1、重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地一、主语Period Four Grammar(1)&Grammar(2)主语定义主语是一个句子所叙述的主体。主语一般位于句首，但在there be结构、疑问句(当主语不是疑问词时)和倒装句中，主语位于be动词、助动词或情态动词后面。主语表现形式名词Antarctica is the coldest place on Earth.重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地主语表现形式代词We often speak English in class.数词One third of the students in this class are girls.不定式To
2、swim in the Lijiang River is a great pleasure.动名词Smoking does harm to the health.名词化的形容词The rich are not always happy.主语从句When we are going to have an English test has not been decided yet.it作形式主语It is necessary to master a foreign language.介词短语作主语From Shanghai to Nanjing is about 300 kilometers.重点语
3、法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地主谓一致(1)语法一致原则：指主语是单数形式，谓语动词用单数形式，主语是复数形式，谓语也用复数形式。They often play football on the playground.他们经常在操场上踢足球。(2)意义一致：指主语形式上为单数，但意义为复数，因此谓语动词用复数形式；或主语形式上为复数，但表示单数意义，这时谓语动词用单数形式。My family are having lunch now.我们一家人现在正吃午饭。Twenty dollars is too expensive for the book.这本书20美元太贵了。重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思
4、巧学园地主谓一致(3)就近一致：指谓语动词用单数形式还是用复数形式，取决于最靠近它的主语。Not only the teacher but also his students like playing football.不仅老师喜欢踢足球，而且他的学生也喜欢踢足球。There is a pen and some books on the desk.课桌上有一支钢笔和一些书重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地注意事项(1)动词不定式、动名词，或者主语从句作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。To say something is usually easier than to do something
5、.说一些事往往要比做一些事容易。Whether he will come is still unknown.他是否会来还不知道。注意：当若干个动词不定式、动名词或主语从句被and连接起来当主语时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。What he says and what he does dont agree.他言行不一致。重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地注意事项由what引导的主语从句，谓语动词通常用单数，但所指的具体内容若是复数意义时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。What we need is more time.我们需要的是更多的时间。(2)“就近一致”原则。当一个句子有两个主语，这两个主语又是由
6、“not only.but also”，“either.or.”，“neither.nor”连接起来时，谓语动词和离它最近的主语保持一致。Not only he but also I am good at English.我们俩英语都不错。重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地注意事项(3)当名词词组中心词为表示度量、距离、金额、时间、书名等复数名词时，常作为一个整体来看，谓语动词用单数。25，000 miles is a long distance.两万五千里是很长的一段路程。(4)由and连接的两个并列主语谓语动词一般用复数。Plastics and rubber never rot.塑料与
7、橡胶永远不会腐烂。重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地注意事项注意：当and连接的并列单数主语前分别有every，each，no修饰时，谓语动词用单数。In our country，every boy and every girl has the right to receive education.在我们国家，男孩女孩都有受教育权。Each man and each woman in this office is asked to attend the party.办公室里的人无论男女都被邀请出席晚会。重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地注意事项(5)the 形容词可表示一类人或一类事物。其
8、谓语动词有所差异。若表一类人作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。若表一类事物作主语时，谓语动词一般用单数形式。The beautiful is loved by all.人人都爱美。(6)如果主语是单数，尽管后面跟有“with”，“together”，“as well as”，“as much as”，“no less than”，“along with”，“with”，“like”，“rather than”，“together with”，“but”，“except”，“besides”，“including”，“in addition to”等词时，谓语动词通常用单数形式。重点语法精析解码
9、书面表达勤思巧学园地注意事项The teacher as well as the students is looking forward to the summer holiday.老师与学生们都在盼望着暑假。The factory，including its machines，was burnt last night.昨晚上工厂及里边的机器全被烧掉了。The mother along with her two children goes to the park.母亲与她的俩孩子要去公园。The mother along with her two children goes to the pa
10、rk.母亲与她的俩孩子要去公园。(7)“some of.”，“most of.”，“half of.”，“all of.”，“the rest of.”等表达形式出现在主语时，谓语的单复数由of后面的名词来决定。重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地注意事项All of us are very tired.我们大家都累了。All of the water has been drunk.所有的水都被喝了。(8)如果主语由“more than one.或many a.”构成，尽管意义上是表复数内容，但谓语动词仍用单数形式。More than one book has been sold.已出售的书不
11、止一本。(9)what，who，which，any，more，most，all等代词可以是单数也可以是复数，主要靠句意来决定。All that can be done has been done.该做的都做了。All are present except Tom.除汤姆之外，所有人都来了。重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地注意事项(10)注意区分“the number of.”与“a number of.”这两个作主语用的词组的意义不同，其谓语动词的单复数也不同。请同学们仔细比较以下例子：The number of the students is decreasing.学生数量在下降。A n
12、umber of students came to look for you today.今天不少学生来找过你。(11)形复意单的名词作主语时只用单数谓语的名词有news，maths，physics，politics，works(工厂)，economics等。重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地注意事项Physics is a fairly difficult subject.物理是一门相当难的学科。Politics doesnt interest me.政治没有引起我的兴趣。(12)某些集体名词，如family，team，class，group等词作主语时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单
13、数形式，如果就其中一个个成员而言，谓语动词用复数形式。His family is a peaceloving family.他家是爱好和平之家。The whole team are going to take part in the Olympic Games.全队将参加奥林匹克运动会。重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地注意事项(13)某些集体名词，如people，police，cattle，militia等，只当复数看待，谓语动词必须用复数。The police are searching for the escaped criminal.警察正在搜捕逃犯。(14)一些有两个部分构成的名词
14、表示衣物或工具作主语时，谓语通常用复数形式。如glasses，clothes，trousers，shoes，compasses，chopsticks，scissors等。但如果主语用“a kind of，a pair of，a series of”等加名词构成时，谓语动词一般用单数。The pair of glasses fits you well.这副眼镜很适合你。重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地注意事项(15)区分men of this kind与this kind of men这两者当主语时，前者的谓语动词用复数形式，后者用单数形式。This kind of men is dange
15、rous.这种男人很危险。Men of this kind are dangerous.这种男人是危险的。(16)在主谓倒装的句子中，谓语动词的数应与其后的主语一致。On the wall hangs a picture.墙上挂着一幅画。(17)并列主语如果指的是同一个人，同一事物或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数形式。这时and后面的名词没有冠词。Truth and honesty is the best policy.真诚是最好的策略。重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地注意事项(18)在“one of 复数名词who/that/which”引导的从句结构中，关系代词who/that/which
16、的先行词是靠近它的复数名词而不是one，因此，从句中的动词应该是复数形式。This is one of the most interesting stories that have been told.这是讲过的最有趣的故事之一。注意：当one之前有the only等修饰语时，关系代词的先行词是one，而不是靠近它的复数名词，因此从句的动词应是单数形式。She is the only one of the girls who islate sometimes.她是唯一一个有时迟到的学生。重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地二、动词的分类及物动词和不及物动词规则说明例句及物动词指的是后面能跟宾语
17、的动词。可分为跟单宾语的及物动词、跟双宾语的及物动词、跟复合结构的及物动词等。常见的跟单宾语的及物动词有accept，put，worry，use，forget等。I want to borrow a book.我想借一本书。Hand me that book，please.请把那本书递给我。The noise almost drove me mad.噪音几乎使我发疯。重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地及物动词和不及物动词不及物动词指的是后面不能跟宾语的动词。在英语中大多数动词既可作及物动词，又可作不及物动词，纯不及物动词很少。常见的不及物动词有arrive，come，apologize，ap
18、pear,die，fall，go，run，walk等。I apologized to her for stepping on her foot.我因为踩了她的脚而向她道歉。We waited until Mom came.我们一直等直到妈妈来。重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地连系动词连接主语表示主语身份、性质、状态的动词称为连系动词(1inking verbs)She proves very honest.经证明她很诚实。常见的表示转变或结果的连系动词有become，get，grow，turn，go，come，fallprove等After graduation，she turned nu
19、rse.毕业后她当了护士。常见的表示状态的连系动词有be，look，seem，appear，smell，taste，sound，feel，keep，stay等I feel very sorry for what Ive done.就我所做的事我感到很抱歉。重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地情态动词情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情，只表示期待或估计某事的发生。I will move to the countryside next year.明年我要搬到乡下去。常见的情态动词有be able to，can，could，may，must，shall，should，will，would，ou
20、ght to，need，dare，have to，used to等。情态动词可表达建议、要求、可能和意愿等；和其他动词连用，可表示说话人的语气。Im afraid you dare not/darent do such a thing.恐怕你不敢做这样的事情。You ought to make an apology to Joan.你应该向琼道歉。重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地情态动词除个别本身带to的情态动词外，其他情态动词后面只能接不带to的不定式。You must finish the project by Friday.周五前你必须完成任务。You neednt come if
21、you are busy.如果忙，你就不必来了。重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地助动词助动词be主要构成进行时态和被动语态。(a)be现在分词构成进行时态。(b)be及物动词的过去分词构成被动语态。My son is reading to her sister.我的儿子正给她的妹妹读书。The story is very instructive.这个故事很有教育意义。重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地助动词助动词do/does可以构成一般现在时的否定式和疑问式；did可以构成一般过去时的否定式和疑问式。助动词do/does/did还可以用来对谓语动词进行强调。I dont like wa
22、tching TV.我不喜欢看电视。I did phone you last night，but no one was in.昨天晚上我的确给你打电话了，但没人在家。助动词have/has/had能够构成完成时态。We hadnt walked far when we lost our way.我们没走多远就迷路了。重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地【写作内容】请你写一篇文章，描写新兴港口城市日照，内容要求如下：1位于山东省东南部；2以蓝色的大海、美丽的海滨而闻名，是避暑胜地；3每年夏天来自全国和世界各地成千上万的游客到这里沿海漫步、游泳、购物、观赏秀丽景色；4近年来，该城市发生了巨大变化，
23、对发展我国对外贸易起到重要作用，并成为国际港口城市。地点介绍重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地参考词汇：迷人的attractive；别墅villa；东西方风格的EasternandWesternstyle【写作要求】1内容连贯，不逐条翻译；2卷面清晰，整洁，规范，美观；3词数：120左右。_重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地【写作分析】第一步：认真审题一审体裁：本文要求介绍一个地方，是属于记叙文范畴。这类文章一般对其大致情况进行描述，向人们展示该地方的地貌特征、风土人情、历史文化等。二审格式：本文不同于书信、演讲稿等问题，没有特别的格式要求。时态用一般现在时，用第三人称较合适。三审结构：首
24、先总体介绍该地的主要特色，抓住读者的眼球。遵循一定的写作顺序，可以先整体后局部，也可以按照一定的时间层次或空间层次。描述时可以适当使用过渡性连接词。重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地第二步：提炼要点1be famous for2take place in3play an important role in4take on a new look第三步：扩点成句1It is famous for its blue sea and beautiful beaches.2Tens of thousands of people from all parts of the country and all
25、 corners of the world come to visit the city every summer.重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地3Great changes have taken place in Rizhao in recent years.4It has played an important role in the development of the foreign trade of our country.5The whole city is now taking on a new look.重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地【品味佳作】The City o
26、f RizhaoThe city of Rizhao lies in the southeast of Shandong Province.It is famous for its blue sea and beautiful beaches.What impresses tourists most is favorable climate.Rizhao is a wonderful place for summer holidays.Tens of thousands of people from all parts of the country and all corners of the
27、 world come to visit the city every summer.They walk along the beaches，go swimming in the sea or do some shopping in the stores or the supermarkets.They can see the fine views of the city.Especially attractive are the building重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地groups of the EasternandWesternstylemixed houses and vil
28、las.Great changes have taken place in Rizhao in recent years.It has played an important role in the development of the foreign trade of our country.Ships from all countries come and go every day.It has become an international port city.The whole city is now taking on a new look.It is a pearl shining
29、 on the coast of Huanghai Sea.重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地【名师点津】1这是一篇说明文，按照题目要求介绍了海滨新兴城市日照。段落分明，条理性强。文中运用很多短语：lie in，be famous for，take place，play an important role in等。还运用了高级句式结构，令全文锦上添花。如：What impresses tourists most is favorable climate.和Especially attractive are the building groups of the EasternandWester
30、nstylemixed houses and villas.2文章运用一般现在时，层次分明。重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地3亮点句式：What impresses tourists most is favorable climate.Especially attractive are the building groups of the EasternandWesternstylemixed houses and villas.It has played an important role in the development of the foreign trade of our co
31、untry.It is a pearl shining on the coast of Huanghai Sea.重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地【写作模板】The City of_The city of_lies _(地理位置)It is famous for_(出名原因)What impresses tourists most is_(地方特色)_ is a wonderful place for summer holidays._(介绍游客)_(介绍娱乐、购物)They can enjoy_(介绍美景)Especially attractive are_(特色建筑或风景)重点语法精析
32、解码书面表达勤思巧学园地Great changes have taken place in recent years.It has played an important role in_(介绍经济的发展)The whole city is_(回归主题，一句话概括当地的特点)重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地强调句是英语中比较常用的句型之一。正确理解和运用该句型十分重要。笔者认为掌握强调句应注意下面几个方面。一、注意强调句的各种句式结构 1陈述句式：It is/was被强调部分that/who其他部分；2否定句式：It is/was not 被强调部分that/who其他部分；掌握强调句型“
33、七注意”重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地3一般疑问句式：Is/Was it被强调部分that/who其他部分?4特殊疑问句式：特殊疑问词is/was it被强调部分其他部分?5反意疑问句式：It is/was(not)被强调部分that/who其他部分，isnt/wasnt(is/was)it?强调句可以强调句子中的主语、宾语、状语等成分，但不能强调谓语。如对句子I met Li Ming at the railway station yesterday.中的主语、宾语、状语进行强调：二、注意强调句中可以强调的成分重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地1It was I that met L
34、i Ming at the railway station yesterday.(强调主语)2It was Li Ming that I met at the railway station yesterday.(强调宾语)3It was at the railway station that I met Li Ming yesterday.(强调状语)4It was yesterday that I met Li Ming at the railway station.(强调状语)但强调谓语可以在动词原形前面加do/does/did，如：1I do believe that he is an
35、 honest man.重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地2She does like literature.3They did go to see you yesterday.原句中叙述的是现在或将来发生的事情，用is；原句中叙述的是过去发生的事情，用was。但只要意思上需要也可以在be前面加上 may/might/must等适当的情态动词，如：1What he said disappointed me.It was what he said that disappointed me.2His mother is watching TV in the room now.It is in t
36、he room that his mother is watching TV now.三、注意强调句中is或was的使用重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地3He must have been there yesterday.It must have been he that was there yesterday.强调人时可用that，也可以用who；强调其他成分都用that。如：1It was I that/who met an old friend in the street last week.2It was in the street that I met an old friend
37、 last week.3It was last week that I met an old friend in the street.四、注意强调句中连接词的使用重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地“It is/was not until.that/who.”如：He didnt go home until he had finished the homework.It was not until he had finished the homework that he went home.注意强调句中的主谓一致当被强调的部分是主语时，连词that/who后的谓语动词应和被强调的主语在人称和
38、数方面保持一致关系。如：1It is you that/who are wrong.2It is I who am wrong.3It isnt just children that play these jokes.五、注意“not.until”句型的强调方式六、重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地但要注意下面的这个句子It is my_brother，not I that studies at the college(谓语与肯定部分主语保持一致关系。判断是否是一个强调句，可以通过去掉标志词it is/wasthat/who的方法。去掉以后如果句子意思完整，就是强调句，否则就是其它句型。1与
39、it作形式主语的主语从句的区别。如：(1)It was a pity that you didnt attend the party then.(2)It is true that he once went to Canada.以上两句都不是强调句，而是以it作形式主语的主从复合句，that引导的是主语从句。七、注意与几种易混句型的区别重点语法精析解码书面表达勤思巧学园地2与状语从句的区别。如：(1)It was late afternoon when we got there.(when引导状语从句)(2)It was late in the afternoon that we got there.(强调句型)3与定语从句的区别。如：(1)It was in the lab that was set up by Mr.Smith that they finished the experiment.(第一个that是关系代词，引导定语从句，在从句中作主语；第二个that才是强调句的标志)(2)It was Tang Ling who came from Hunan that won the first prize in the contest.(who引导定语从句，在从句中作主语。that是强调句的标志)
