1、专题二非谓语动词 知 识 梳 理 一、非谓语动词的各种形式非谓语动词时态和语态表达意义不定式一般式to do /to be done动作在谓语动词后发生进行式to be doing动作与谓语动词同时发生完成式to have done /to have been done动作在谓语动词之前发生v.ing形式一般式doing /being done动作与谓语动词同时发生完成式having done /having been done动作在谓语动词之前发生v.ed形式表示完成和被动二、非谓语动词的功能作主语和表语不定式作主语或表语往往是一次性的、具体的动作； 常用it作形式主语To get ther
2、e by bike will take us half an hour. Its our duty to take good care of the old.To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people. My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter.v.ing形式作主语或表语，表示一般或抽象的多次行为；常用句式：It is no use /good doing sth.It is no use fishing in this river; there
3、are none left.v.ed形式不作主语，作表语时常表示主语的状态The window is broken.作定语不定式作定语表示将来的动作；也表示第几个做某事的人或物We must find a person to do the work. There is no one to take care of her. In my family, my mother is always the first one to get up.v.ing形式作定语时与所修饰的名词之间是主动关系或表示所修饰名词的用途Please go to the meeting room.He rushed int
4、o the burning house.v.ed形式作定语时表示与所修饰名词之间为被动关系The most common error made in hanging pictures is to hang them too high.Local people invited to attend a meeting are very pleased to share their experiences of hospital services.作宾语不定式作宾语The driver failed to see the other car in time. I happen to know the
5、 answer to your question. 当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，常用形式宾语itWe think it quite important for us to learn a foreign language well. He feels it his duty to help the poor.I find it difficult to learn English well.v.ing形式作宾语Were considering paying a visit to the Science Museum. They only allow smoking in restricted
6、 areas.作宾语补足语不定式作宾补Father will not allow us to play on the street. We believe him to be guilty. v.ing形式作宾补时与宾语之间为主动关系I heard Tom singing an English song in the next room. On the top of the hill, he could see smoke rising from the chimneys.v.ed形式作宾补时与宾语之间为被动关系When they got there, they found the house
7、 burnt down.The waitress asked the American how he liked his steak cooked.特定动词后非谓语动词形式以下词只接不定式作宾语：afford, agree, determine, decide, refuse, expect, hope, manage, want, fail, wish, ask, pretend, promise, happen, would like, set out等Soon the villagers couldnt afford to buy food for themselves.I manage
8、d to get all the ironing done this morning.I promise to come for a long visit.以下词只接v.ing形式作宾语：advise, admit, enjoy, avoid, appreciate, delay, miss, finish, practise, imagine, suggest, escape, resist, risk, feel like, insist on, set about等I always imagine flying like a bird.I avoid working in places
9、which are too public.“疑问词 不定式”常在decide, know, consider, forget, learn, remember, show, understand, see, wonder, hear, find out, explain, tell等词后作宾语Please show us how to do that.I cant decide which to buy.We dont know how to put it into practice.不定式跟在一些特定的动词后作宾补： advise，believe, cause, challenge, for
10、bid, force, find, hire, instruct, invite, permit, persuade, remind, request, require, select, send, suppose, tell, train, allow, order, urge, force, encourage等Mum forbad them to play ball in the public garden.Hed managed to persuade Dad to buy a car for him.How could you allow him to do something li
11、ke that？以下词作“需要”讲时，后接v.ing主动形式表达被动含义：need, want, require(若用不定式则用to be done形式)My car needs washing /to be washed.The house wants painting /to be painted. Your hair needs cutting /to be cut.以下词可接不定式，也可接 ving形式，意义基本相同：prefer, like, love, start, begin, hate, intend等I prefer going to the cinema tonight.I
12、 prefer to go to the cinema tonight.I intend to rewrite the story for younger children.I intend rewriting the story for younger children.以下词可接不定式，也可接v.ing形式，意义差别很大：Ill try to catch up with my class. 我将尽力赶上同学们。I tried reading the text without consulting my dictionary. 我试着不查词典来阅读课文。I didnt mean to bot
13、her you. 我本不想打扰你。What he said means going there by air. 他的话的意思是坐飞机去那儿。Im very busy now, so I cant help (to) clean the room.我现在很忙，因此不能帮助打扫房间。The girl couldnt help crying when she saw her mother again. 当这个女孩再次看到母亲时，她情不自禁地哭了起来。v.ing形式还可以充当介词的宾语Dont forget to turn off the lights before leaving your clas
14、sroom. He entered the chemistry lab without being permitted.三、非谓语动词作状语不定式作状语表示目的，常置于句首，用逗号与主句隔开；在句末时则不用隔开To draw maps properly, you need a special pen.He opened the door for the children to come in.表示结果，常用句型：only /just to(表示意想不到的结果); too.to. (太而不能); so /such.as to. (如此以致于); enough for sb.to (足够)I dr
15、ove to the parking lot only to find it was fully parked with all kinds of vehicles.He was so excited as to be unable to speak.The ice is thick enough to walk on.The case was too heavy to be carried by a child.表示原因，常用句型：主语系动词形容词to doI was surprised to find him here.v.ing作状语表示原因，一般式表示动作与句子谓语动作同时发生；完成式
16、表示动作早于主句动作发生Standing on the top of the mountain, I felt relaxed.Having been told the meeting was cancelled, I went home after work.表示时间，其动作在句子谓语动作之前、之后或同时发生均可While waiting for the train, I had a long talk with Mary.Having finished his homework, Tom went to play basketball.表示方式或伴随情况，常跟在句子后At the bell
17、 of the class, he came running into the classroom.表示结果，跟在句后The plane crashed, killing all the people on board.表示条件，置于句首或句末Working hard, youll succeed one day.表示让步，置于句首或句末Having been told many times, he still repeated the same mistakes.过去分词作状语表示时间When asked her further plans, she said that she wanted
18、 to be a nurse.表示原因Born into a poor family, he had only two years of schooling.表示条件If taken according to the directions, the medicine has no side effect.表示结果The girl met with an accident, wounded in the head.表示让步Encouraged by his parents, he still has no confidence in finding a job.表示方式或伴随The old ma
19、n got off the bed, supported by his son.四、非谓语动词的其他事项独立主格结构(非谓语动词本身有动词的特性，其逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致时，用独立主格结构表示)名词/代词v.ing形式，表示主动关系，或动作正在进行They seating themselves, the teacher began to tell the stories.名词/代词v.ed形式，表示被动关系，或动作已结束Her glasses broken, she couldnt read the book.名词/代词不定式，表示主动关系，动作未发生或即将发生Lots of homewo
20、rk to do, he has to go home.其他形式的独立主格结构名词/代词(being)形容词/副词Summer holidays (being) over, students return to school.名词/代词介词短语Sword in hand, I followed him here and climbed in.There /It being名词/代词/形容词There being no one to turn to, he had to repair the car himself.It being fine, we can go to the beach.wi
21、th /without复合结构He sat there thinking, with his chin on his hand.非谓语动词的一些常用结构have /get sth. doneYoud better have /get your car checked.make sb. /sth. doneThats a special way to make myself understood.make /have /let sb. do sth.The teacher made /had /let us finish the homework.get sb. to do sth.You sh
22、ould get your parents to help you.find /catch sb. doing sth.He was found /caught stealing in the shop.find sth. doneHe found his room broken into.感官动词(feel, hear, see等)sb. /sth.doing sth.I saw him working in the garden.感官动词(feel, hear, see等)sb. /sth.doneDid you see the bridge washed away by the floo
23、d？感官动词(feel, hear, see等)sb. /sth.do sth.I noticed my teacher enter the classroom.be worth doing sth. (主动形式表示被动意义)The film is well worth seeing.be busy /occupied doing sth.Im busy writing a book.spend time /money (in) doing sth.They spent three months (in) learning French.have difficulty /trouble /a
24、hard time (in) doing sth.We have no difficulty (in) finding his house.There is no point (in) doing sth.There is no point (in) waiting for him any longer.have no choice but to do sth.We have no choice but to turn back.can /could do nothing but do sth.They were all so tired that they could do nothing but yawn.get down to doing sth.Im going to get down to studying English this term.
