1、专题四各具特色的句法简单句、并列句、三大从句及特殊句式第一讲简单句和并列句 思维导图一、简单句简单句就是由一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)构成的句子。简单句有五种基本句式，其他各种句式都是由这五种基本句式演变而来。1主语谓语(不及物动词)Whats worse，I dont communicate well in my family.更糟糕的是，在家庭中我不善交流。And I can play outside too!我也可以在外面玩！2主语谓语(及物动词)宾语宾语可以由名词、代词、动名词、不定式等来充当。I plan to find a parttime job in a fo
2、reign capital company.我计划在一家外资公司里找一份兼职。3主语系动词表语(1)本句型中的连系动词以be为最多。此外还有少数其他的连系动词，如appear，become，get，grow，look，prove，remain等。(2)表语多为形容词，也可以是名词、介词短语、不定式及分词等。Tang Poetry is what we are going to learn the next class，scheduled on July 20 in the school library.唐诗是我们下一节课将要学习的内容，定于7月20日在学校图书馆进行。This is surel
3、y a good chance for more people to see them.对于更多的人来说这确实是观看它们的一次好机会。The “Foreign Cultures” section in our newspaper is very popular among us students.我们报纸的“外国文化”栏目非常受我们学生的欢迎。4主语谓语(及物动词)间接宾语直接宾语(1)该句式中表示人的是间接宾语，表示物的是直接宾语。一般间接宾语在前面，直接宾语在后面。如果将间接宾语置于直接宾语之后，则需借助介词to或for。(2)要跟双宾语的动词有：ask，bring，buy，cost，fe
4、tch，give，hand，lend，offer，pass，pay，read，return，save，sell，send，show，take，teach，tell，write等。That surely gave us a great sense of achievement.那确实给了我们一种极大的成就感。Now，on behalf of my schoolmates，I wish you a safe return.现在，我代表全校同学，祝你们一路平安。5主语谓语(及物动词)宾语宾语补足语(1)宾语补足语是用来补充说明宾语的情况的，直接跟在宾语之后。(2)作宾语补足语的主要是名词、形容词、不
5、定式和分词，副词和介词短语等也可以用作宾语补足语。要跟名词或形容词作宾语补足语的及物动词有：call，consider，choose，elect，feel，find，get，keep，make，name，paint，push，set，suppose，think，turn等。动词不定式作宾语补足语的三种情况要跟带to的不定式作宾语补足语的及物动词有：ask，expect，force，get，order，permit，persuade，tell，want，warn等。要跟不带to的不定式作宾补的动词有have，make，let，listen to，hear，notice，see，watch，fee
6、l动词help后作宾补的不定式可以带to，也可以不带to。I would like you to join our schools table tennis team.我想让你加入我们学校的乒乓球队。Your contribution will certainly make the event a huge success.你的贡献将会使得这次活动获得巨大成功。In fact，he inspires me to major in English in college.事实上，他鼓励我在大学主修英语。二、并列句并列句由两个或两个以上并列而又独立的简单句构成。在并列句中，这些简单句常由并列连词(短
7、语)连在一起。1转折/对比连词(but，while)It often rains in the south，while it seldom rains in the north.在南方经常下雨，然而在北方很少下雨。2递进顺承连词(and，not only.but (also)，neither.nor，both.and，not.but.)Not only did he speak more correctly，but (also) he spoke more easily.他不仅说得更正确，而且说得更轻松。3选择连词(or，either.or) Would you like to leave o
8、r would you like to stay?你是想走还是想留？4因果连词(for，so)He must have been caught in the rain，for he is wet all over.他一定淋雨了，因为他全身都湿了。5一些固定句式(1)when可用于并列连词，意为“这时，那时”，相当于and this/that time。常用于下列句式：be about to do sth when.正要做某事，这时突然be on the point of doing sth when. 正要做某事，这时突然be doing sth when. 正在做某事，这时突然had don
9、e sth when. 刚做了某事，这时突然He was about to go to school when a strong wind began to blow.他正要去上学，这时突然刮起了大风。(2)“祈使句and/or陈述句”，有时祈使句部分也可用名词短语。Register in WeChat，and you will be able to get in touch with the friends whom you havent seen for a long time.在微信上注册后，你就能与很久没见面的朋友取得联系了。.单句语法填空1It was time for her to
10、 have a new baby，_ it was also time for the young panda to be independent.(2016四川高考)答案and根据语境可知，“It was time for.”和“it was also time for.”之间是并列关系，故用and连接。2One day，the cow was eating grass_it began to rain heavily.(广东高考)答案whenbe doing sth when.“正在做某事，这时突然”。3But the river wasnt changed in a few days _
11、 even a few months.(新课标全国卷)答案or“a few days”和“a few months”之间为选择关系，因此要用or连接。4We were told that our rooms hadnt been reserved for that week，_for the week after.(广东高考)答案butnot.but.为固定结构，表示“不是而是”。.单句改错1At the end of our trip，I told my father that I planned to return every two years，but he agreed.(2018全国
12、卷)答案butand根据句意可知，此处表示并列关系，用并列连词and。2Everyone was silent，waiting to see who would be called upon to read his and her paragraph aloud.(2018全国卷)答案andor考查连词。此处表示“他的或者她的”段落，应该属于一种选择关系，而不是并列关系。3I have grown not only physically，and also mentally in the past few years.(2017全国卷)答案andbutnot only.but also.是固定短
13、语，意为“不但而且”。4Every day he makes sure that fresh vegetables or high quality oil are used for cooking.(2016全国卷)答案orand根据语境可知，新鲜的蔬菜与高品质的油二者之间为并列关系而非选择关系。5We can choose between staying at home and taking a trip.If we stay at home，it is comfortable but there is no need to spend money.(2016全国卷)答案butand第二句句
14、意：我们如果待在家里，会感觉舒适，还不花钱。根据句意可知，“comfortable”与“no need to spend money”之间是并列关系，而不是转折关系。.单句语法填空1I was just going to have a swim when I noticed a strange object in the sea.(2019成都模拟)2Smile at life，and it will shine on you.(2019泉州模拟)3It is easy to make a decision，but_hard to stick to it.(2019衡水中学模拟)4The ot
15、her day I was doing some grocery shopping when/and a man walked toward a group of us at the checkout stand.(2019抚州模拟)5We may not be able to recall the things we have heard or seen, but_they are all kept there in the storehouse of the human mind.(2019哈尔滨模拟)6Mr.Lee says slower runners，and those who on
16、ly ran once or twice a week，were helped nearly as much as those who ran faster and further.(2019沈阳模拟)7Some of us let these dreams die，while/but_others protect them and take care of them through bad days until they bring them to the sunshine and light which comes always to those who sincerely hope th
17、at their dreams will come true.(2019榆林模拟)8The short road，the easy path and the light load all lead to lower grades in school of life.(2019遵义模拟)9Then we are really old，when we cannot move any longer，we can be proud of our achievements that we have ever experienced in happiness and we can say we have
18、no regret in our lives.(2019兰州模拟)10The novel is remarkable not only for its huge cast of characters and psychological scope，but also for its precise and detailed observation of the life and social structures of 18thcentury Chinese society.(2019湖南师大附中模拟).单句改错1I forgave him but gave him a hug.(2019遵义模
19、拟)butand2When I was 10，once my parents were away on business，but I had to stay at home alone for a day.(2019会宁一中模拟) butand/so3There is only a little rain and the weather is neither too hot or too cold.(2018成都龙泉二中模拟)ornor4We can take a bus and ride a bike to get there.(2019惠州模拟)andor5He worriedly ask
20、ed me to lie down，drink some water or have a good rest.(2019沈阳模拟)orand6I enjoyed the pleasant or exciting trip.(2019南昌模拟)orand7I found a good place for swimming and I was just about to jump into the river while there came a cry.(2019石家庄模拟)whilewhen8The result was not good，because I regarded it as a
21、challenge，whose process was the most important.(2019巴彦淖尔模拟)becausebut9It seems to me that autumn is the most grand and impressive season in a year.First of all，neither can I suffer summers heat，or can I go through winters coldness at this time.(2019邢台模拟)ornor10Though not very big，but the restaurant
22、is popular in our area.去掉but.语法填空(2019陕西高三模拟)Harvard is older than the United States.In the early 1630s some settlers suggested that a university 1._ (found) just to improve the quality of their descendants so that they could 2._ (well) build the new home.Thus，it was established in 1636 by vote of t
23、he Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.Like many other 3._ (university) at that time，the Harvard at the early stage often ran into financial crisis.The school board often had to go to Europe to raise 4._ (donate)，but as you can predict，they often came back 5._ their hands empty.I
24、n 1638，John Harvard，pastor of Charlestown，passed away.He left his library and half his estate to the institution，6._ were the biggest donation ever since its establishment.Therefore，the university was named after his name.Today，you can find a statue of John Harvard 7._ (stand) in front of the Univer
25、sity Hall in Harvard Yard，and it is perhaps the Universitys best 8._ (know) landmark.Like other world famous universities，Harvard too has many colleges and Harvard Business School is one of them.There is 9._ saying in education that Harvard is the crown of American education 10._ Harvard Business Sc
26、hool is the shining diamond on it.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。哈佛大学历史悠久，是当时的殖民者为了提高他们后代的文化素质而建立的。文章介绍了哈佛大学创建初期遇到的困难、名称的来历以及其地位。1be founded被动语态和虚拟语气题。主语a university和动词found之间是被动关系，故用被动语态；suggest表示“建议”时，后接从句，从句用虚拟语气，谓语动词用(should)动词原形。2better考查副词的比较级。十七世纪三十年代早期，一些殖民者建议建立一所大学以提高他们后代的素质，这样他们就能更好地建造新的家园。根据语境可知，空处表示“更好地
27、”，故用副词比较级。3universities考查名词的复数形式。和当时的其他许多大学一样，早期的哈佛大学经常遭遇金融危机。university为可数名词，该处表示“其他许多大学”，故该处用复数形式。4donation(s)考查名词。学校董事会经常不得不去欧洲筹集捐款，但正如你所能预测的，他们经常空手而归。根据该句中的及物动词raise可知，空处作该及物动词的宾语，故用名词形式。5with考查介词。with表示“具有，带有”，符合语境。6which考查定语从句。分析该句结构可知，该句为非限制性定语从句，句中his library and half his estate为先行词，故用which引
28、导该定语从句。7standing考查非谓语动词。今天，你可以在哈佛广场的大学礼堂前找到一尊站立的John Harvard的塑像。John Harvard和动词stand之间为逻辑上的主谓关系，故用现在分词作宾语补足语。8known考查形容词。根据空处后的名词“landmark”可知，空处修饰该名词，表示“知名的，著名的”，故用形容词known。9a考查不定冠词。该处泛指“一个格言”，且saying的发音以辅音音素开关，故用不定冠词a。10and考查连词。在教育界有一句名言：哈佛是美国教育的王冠，哈佛商学院是它上面的闪亮的钻石。空前的“Harvard is the crown of Americ
29、an education”和空后的“Harvard Business School is the shining diamond on it”为并列关系，故用连词and。.短文改错Now I still remember what happened to me one day when I was six，play outside of Grandpas house.I saw my grandpas truck and think，Grandpa shouldnt have to drive so an ugly truck.Then I found some paint in his ga
30、rage.How a good idea！I got a brush and painted small lovely flower all over the truck.I was on the roof finishing the job while Grandpa walked up to the truck.He looked very surprising.I was afraid of being scolded，and he didnt blame me.Instead of，he said to me，“Lily，thats prettiest truck Ive ever s
31、een！”答案Now I still remember what happened to me one day when I was six， outside of Grandpas house.I saw my grandpas truck and ，Grandpa shouldnt have to drive an ugly truck.Then I found some paint in his garage. a good idea！I got a brush and painted small lovely all over the truck.I was on the roof finishing the job Grandpa walked up to the truck.He looked very .I was afraid of being scolded， he didnt blame me.Instead ，he said to me，“Lily，thats prettiest truck Ive ever seen！”
