1、阅读理解C专练5篇Passage 1(2017江苏,C)A new commodity brings about a highly profitable, fast-growing industry, urging antitrust(反垄断)regulators to step in to check those who control its flow. A century ago, the resource in question was oil. Now similar concerns are being raised by the giants(巨头)that deal in da
2、ta, the oil of the digital age. The most valuable firms are Google, Amazon, Facebook and Microsoft. All look unstoppable.Such situations have led to calls for the tech giants to be broken up. But size alone is not a crime. The giants success has benefited consumers. Few want to live without search e
3、ngines or a quick delivery. Far from charging consumers high prices, many of these services are free(users pay,in effect, by handing over yet more data). And the appearance of new-born giants suggests that newcomers can make waves, too.But there is cause for concern. The internet has made data abund
4、ant, all-present and far more valuable, changing the nature of data and competition. Google initially used the data collected from users to target advertising better. But recently it has discovered that data can be turned into new services:translation and visual recognition, to be sold to other comp
5、anies. Internet companies control of data gives them enormous power. So they have a“Gods eye view”of activities in their own markets and beyond.This nature of data makes the antitrust measures of the past less useful. Breaking up firms like Google into five small ones would not stop remaking themsel
6、ves:in time, one of them would become great again. A rethink is requiredand as a new approach starts to become apparent, two ideas stand out.The first is that antitrust authorities need to move from the industrial age into the 21st century. When considering a merger(兼并), for example, they have tradi
7、tionally used size to determine when to step in. They now need to take into account the extent of firms data assets(资产)when assessing the impact of deals. The purchase price could also be a signal that an established company is buying a new-born threat. When this takes place, especially when a new-b
8、orn company has no revenue to speak of, the regulators should raise red flags.The second principle is to loosen the control that providers of on-line services have over data and give more to those who supply them. Companies could be forced to reveal to consumers what information they hold and how mu
9、ch money they make from it. Governments could order the sharing of certain kinds of data, with users consent.Restarting antitrust for the information age will not be easy. But if governments dont want a data economy controlled by a few giants, they must act soon.1.Why is there a call to break up gia
10、nts?A.They have controlled the data market.B.They collect enormous private data.C.They no longer provide free services.D.They dismissed some new-born giants.2.What does the technological innovation in Paragraph 3 indicate?A.Data giants technology is very expensive.B.Googles idea is popular among dat
11、a firms.C.Data can strengthen giants controlling position.D.Data can be turned into new services or products.3.By paying attention to firms data assets, antitrust regulators could . A.kill a new threatB.avoid the size trapC.favour bigger firmsD.charge higher prices4.What is the purpose of loosening
12、the giants control of data?A.Big companies could relieve data security pressure.B.Governments could relieve their financial pressure.C.Consumers could better protect their privacy.D.Small companies could get more opportunities.答案语篇解读本文为说明文,属于社科类文章。文章说明了人们在受益于大数据的同时,还成就了一些通过数据发财的商业巨头。为了防止这些巨头控制某一领域和市
13、场,政府需要采取行动。1.A推理判断题。根据第二段第一句中的“Such situation”可知答案在第一段,第一段暗示出分化商业巨头的原因是他们控制了数据市场,故答案为A项。2.C细节理解题。根据第三段最后两句可知答案是C项。3.B细节理解题。根据第五段第二、三句可知选B项。4.D推理判断题。根据第六段可知,大数据规则的松动可以让小公司获得更多的机会,故选D项。Passage 2(2018江苏,C)If you want to disturb the car industry, youd better have a few billion dollars:Mom-and-pop carmak
14、ers are unlikely to beat the biggest car companies. But in agriculture, small farmers can get the best of the major players. By connecting directly with customers, and by responding quickly to changes in the markets as well as in the ecosystems (生态系统), small farmers can keep one step ahead of the bi
15、g guys. As the co-founder of the National Young Farmers Coalition (NYFC, 美国青年农会) and a family farmer myself, I have a front-row seat to the innovations among small farmers that are transforming the industry.For example, take the Quick Cut Greens Harvester, a tool developed just a couple of years ago
16、 by a young farmer, Jonathan Dysinger, in Tennessee, with a small loan from a local Slow Money group. It enables small-scale farmers to harvest 175 pounds of green vegetables per houra huge improvement over harvesting just a few dozen pounds by handsuddenly making it possible for the little guys to
17、compete with large farms of California. Before the tool came out, small farmers couldnt touch the price per pound offered by California farms. But now, with the combination of a better price point and a generally fresher product, they can stay in business.The sustainable success of small farmers, th
18、ough, wont happen without fundamental changes to the industry. One crucial factor is secure access to land. Competition from investors, developers, and established large farmers makes owning ones own land unattainable for many new farmers. From 2004 to 2013, agricultural land values doubled, and the
19、y continue to rise in many regions.Another challenge for more than a million of the most qualified farm workers and managers is a non-existent path to citizenshipthe greatest barrier to building a farm of their own. With farmers over the age of 65 outnumbering (多于) farmers younger than 35 by six to
20、one, and with two-thirds of the nations farmland in need of a new farmer, we must clear the path for talented people willing to grow the nations food.There are solutions that could light a path toward a more sustainable and fair farm economy, but farmers cant clumsily put them together before us. We
21、 at the NYFC need broad support as we urge Congress to increase farmland conservation, as we push for immigration reform, and as we seek policies that will ensure the success of a diverse and ambitious next generation of farmers from all backgrounds. With a new farm bill to be debated in Congress, c
22、onsumers must take a stand with young farmers.1.The author mentions car industry at the beginning of the passage to introduce .A.the progress made in car industryB.a special feature of agricultureC.a trend of development in agricultureD.the importance of investing in car industry2.What does the auth
23、or want to illustrate with the example in paragraph 2?A.Loans to small local farmers are necessary.B.Technology is vital for agricultural development.C.Competition between small and big farms is fierce.D.Small farmers may gain some advantages over big ones.3.What is the difficulty for those new farm
24、ers?A.To gain more financial aid.B.To hire good farm managers.C.To have farms of their own.D.To win old farmers support.4.What should farmers do for a more sustainable and fair farm economy?A.Seek support beyond NYFC.B.Expand farmland conservation.C.Become members of NYFC.D.Invest more to improve te
25、chnology.答案语篇解读本文是一篇说明文。小规模农场主通过自身对行业的快速反应、使用快速收割机等手段在效率方面也不输于大规模农场主。但是现在的农业也面临一些困难,为了有一个更可持续的、更公平的农业经济局面,美国青年农会要获得更多的支持。1.B细节理解题。题干意思是:作者在文章开头提到汽车行业是为了引出。根据第一段可知,作者提及汽车行业是为了引出农业的特点,故选B。2.D推理判断题。题干意思是:在第二段通过举例作者想说明什么?由第二段内容可知,作者举例说明了在使用快速收割工具前后,小规模耕作生产效率的变化。故选D。3.C细节理解题。题干意思是:对于新一代农民来说他们的困难是什么?根据第三段
26、第二句话“一个重要因素就是确保土地的利用。”和第四段第一句话“对于超过一百万的最有资质的农民和经理的又一个挑战就是没有公民渠道建设自己的农场的最大障碍。”可知,应该选C项。4.A细节理解题。根据题干关键词“a more sustainable and fair farm economy(一个更可持续、更公平的农场经济)”可把答案定位在最后一段。文章第一段最后一句说明了美国青年农会(NYFC)的功能,最后一段第二句话中的“当我们督促议会去加强农耕地保护的同时,我们需要更广泛的支持”可知答案应该选A。Passage 3(2015江苏,C)Suppose you become a leader in
27、 an organization. Its very likely that youll want to have volunteers to help with the organizations activities.To do so,it should help to understand why people undertake volunteer work and what keeps their interest in the work.Lets begin with the question of why people volunteer.Researchers have ide
28、ntified several factors that motivate people to get involved.For example,people volunteer to express personal values related to unselfishness,to expand their range of experiences,and to strengthen social relationships.If volunteer positions do not meet these needs,people may not wish to participate.
29、To select volunteers,you may need to understand the motivations of the people you wish to attract.People also volunteer because they are required to do so.To increase levels of community service,some schools have launched compulsory volunteer programs.Unfortunately,these programs can shift peoples w
30、ish of participation from an internal factor(e.g.,“I volunteer because its important to me”)to an external factor(e.g.,“I volunteer because Im required to do so”).When that happens,people become less likely to volunteer in the future.People must be sensitive to this possibility when they make volunt
31、eer activities a must.Once people begin to volunteer,what leads them to remain in their positions over time?To answer this question,researchers have conducted follow-up studies in which they track volunteers over time.For instance,one study followed 238 volunteers in Florida over a year.One of the m
32、ost important factors that influenced their satisfaction as volunteers was the amount of suffering they experienced in their volunteer positions.Although this result may not surprise you,it leads to important practical advice.The researchers note that attention should be given to“training methods th
33、at would prepare volunteers for troublesome situations or provide them with strategies for coping with the problem they do experience”.Another study of 302 volunteers at hospitals in Chicago focused on individual differences in the degree to which people view“volunteer”as an important social role.It
34、 was assumed that those people for whom the role of volunteer was most part of their personal identity would also be most likely to continue volunteer work.Participants indicated the degree to which the social role mattered by responding to statements such as“Volunteering in Hospital is an important
35、 part of who I am.”Consistent with the researchers expectations,they found a positive correlation(正相关)between the strength of role identity and the length of time people continued to volunteer.These results,once again,lead to concrete advice:“Once an individual begins volunteering,continued efforts
36、might focus on developing a volunteer role identity. Items like T-shirts that allow volunteers to be recognized publicly for their contributions can help strengthen role identity”.1.People volunteer mainly out of. A.academic requirementsB.social expectationsC.financial rewardsD.internal needs2.What
37、can we learn from the Florida study?A.Follow-up studies should last for one year.B.Volunteers should get mentally prepared.C.Strategy training is a must in research.D.Volunteers are provided with concrete advice.3.What is most likely to motivate volunteers to continue their work?A.Individual differe
38、nces in role identity.B.Publicly identifiable volunteer T-shirts.C.Role identity as a volunteer.D.Practical advice from researchers.4.What is the best title of the passage?A.How to Get People to VolunteerB.How to Study Volunteer BehaviorsC.How to Keep Volunteers InterestD.How to Organize Volunteer A
39、ctivities答案语篇解读本文为说明文,题材为社会生活类,内容是分析影响志愿者参与志愿者活动并坚持下去的原因。1.D推理判断题。根据文章第二段的内容可知,人们做志愿者主要是出于内在(internal)需求。2.B推理判断题。根据文章第四段的内容可知志愿者“必须做好心理上的准备”,故选B。3.C推理判断题。根据第五段第一、二句可知最有可能激励志愿者继续工作的是role identity。4.A主旨大意题。本文分析了人们参与并坚持志愿者活动的原因,所以“如何让人们参与志愿者活动”是最好的标题,故选A。Passage 4(2016江苏,C)El Nio, a Spanish term for “
40、the Christ child”, was named by South American fishermen who noticed that the global weather pattern, which happens every two to seven years, reduced the amount of fishes caught around Christmas. El Nio sees warm water, collected over several years in the western Pacific, flow back eastwards when wi
41、nds that normally blow westwards weaken, or sometimes the other way round.The weather effects, both good and bad, are felt in many places. Rich countries gain more from powerful Nios, on balance, than they lose. A study found that a strong Nio in 1997-98 helped Americas economy grow by$15 billion, p
42、artly because of better agricultural harvests:farmers in the Midwest gained from extra rain. The total rise in agricultural incomes in rich countries is greater than the fall in poor ones.But in Indonesia extremely dry forests are in flames. A multi-year drought(干旱)in south-east Brazil is becoming w
43、orse. Though heavy rains brought about by El Nio may relieve the drought in California, they are likely to cause surface flooding and other disasters.The most recent powerful Nio, in 1997-98, killed around 21,000 people and caused damage worth$36 billion around the globe. But such Nios come with mon
44、ths of warning, and so much is known about how they happen that governments can prepare. According to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), however, just 12% of disaster-relief funding in the past two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance, rather than recovery and rebuilding afterwards.
45、This is despite evidence that a dollar spent on risk-reduction saves at least two on reconstruction.Simple improvements to infrastructure(基础设施)can reduce the spread of disease. Better sewers(下水道)make it less likely that heavy rain is followed by an outbreak of the disease of bad stomach. Stronger br
46、idges mean villages are less likely to be left without food and medicine after floods. According to a paper in 2011 by Mr Hsiang and co-authors, civil conflict is related to El Nios harmful effectsand the poorer the country, the stronger the link. Though the relationship may not be causal, helping d
47、ivided communities to prepare for disasters would at least reduce the risk that those disasters are followed by killing and wounding people. Since the poorest are least likely to make up for their losses from disasters linked to El Nio, reducing their losses needs to be the priority.1.What can we le
48、arn about El Nio in Paragraph 1?A.It is named after a South American fisherman.B.It takes place almost every year all over the world.C.It forces fishermen to stop catching fish around Christmas.D.It sees the changes of water flow direction in the ocean.2.What may El Nios bring about to the countries
49、 affected?A.Agricultural harvests in rich countries fall.B.Droughts become more harmful than floods.C.Rich countries gains are greater than their losses.D.Poor countries suffer less from droughts economically.3.The data provided by ODI in Paragraph 4 suggest that.A.more investment should go to risk
50、reductionB.governments of poor countries need more aidC.victims of El Nio deserve more compensationD.recovery and reconstruction should come first4.What is the authors purpose in writing the passage?A.To introduce El Nio and its origin.B.To explain the consequences of El Nio.C.To show ways of fighti
51、ng against El Nio.D.To urge people to prepare for El Nio.答案语篇解读本文是一篇说明文,主要介绍了厄尔尼诺现象名称的由来、发生的时间、造成的影响,督促人们加强风险前资金的投入,改进基础设施,为厄尔尼诺现象的发生做好准备。1.D细节理解题。根据文章第一段的El Nio sees warm water, collected over several years in the western Pacific, flow back eastwards when winds that normally blow westwards weaken,
52、or sometimes the other way round.可知厄尔尼诺现象见证了大海中水流方向的变化。故选D。2.C细节理解题。根据文章第二段的Rich countries gain more from powerful Nios, on balance, than they lose.可知总的来说富裕国家收获的比失去的多,故C项正确。3.A推理判断题。根据文章第四段第三句According to the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), however, just 12% of disaster-relief funding in the p
53、ast two decades has gone on reducing risks in advance.可知在过去二十年里仅有12%的灾难救济资金用于提前降低风险,因此第四段旨在说明应该投入更多的资金来降低风险。4.D主旨大意题。综合全文内容并结合文章最后一段可知本文旨在督促人们为厄尔尼诺现象做好准备。Passage 5(2019天津,C)How does an ecosystem(生态系统) work? What makes the populations of different species the way they are? Why are there so many flies
54、 and so few wolves? To find an answer, scientists have built mathematical models of food webs, noting who eats whom and how much each one eats.With such models, scientists have found out some key principles operating in food webs. Most food webs, for instance, consist of many weak links rather than
55、a few strong ones. When a predator(掠食动物) always eats huge numbers of a single prey(猎物), the two species are strongly linked; when a predator lives on various species, they are weakly linked. Food webs may be dominated by many weak links because that arrangement is more stable over the long term. If
56、a predator can eat several species, it can survive the extinction(灭绝)of one of them. And if a predator can move on to another species that is easier to find when a prey species becomes rare, the switch allows the original prey to recover. The weak links may thus keep species from driving one another
57、 to extinction.Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable, where small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems. In the 1960s, scientists proposed that predators at the top of a food web had a surprising amount of control over the size
58、of populations of other speciesincluding species they did not directly attack.And unplanned human activities have proved the idea of top-down control by top predators to be true. In the ocean, we fished for top predators such as cod on an industrial scale, while on land, we killed off large predator
59、s such as wolves. These actions have greatly affected the ecological balance.Scientists have built an early-warning system based on mathematical models. Ideally, the system would tell us when to adapt human activities that are pushing an ecosystem toward a breakdown or would even allow us to pull an
60、 ecosystem back from the borderline. Prevention is key, scientists say, because once ecosystems pass their tipping point(临界点), it is remarkably difficult for them to return.1.What have scientists discovered with the help of mathematical models of food webs?A.The living habits of species in food webs
61、.B.The rules governing food webs of the ecosystems.C.The approaches to studying the species in the ecosystems.D.The differences between weak and strong links in food webs.2.A strong link is found between two species when a predator.A.has a wide food choice B.can easily find new preyC.sticks to one p
62、rey speciesD.can quickly move to another place3.What will happen if the populations of top predators in a food web greatly decline?A.The prey species they directly attack will die out.B.The species they indirectly attack will turn into top predators.C.The living environment of other species will rem
63、ain unchanged.D.The populations of other species will experience unexpected changes.4.What conclusion can be drawn from the examples in Paragraph 4?A.Uncontrolled human activities greatly upset ecosystems.B.Rapid economic development threatens animal habitats.C.Species of commercial value dominate o
64、ther species.D.Industrial activities help keep food webs stable.5.How does an early-warning system help us maintain the ecological balance?A.By getting illegal practices under control.B.By stopping us from killing large predators.C.By bringing the broken-down ecosystems back to normal.D.By signaling
65、 the urgent need for taking preventive action.答案语篇解读本文为说明文,主题语境为人与自然,主题语境内容为自然环境。地球上的生态系统是如何运转的呢?物种之间有的关系非常紧密,有的关系疏远,科学家用数学模型来弄清生态系统运转的奥秘。本文有助于培养学生的思维品质。1.B细节理解题。本题题干意为:在食物网数学模型的帮助下科学家们已经发现了什么?第二段第一句话(利用这种模型,科学家们已经发现了一些在食物网运行过程中的关键原则)与B项(影响生态系统食物网的规则)相符,故选B项。A:在食物网中物种的生活习惯。C:研究生态系统中物种的方法。D:食物网中关系疏远和
66、关系紧密的区别。2.C细节理解题。本题题干意为:当一个捕食者,我们会从两个物种之间找到一个紧密的关系。第二段第三句话(当一个捕食者总是大量吃一种猎物的时候,这两个物种之间就建立起了紧密的关系)与C项(坚持吃一个物种的猎物)相符,故选C项。A:有广泛的食物选择。B:能很容易找到新的猎物。D:能很快迁徙到另一个地方。3.D推理判断题。本题题干意为:如果食物网顶端的捕食者数量大量减少,会发生什么事?根据第三段第一句(数学模型也揭示出食物网可能不稳定,顶端的捕食者的小小变化都会给整个生态系统带来巨大影响)可知,当食物网顶端的捕食者数量大幅度减少时,食物网中的其他物种的数量会受到意想不到的影响,故选D项
67、。A:它们直接捕食的猎物物种会灭绝。文中没有提及会灭绝,排除A项。B:它们不直接捕食的物种会变成顶端捕食者。C:其他物种的生活环境会保持不变。4.A推理判断题。本题题干意为:从第四段的例子中我们可以得出什么结论?第四段中以人类在海洋中捕食顶端捕食者鳕鱼和在陆地上大量杀死顶端捕食者狼为例来解释说明第一句话。结合These actions have greatly affected the ecological balance.可知A项(不受控制的人类活动极大地打乱了生态系统)与此相符,故选A项。B:快速的经济发展威胁到了动物的栖息地。C:具有商业价值的物种控制了其他物种。D:工业活动有助于保持食物网稳定。这三项文中均没有信息提及。5.D推理判断题。本题题干意为:一个早期的警报系统会如何帮助我们保持生态平衡?根据最后一段的描述:这套预警系统可以告诉我们什么时候调整将生态系统推向崩溃的人类活动或甚至能将生态系统从崩溃边缘拉回。预防是关键,一旦生态系统超过了临界点那就非常难恢复了。D项(这套系统通过发出紧急信号来让我们采取预防措施)与此相符,故选D项。A:通过控制非法行为。B:通过阻止我们捕杀大型捕食者。这两项文中没有信息提及。C:通过把遭到破坏的生态系统拉回到正常状态。 预警系统本身不能做到这一点,它只能给人类发出信号。
