1、英语基本句型12英语句子成分分析一个句子一般由两部分构成，即主语部分和谓语部分，这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语，定语，状语，表语等。31）主语(S)：是一句的主体，是全句述说的对象，常用名词，数词或代词担任，一般放于句首。如：Students study.(学生学习。)We are friends.(我们是朋友)这两句话中单词students是个名词，we是代词，它们在句中做主语。42）谓语(V)：是对主语加以陈述，表示主语的行为或状态，常用动词（vt.及物动词/vi.不及物动词）或者动词词组担任，放在主语的后面。如：Students study.(学生学习。)We ar
2、e friends.(我们是朋友)这两句话中单词study和are都是动词，study叫做实意动词，are叫做be动词，它们在句中作谓语。53）宾语(O)：表示行为的对象，常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。如：I play with him.(我和他一起玩。)64）定语：是用来说明或者限制名词的成分，常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任。形容词放在名词之前，相当于形容词的短语或从句放在名词的后面。如：This is a red sun.He is a tall boy.7）状语是用来说明动词，形容词，副词或整个句子的成分。常由副词担任。修饰动词时可以放在动词之前，也可以放在
3、动词之后；修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前。如：The students study hard.I often write to him.The bag is too heavy.8）表语：用来说明主语的性质或状态。一般由名词或者形容词担任。如：English is not easy.We are family.9通常情况下,主语和宾语前的成分是定语，谓语前的成分是状语，时间词作状语放在句子后面。句子的成分分布如下：（定语）主语（状语）谓语（定语）宾语（状语）如：(The tall)boy(often)goes(to the big)zoo.(The happy)child-went(his)h
4、ome yesterday.英语句子长短简繁不一，但可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。基本句型一：+（主谓）基本句型二：+（主谓/系表）基本句型三：+（主谓宾）基本句型四:+InO+D(主谓间宾直宾）基本句型五:+O（主谓宾宾补）英语基本句型-1主谓结构11基本句型一(subject)(subject)+V(verb(verb)（主谓）（主谓）特点:句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。e.g.His words works.SV13（不及物动词）1.Time 2.The moon 3.The man4.We all 5
5、.Everybody 6.I 7.They 8.He flies.rose.cooked.eat,and drink.laughed?woke.talked for half an hour.walked yesterday(主语+不及物动词)扩展和修饰 The boy spoke to his teacher.The little boy spoke loudly to his teacher.The boy named Tom spoke to his mathteacher in a low voice.The little boy called Tom spoke to his Chi
6、nese teacher.14yesterday evening.two hours.1她昨天回家很晚。2会议将持续两个小时。She went home very lateThe meeting will last巩固练习：基本句型 二+（主谓宾）特点：谓语动词都是实义动词，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。e.g.We like the movie.SVo17（实义动词）(宾语)1.Who2.She 3.He 8.He 5.They 6.Danny 7.I 4.He knows laugh at understands made ate
7、likes want said the answer?her.English.cakes.some apples.dogs.to have a cup of tea.Good morning.18宾语成分的多样化使得这一结构异常复杂。如：1.Tom made a hole in the wall.2.I dont know if he can come tomorrow.3.They havent decided where to go next.4.She stopped teaching English two years ago.5.It took them ten years to b
8、uild the dam.6.Mother promises to give me a present.19作宾语的词：1，名词 I dont know him.2,代词 He refused to support us.3,反身代词 Please express yourself in your own words.4,不定式 We managed to put the fire out.5,动名词 She avoided answering them.6，从句She found that she wrong.7,wh-词+to do I dont know what to do with
9、it.(主语+及物动词+宾语)扩展和修饰 I forgot to mail the letter yesterday.Unfortunately,I forgot to mail the letter yesterday.Unfortunately,I forgot to mail the letter yesterday,which disappointed my mum so much.20211昨晚我写了一封信。2今天下午我想同你谈谈。3这本书他读过多次了4那位先生能流利地说三种语言。I wrote a letter last night.I want to talk with you
10、this afternoon.He has read this book many times.That gentleman can speak three languagesfluently.巩固练习：基本句型三+（主系表）特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做(连)系动词。系动词可分四类：1）be 本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用,后可接动词外的任何词；2）感官动词类 look,feel,smell,taste,sound等+adj.3）表示变化：get,grow,become,turn,go
11、等4）表示状态延续：stay,keep,prove,remain,等+adj.+adj.S V(link-V.)P1.This is an English dictionary.2.Everything looks different.3.天气更凉爽了。The weather becomes cooler.24巩固练习：1冬季白天短，夜晚长2十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。3孩子们很少保持安静。4她的工作是在幼儿园里照看儿童。In winter,the days are short and the nights are long.At the age of fifteen,he became a
12、 famous pianist.Children seldom keep quiet.Her job is to look after the children in the nursery.255他失业了。6树叶已经变黄了7这个报告听起来很有意思He is out of work.The leaves have turned yellow.The report sounds interesting.基本句型 四+InO+D（主谓间宾直宾）特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者。通常可改为S+V+DO+prep.+InO e
13、.g.She gave me an apple.=She gave an apple to me.S V (Vt.)InO DO1.She passed him a new dress.2.John 告诉我他的想法。John told me his idea.28说明：此结构由“主语+及物谓语动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（事物）”组成。如：He brings me cookies every day.常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write,a
14、sk等；291Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。2奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。3请把那本字典递给我好吗？4他把车票给列车员看。Mr Johnson taught us German last year.Grandma told me an interesting storylast night.Would you please pass me the dictionary?He showed the ticket to the conductor.305我替你叫辆出租汽车好吗？6新式机器将会为你节省许多劳动。7他用他的第一个月工资给他妈妈买了一件毛衣Shall I call you a
15、 taxi?The new machine will save you a lot of labour.He bought a new coat for his motherwith his first months salary.基本句型 五+O（主谓宾宾补）特点：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。判断原则：能表达成宾语是/做e.g.We made him the manager.SVOOC32英语基本句型5主谓宾宾补说明:此结构由“主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”构成。宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系或主
16、表关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。可以用做宾补的有：名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。如：The sun keeps us warm.I heard him singing.You must get your hair cut.They made Tom monitor.He used to do his homework with his radio on.用 it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如：I found it very pleasant to be with
17、your family.33巩固练习：1我们叫她Alice.2我们大家都认为他是诚实的。3他们把小偷释放了。4我要你把真相告诉我。5.卫兵命令我们立即离开。6.每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。7他每个月理一次发8我们不会让她在晚上外出的。We call her Alice.All of us considered him honest.They have set the thief free.I want you to tell me the truth.The guards ordered us to leave at once.Every morning we hear him read English aloud.He has his hair cut once a month.We wont let her go out at night.
