1、通悟语法系列高效解答语法填空必须掌握的基础知识一、学会划分句子成分(一)主要成分1.主语主语是动作发出者。一般由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、从句或名词化形容词等充当。一般位于句首,而在there be句型和倒装句中,主语常位于be动词、助动词、谓语动词或情态动词之后。若不定式短语作主语,常用it作形式主语,则把真正的主语(不定式短语)放在句后。(2020全国卷)Its hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him,but research indicates that the numbers have been rising fo
2、r some time.很难说到底有多少人同意他的观点,但研究表明,这一数字已经上升了一段时间。【小题快练】(2020江苏高考)I was in the middle of the Amazon(亚马逊)with my wife,_was there as a medical researcher.(2018浙江高考)They realize how cheap _can be to eat out.whoit2.谓语谓语用于表示主语的动作或者表示主语具有的特征或状态,常位于主语之后。常用作谓语的主要有动词和动词短语等。谓语与主语在人称与数方面要相互照应,即主谓一致。【小题快练】(2020江苏
3、高考)We used to think that insects _(be)the smallest organisms.You must weigh the _(benefit)against the cost.werebenefits(二)次要成分1.宾语宾语用于表示动作涉及的对象或承受者,一般位于及物动词或者介词之后。常用作宾语的主要有名词、代词、数词、动名词、不定式、宾语从句等。【小题快练】She walked up to the desk and asked _(see)the manager.I appreciate _(give)this opportunity.He sugge
4、sted _(take)the children to the zoo.to seebeing giventaking2.补足语补足语分为主语补足语和宾语补足语。宾语补足语简称宾补,是对宾语进行补充说明的句子成分,一般放在宾语之后。常用作宾补的有名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、从句等。这种句型中的“宾语+宾语补足语”可统称为“复合宾语”。The book in the study must be kept in good order.书房里的书必须放得井井有条。You must keep the classroom clean.你必须保持房间清洁。【小题快练】.单
5、句语法填空He could hear his heart _(beat)fast.After hours in the cold and wet,he reached inside and pulled the wallet out hoping to find some ID so he could contact the driver,only _(discover)it contained 400 in notes,with another 50 in spare change beside it.beatingto discover.完成句子We dont allow such thi
6、ngs _(再一次发生).She made him _(放弃吸烟).to happen againgive up smoking3.表语表语用于说明主语的身份、特征、属性或状态等,常位于be,become,get,keep,look,grow,seem,sound,turn等系动词之后。常用作表语的主要有名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动名词、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、表语从句等。【小题快练】(2020新高考全国卷)As the author explains,this _(be)neither a travel nor a history book,or even a pie
7、ce of reportage.(2020全国卷)The good news is _its simple to learn and can be worth the effort.I felt _(frighten)as I waited for the mysterious man.It is _(surprise)that he should have been so stupid.isthatfrightenedsurprising4.定语定语是用于对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,单词作定语时常放在被修饰词之前,而短语或从句作定语时,往往放在被修饰词之后。常用作定语的有名
8、词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、介词短语、动名词、动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词、定语从句等。【小题快练】(2020全国卷)I think all writers should support libraries in a _(significance)way when they can.(2020全国卷)She wondered if centuries of diving could have led to the evolution of physical characteristics _made the task easier for them.His _(surprise)look
9、suggested that he knew nothing about it.significantthat/whichsurprised5.状语状语用于修饰动词、形容词、副词、其他状语或整个句子,说明动作或状态的特征,以及时间、地点、原因、目的等,其位置不固定。常用作状语的有介词短语、副词、形容词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词、状语从句等。【小题快练】.单句语法填空(2019全国卷)As data and identity theft becomes more and more common,the market is growing for biometric technologiesli
10、ke fingerprint scans _(keep)others out of private e-spaces.to keep.完成句子(2020全国卷)There are three books I reread _(每年地)._(从太空看),the Earth is a blue sphere.annuallySeen from the space6.同位语同位语用于对名词或代词的进一步解释说明,且与之前的名词或代词在语法上处于同等的地位,常位于名词或代词之后。常用作同位语的有名词、名词短语、数词、代词、同位语从句等。如:(2020浙江高考)“Adaptive signals can
11、 make sure that the traffic demand that is there is being addressed,”says Alex Stevanovic,a researcher at Florida Atlantic University.佛罗里达大西洋大学的研究员亚历克斯斯特万诺维奇说:“自适应信号可以确保现有的交通需求得到满足。”They each grabbed a shovel and began to shovel dirt into the well.他们每人拿了一把铲子,开始往井里铲土。(2020天津高考)This led Jones to the c
12、onclusion that there are too many extremely lonely people in his community,who are easy targets of cheating.这让琼斯得出了结论,在社区中有太多极其孤独的人,他们很容易成为行骗的目标。【小题快练】(2020江苏高考)It is not a problem _we can win the battle;its just a matter of time.They each _(play)a key role in allowing the“background search”to happe
13、n without a page reload.whetherplay（一）划分句子成分的基本方法分析句子结构首先要找出主语和谓语。然后,再分析其他的词和短语,确定它们的成分。1.如果说明名词或代词,有三种情况:修饰关系,是定语。如:(2020 天津高考)Directed sound is a new technology that allows companies to use sound in much the same way spotlights(聚光灯)are used in the theater.定向声音是一种新技术,它使公司能够像剧院使用聚光灯一样使用声音。(directed,
14、new和the same均修饰后面的名词,故是定语。)解释说明的关系,在语法上又处于同等地位,是同位语。如:(2020全 国 卷)Psychologist Susan Levine,an expert on mathematics development in young children at the University of Chicago,found children who play with puzzles between ages 2 and 4 later develop better spatial skills.芝加哥大学幼儿数学发展专家、心理学家苏珊莱文发现,在2岁至4岁
15、之间玩拼图游戏的儿童后来会发展出更好的空间技能。(an expert on mathematics development in young children at the University of Chicago为Susan Levine的同位语。)逻辑上的主谓(或主系表)关系,意义上的补充,是补足语。如:(2020全国卷)I encourage readers to go to their local library when they cant afford to purchase a book.我鼓励读者在买不起书的时候去当地的图书馆。(readers和to go to their
16、local library逻辑上构成主谓关系,故to go to their local library作宾语补足语。)2.如果说明动词,有两种情况:修饰关系,是状语。如:(2020江苏高考)When something new turns up,more often than not,we do not even know its name.当新事物出现时,我们通常甚至不知道它的名字。(more often than not用来修饰动词know,作状语)动作的对象或承受者,是宾语。如:(2020浙江高考)To show the versatility(多面性)of the short pla
17、y,I have included a guidance play,a radio play and a television play.为了展示短剧的多面性,我把一部指导剧、一部广播剧和一部电视剧包括在其中。(the versatility作动词show的宾语;a guidance play,a radio play and a television play作动词include的宾语。)3.如果说明形容词,有两种情况:修饰关系,是状语。如:(2020江苏高考)Before one of these workouts,the men skipped breakfast,meaning tha
18、t they exercised on a completely empty stomach after a long overnight fast(禁食).在其中一次锻炼之前,这些人不吃早餐,这意味着他们在长时间禁食后完全空腹进行锻炼。(completely用来修饰形容词empty,作状语)词义的补充,一般是定语。如:(2020江苏高考)Beaten first by the march of technology and lately by the terrible weather in junkyards(废品场),the phone boxes representative of an
19、 age are now making something of a comeback.最早被科技进步打败,最近又被废品场的恶劣天气打败,代表一个时代的电话亭现在又卷土重来。(representative of an age修饰phone boxes,作定语。)4.在系动词后,说明主语的特征、状态和身份等,是表语。如:(2020全国卷)The best books are the ones that open further as time passes.最好的书是那些随着时间推移而不断开放的书。(the ones作系动词are的表语)5.如果和句子没有语法联系,较独立成分,则为插入语。包括:
20、Hey!I didnt expect to meet you here.嗨!我没想到会在这儿遇到你。Dear,dear!Where have I put my keys?哎呀!我把钥匙放在哪啦?(2020全国卷)As a novelist,Ive found a new relationship with libraries.作为一名小说家,我发现了与图书馆的新关系。（二）英语句子的主干结构根据句子成分,英语简单句可归纳为 3个主干结构句型:1.句型:There be+主语+地点状语(或时间状语)(存在句)用来表示人或事物的存在、出现等意义,而且大都是用于描述性文章中。表示“(客观)存在、有”
21、。这里的there没有实际意义,不可与副词“there那里”混淆。【小题快练】完成句子There _a rain this afternoon.今天下午可能有雨。There _a tall building across the river over there.那边河对面耸立着一幢高层建筑物。There was a car _last night.昨晚有辆车被偷了。may bestandsstolen2.句型:主系表结构S+V+P句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做系动词。表示状态的系动词有:be,look,
22、seem,appear,smell,taste,sound,keep,remain等。表示转变或结果的系动词有:become,get,grow,turn,go,come,prove等。【小题快练】完成句子With winter coming on,it is _day by day.冬天慢慢到来,天气也一天比一天冷了起来。(2020江苏高考)Physical exercise before breakfast _health.早餐前体育锻炼对健康更有益。The pizza _without any cheese at all.不加奶酪的比萨饼很好吃。getting colder and col
23、deris better fortastes delicious3.句型:主谓宾结构 S+V+O按照是否含有宾语和宾语的不同形式,包括下列4种结构:(1)S+V(主+谓)句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。常见的有:appear,apologize,arrive,come,die,disappear,exist,fall,happen,rise等。【小题快练】完成句子His heart broke when his wife _.他妻子死时他的心都碎了。Her son used sign language to tell her wh
24、at _.她儿子用手语告诉她发生了什么事。His voice _almost to a scream.他提高了嗓门,几乎在尖叫。(2)S+V+O(主+谓+宾)谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语产生的动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须后接一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。diedhappenedrose【小题快练】完成句子(2020江苏高考)As a result,they _during walks on an empty stomach than when they had eaten first.结果,他们空腹散步时燃烧的脂肪比先吃早饭后锻炼时多。(2020 天津高考
25、)You will _me soon.你很快就会收到我的信。They will _at a ceremony in Stockholm.他们会在斯德哥尔摩举行的仪式上接受颁奖。burned more fathear fromreceive their awards(3)S+V+O+O(主+谓+宾+宾)有些谓语动词必须后接两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者,另一个是动作的间接承受者。这种句型中,作间接宾语的常常是“人”,作直接宾语的常常是“物”。如:He gave us good advice on the work.他对这项工作给我们提出了很好的建议。这种句型可以转化
26、为其他两种句型:动词+宾语+for sb.;动词+宾语+to sb.。例如:He gave good advice on the work to us.【小题快练】完成句子He told _.他告诉我们为什么我们应该热爱我们的祖国。He cooked us _.=He cooked a delicious meal _.他给我们做了一顿美味的饭菜。He _the envelope and we parted.他给了我那个信封,我们就告别了。us why we should love our countrya delicious mealfor usgave me(4)S+V+O+C(主+谓+宾
27、+补)有些及物动词,如果只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,这样才能使意思完整。宾语与其补足语有逻辑上的主谓关系。常用于这种句型的动词有:appoint,call,choose,elect,entitle,find,make(使、让),name等。【小题快练】完成句子I heard a song _just now.刚才我听到一首歌正在被唱。Without knowledge,we can never make our country _.没有知识,我们就不能使我们国家更加富强、强大。I hear someone _the door.我听到有人正在敲门。(2020 天津高考)Youll find _easier to get a copy of whatever youre looking for.你会发现找一份你要找的东西更容易。being sungricher and strongerknocking onit
