此外,when,seeing that,considering that也可以表示原因,意为:既然;考虑到。It was foolish of you to take a taxi when you could walk there in five min-utes.既然你在5分钟之内能步行到那里,却坐出租车,真够愚蠢的。题组训练单句填空Now that my head ha
82、d cleared,my brain was also beginning to work much better.四、目的状语从句引导目的状语从句的从属连词有:so that,in order that,in case等。1.in order that,so that两个连词都意为“以便;为了”,它们引导的状语从句中常用情态动词。in order that比so that正式,引导的状语从句可置于主句之前或之后,而so that引导的从句只能置于主句之后。Ill speak slowly so that you can understand me.我会慢慢说,以便你能明白我的意思。In or
83、der that we might see the sunrise,we started for the peak early.为了能看到日出,我们很早就出发去了山顶。2.for fear that与in case引导目的状语从句时,for fear that表示“唯恐,以免”某事会发生;in case表示“以防(万一)”出现某种情况。Mary didnt want to get out of bed for fear that she might wake her baby(up).玛丽不想起床,生怕吵醒她的宝宝。Take your raincoat in case it rains.带上雨
84、衣以防下雨。题组训练单句填空I took my driving license with me on holiday,in case I wanted to hire a car.She finally ran away for fear that her parents would scold her.五、结果状语从句1.引导结果状语从句的从属连词有:so that,so.that.,such.that.。在非正式语体中,由so.that.,such.that.引导的从句中的that可以省略,注意其结构:Mike is such an honest worker that we all be
85、lieve in him.=Mike is so honest a worker that we all believe in him.迈克是一个如此诚实的工人,以至于我们都信任他。It is such fine weather that we all want to go to the park.天气如此晴朗,以至于我们都想去公园。He earned so little money that he couldnt support his family.他挣这么少的钱,以至于养不起家。注意:(1)为了强调形容词和副词,当so或such置于句首时,主句要用倒装语序。So clever a stu
86、dent was he that he was able to work out all the difficult problems.他是如此聪明的一个学生,以至于能够解出所有难题。(2)当so或such所在的主句主语与结果状语从句中的主语一致时,还可简化为:so/such.as to.。He was so clever a student that he was able to work out all the difficult problems.He was so clever a student as to be able to work out all the difficult
87、prob-lems.题组训练用so,such填空It is not surprising that such little worms eat so little grain.Can you believe that in such a rich country there should be so many poor people?He isso smart a boy that I like him very much.2.除结果状语从句外,too.to.(太而不能),enough to.(达到某种程度可以)等结构同样可以表示结果。他起床太晚了,没有赶上那班公共汽车。He didnt ge
88、t up early enough to catch the bus.=He got up too late to catch the bus.题组训练同义句转换He is so young that he cant join the army.He is not old enough to join the army.He istoo young to join the army.He isso young as not to join the army.3.such.that.引导的状语从句与such.as.引导的定语从句的区别。首先观察两个句子:He is such a clever b
89、oy as everyone likes.他是一个人人都喜爱的聪明孩子。He is such a clever boy that everyone likes him.他是一个如此聪明的孩子,以至于人人都喜欢他。第个句子中everyone likes成分残缺,缺少宾语,故可判断此处为定语从句;第句中everyone likes him结构完整,不缺任何成分,故可判断此处为状语从句。题组训练用as,that填空Such adviceas he was given proved almost worthless.It was such a boring speech that I fell asl
90、eep.六、条件状语从句引导条件状语从句的从属连词有:if,unless(=if.not如果不;除非否则),so/as long as(只要),in case(如果),on condition that(条件是),sup-pose/supposing(that)(假设),providing/provided that(如果)等。Youll fail the exam unless you study hard(=if you dont study hard).除非你努力学习,否则你考试会不及格。As long as you dont lose heart,you will succeed.你只
91、要不灰心就会成功。Suppose/Supposing(that)they refuse us,who else can we turn to for help?假如他们拒绝了我们,我们还能求助于谁?In case there is a fire,what will we do first?如果发生火灾,我们首先做什么?题组训练单句填空Unless our manager objects to Toms joining the club,we shall ac-cept him as a member.You may use the room as you likeas/so long as y
92、ou clean it up afterwards.七、方式状语从句引导方式状语从句的从属连词有:as,as if,as though等。方式状语从句应放在主句之后。其中as if或as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气,但如果从句中所陈述的情况很可能实现,也可用陈述语气。Do as you are told,or youll be fired.叫你做什么你就做什么,否则你会被解雇。The old lady treats the boy as if he were her own grandson.(虚拟语气)这位老太太对待这个男孩就像他是她自己的孙子似的。I feel as if I h
93、ave a fever.(陈述语气)我感觉我好像发烧了。题组训练单句填空Leave the table as it is.Jack wasnt saying anything but the teacher smiled at him asif he had done something very clever.八、让步状语从句1.although/though(尽管,虽然),even though/even if(即使,尽管)引导的让步状语从句。although与though两者意思相同,一般可互换,都可以与yet,still或never-theless连用,但不能和but连用。He is
94、unhappy,though/although he has a lot of money.虽然他很有钱,但他并不幸福。Although/Though it was raining hard,yet they went on playing football.虽然雨下得很大,但他们还是继续踢足球。Even though it is raining,well go there.(陈述语气)尽管下着雨,我们也要去那里。Even if I were busy,I would go.(虚拟语气)即使忙,我也要去。注意:though还可用作副词,意为“可是,然而”,置于句末。如:He said he w
95、ould come;he didnt,though.他说他会来,可是他没有来。2.whether.or.(不管还是),疑问词+-ever与no matter+疑问词(不管;无论)引导的让步状语从句。Whether you believe it or not,it is true.不管你相信与否,那都是真的。Whatever(=No matter what)you say,he wont believe you.无论你说什么,他都不会相信你。Whoever you are(=No matter who you are),you must obey the rules.无论你是谁,你都要遵守规则。
96、注意:whoever,whatever,whomever,whichever还可以引导名词性从句。You can take whatever you like.(宾语从句)你喜欢什么就可以拿什么。3.when,while也可作从属连词表让步,while常用在句首,when常用在句中,相当于although。Suddenly,she stopped when she ought to have continued.尽管她应该继续下去,她却突然停住了。While I admit that there are problems,I dont agree that they cannot be solved.尽管我承认有问题存在,但我不同意说这些问题不能解决。It was a nice meal,though a little expensive.While/Although/Though all of them are strong candidates,only one will be chosen for the post.题组训练单句填空
