1、典型技巧05 隐含信息的逻辑推理【考情角度】考情分析人物故事类记叙文通过叙述有意义的小故事介绍某人的事迹，多按照时间先后顺序进行叙述，偶尔也有倒叙或插叙的情况，倒叙是为突出某个重要的表现，中心思想的部分并将其提到前面叙述，然后再按事件原来的发展顺序叙述。考查角度常考查隐含推断题，细节理解题，有时也考查人物性格题。【真题再现】(2019北京高考B)主题语境：对社会有突出贡献的人Alice Moore is a teenager entrepreneur (创业者), who in May 2015 set up her business AilieCandy. By the time she w
2、as 13, her company was worth millions of dollars with the invention of a supersweet that could save kids teeth, instead of destroying them.It all began when Moore visited a bank with her dad. On the outing, she was offered a candy bar. However, her dad reminded her that sugary treats were bad for he
3、r teeth. But Moore was sick of candies. So she desired to the warning, “Why cant I make a healthy candy thats good for my teeth so that my parents cant say no to it？” With that in mind, Moore asked her dad if she could start her own candy company. He recommended that she do some research and talk to
4、 dentists about what a healthier candy would contain.With her dads permission, she spent the next two years researching online and conducting trials to get a recipe that was both tasty and . She also approached dentists to learn more about teeth cleaning. Consequently, she succeeded in making a kind
5、 of candy only using natural sweeteners, which can reduce oral bacteria.Moore then used her savings to get her business off the ground. Afterwards, she and her father their first business meeting with a supermarket owner, who finally agreed to sell Moores productCanCandy.As CanCandys success grows,
6、so does Moores as a young entrepreneur. Moore is enthusiastic about the candy she created, and shes also positive about what the future might bring. She hopes that every kid can have a clean mouth and a smile.Meanwhile, with her parents help, Moore is generally able to live a normal teenage life. Al
7、though she founded her company early on in life, she wasnt primarily by . Moore wants to use her unique talent to help others find their smiles. She donates 10% of AilieCandys profits to Big Smiles. With her talent and determination, it appears that the sky could be the limit for Alice Moore.1.How d
8、id Moore ？A. She argued with him.B. She tried to find a way out.C. She paid no attention.D. She chose to consult dentists.2.What is about CanCandy?A. It is beneficial to dental health. B. It is free of sweeteners.C. It is sweeter than other candies. D. It is produced to a dentists recipe.3.What does
9、 Moore ？A. To earn more money. B. To help others find smiles.C. To make herself stand out. D. To beat other candy companies.4.What can we ？A. Fame is a great thirst of the young.B. A youth is to be regarded with respect.C. Positive thinking and action result in success.D. Success means getting perso
10、nal desires satisfied.【答案与解析】1.B2.A3.B4.C1.由关键词“her dads warning”定位到第二段第五句，可推出Moore想制造出对牙齿无害的糖果。2.由第三段对糖果特点的描述可知答案。3.由第五段最后一句可判断Moore对自己事业的期望。expect是原文hopes的同义替换。4.由倒叙描写中的父亲提出警告引发思考做出努力成功，不难推出正确答案。【词汇积累】profit n.利润toothfriendly adj.对牙无害的credibility n.可信性treat n.美味，难得的享受secure vt.得到broad adj.灿烂的drive
11、 vt.驱使miss out on错过get around 克服(困难/问题)get off the ground开始获得成功；取得进展【技巧释义】逻辑分析推断隐含信息叙述故事结果研发成功糖果，成为年轻有为的创业者倒叙研发过程叙述研发糖果缘由(第2段)父亲的警告引发Moore思考研发糖果所付出的努力和糖果特点(第3段)关键词：tasty, toothfriendly, natural sweeteners, reduce oral bacteria(可解第2题)父亲的警告(糖果对牙齿有害)Moore不想没有糖果想避开这个警告开自己的糖果公司(可解第1题)父亲提供的帮助助力Moore的公司成功(
12、第4段)Moore的生活态度利用自己独特的才能给他人带去快乐的决心(可解第3题)【技巧演练】（建议用时：45分钟）If you have spent any time reading papers on teaching strategies in the past few years, you have probably noticed a strong backlash against drill & practice, in favor of “constructivist activities” and “project-based learning”.Memorizing facts
13、, many people argue, is an outdated educational practice, since anyone could just Google a fact on demand or look it up on Wikipedia nowadays. They consider that we should focus all school activities on the acquisition of skills as opposed to knowledge.However, learning by rote (memorization by repe
14、tition) is more important than you think. There are many cases in which having knowledge immediately on the tip of your tongue can have great social and professional value. For example, last night at a networking event, when I casually asked a Nigerian entrepreneur how much of his business was condu
15、cted in English versus in his native Yoruba, he immediately became more engaged in our conversation. It was as if the simple fact that I knew that Yoruba was spoken in Nigeria won his trust, and therefore built up our relationship.The same goes for professional settings. If I am a pharmaceutical sal
16、esman talking to a doctor about a specific digestion drug, and he asks if it has any effect on the process of peristalsis, it will look quite unprofessional if I have to pull out my medical dictionary to look up the word. I need to memorize those facts so that I can access them immediately.Of course
17、, most constructivist educators will argue that on-the-job training and project-based learning are more effective at learning new concepts than rote memorization. The problem is that no single cost-effective constructivist activity will guarantee that you will be exposed to all the concepts you need
18、, or that you will fully remember the facts that you are exposed to. If you actually want to acquire a full range of knowledge about a given topic, the most guaranteed and efficient way is to study deliberately using the time-honored practice of repetitionspecifically confidence-based repetition.1.W
19、hich of the following is the most popular teaching method now?A.Drill & practice.B.Memorizing facts.C.Constructivist activities.D.Confidence-based repetition.2.What does the underlined word “backlash” in paragraph 1 refer to?A.Outdated idea.B.Negative reaction.C.Educational standard.D.Official suppo
20、rt.3.Why is the authors communication with a Nigerian entrepreneur mentioned?A.To show the value of knowing about Yoruba.B.To support his argument for learning by rote.C.To introduce effective communication skills.D.To prove the power of having a wide range of knowledge.4.What does the author think
21、about project-based learning?A.It is of limited value in learning new concepts.B.It is an efficient way to learn a new concept.C.It should be combined with a full range of knowledge.D.It will be replaced by the time-honored practice of repetition.【答案】1.C2.B3.B4.A【分析】这是一篇议论文。文中作者主要就如今流行的一种强烈的反对练习和实践，
22、支持“建构主义活动”和“基于项目的学习”的教学方式提出了自己的看法。作者认为死记硬背的学习方式仍然重要，同时指出了上述这两种教学方法存在的一些问题。1.细节理解题。根据第一段“If you have spent any time reading papers on teaching strategies in the past few years, you have probably noticed a strong backlash against drill & practice, in favor of constructivist activities and project-base
23、d learning.(如果你在过去几年里花时间阅读过关于教学策略的论文，你可能已经注意到现在有一种强烈的反对练习和实践的思潮，它支持建构主义活动和基于项目的学习)”可知，建构主义活动是现在最流行的教学方法。故选C。2.词义猜测题。根据画线词后文“against drill & practice, in favor of constructivist activities and project-based learning”可知，如今的一种思潮反对练习和实践的思潮，支持“建构主义活动”和“基于项目的学习”，即画线词意思为“反对”与B选项意思最为接近。故选B。3.推理判断题。根据第三段“How
24、ever, learning by rote (memorization by repetition) is more important than you think. .”可推知，作者提到与尼日利亚企业家的交流，是为了支持他通过死记硬背学习的观点。故选B。4.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Of course, most constructivist educators will argue that on-the-job training and project-based learning are more effective at learning new concepts than ro
25、te memorization. .”可推知，作者认为基于项目的学习在学习新概念方面的价值是有限的。故选A。2Some people asked me how I could suggest the expenses of billions of dollars for a voyage to Mars, at a time when many children on this Earth are starving to death. I know that they do not expect an answer such as Oh, I did not know that there a
26、re children dying from hunger, but from now on I will stop any kind of space research until mankind has solved that problem! In fact, I have known of this long before.But I firmly believe that by working for the space program we can make some contributions to the relief and eventual solution of such
27、 serious problems as poverty and hunger on the earth. Two basic factors causing the poverty and hunger problems are the production of food and the distribution（分布）of food. In fact, large areas of land could be used far better if efficient methods of farming, fertilizer use, weather forecasting, fiel
28、d section, planting, crop surveys, harvest planning and so on were applied. The best tool for the improvement of all these methods undoubtedly is the artificial. Earth satellite Circling the globe at a high altitude, it can screen wide areas of land with a short time; it can observe and measure a la
29、rge variety of factors indicating the status and condition of crops, soil, droughts, rainfall, snow cover, etc.Besides, in modern society, there is a continuing great need for new basic knowledge in science if we wish to improve the conditions of human life on the earth. We need more knowledge in ph
30、ysics and chemistry, in biology and physiology, and particularly in medicine to cope with all these problems which threaten mans life: hunger, disease, overpopulation, pollution of water and the environment. In a way, the space age not only holds out a mirror in which we can see ourselves, it also p
31、rovides us with the technologies.5.The passage is mainly discussing about .A.whether the childrens dying from hunger is the major problemB.whether there is an effective way to avoid the global starvationC.whether the authors suggestion has been taken into serious considerationD.whether it is worth s
32、pending much money on the space research6.According to the author, what plays an important part in dealing with poverty and hunger?A.Food supply.B.Methods of farming.C.GovernmentD.Modern technology.7.From the last paragraph, we can infer that .A.more basic knowledge is required to be learnedB.techno
33、logies can help to improve our living qualityC.we can live a more peaceful and happier lifeD.there are different views on the space age【答案】5.D 6.A 7.B【分析】这是一篇议论文。当世界上许多孩子正面临着饥饿的时候,是否应该花巨资进行太空研究呢“对这一问题,作者在本篇文章指出造成贫困和饥饿，并说明了进行太空探索的必要性。5.主旨大意题。文章第1段中，作者在深知在地球上仍有大量儿童死于饥饿的今天，仍坚持认为应将大量的经费用于太空探索；根据第二段中But
34、I firmly believe that by working for the space program we can make some contributions to the relief and eventual solution of such serious problems as poverty and hunger on the earth.（但是我坚信，通过为太空项目而努力，我们可以为缓解并最终解决地球上贫穷和饥饿等严重问题做出一些贡献。）可知本段内容是作者在详细阐述太空项目如何帮助解决地球上的贫穷和饥饿等问题；根据第3段第一句Besides, in modern soc
35、iety, there is a continuing great need for new basic knowledge in science if we wish to improve the conditions of human life on the earth.（此外，在现代社会中，如果我们想要改善地球上人类生活的条件，就会持续地需要新的科学基础知识。）和最后一句中the space age also provides us with the technologies.（它还为我们提供技术。）可知，太空技术能提供改善地球人类生活条件所必须的新技术。综上所述，文章主要在讨论一个问题
36、，即把更多的金钱花费在探索太空方面是否值得。故选D。6.细节理解题。根据第二段中Two basic factors causing the poverty and hunger problems are the production of food and the distribution（分布）of food.（造成贫穷和饥饿问题的两个基本因素是粮食生产和粮食分配。）可知在处理贫困和饥饿中起重要作用的是食物的供给。故选A项。7.推理判断题。根据最后一段中的in modern society, there is a continuing great need for new basic kno
37、wledge in science if we wish to improve the conditions of human life on the earth. （在现代社会，如果我们想要改善地球上人类生活的条件，就会持续地需要新的科学基础知识）可知，新的科学基础知识可以让我们改善生活质量。而新的科学基础知识又可以产生新科技，所以可推断，科技可以改善我们的生活质量。故选B。3Growing up, we are constantly reminded that young people are heavily affected by technology. We are the “anti
38、social club”, those who prefer to text our friends in the same room rather than make eye contact with them. And even though never-ending studies reveal to us the extent of our social media addiction, we should at least consider that its not only our young peoples problem any more.Theres the rise of
39、the Instagram mums, who like to post an abundance of cute baby pictures, share their mom feelings along the way and show their wonderful lifestyles. They are the so-called “Facebook mum generation”, a growing group of parents that like to overshare.While all of this might be fine, and even a little
40、humorous, new research suggests that parents technology addiction is negatively affecting their childrens behavior. According to the study, 40% of mothers and 32% of fathers have admitted having some sort of phone addiction. This has led to a significant fall in verbal interactions within families a
41、nd even a decline in mothers encouraging their children.There is no denying that I get annoyed when receiving the words “Ill be with you soon” from a parent, when all I want to do is ask one question. But, at the same time, every day leaving the room to wait until my father is finished with his “ser
42、ious business” (Farmville), has now become the norm. Whether you want to escape your disturbing children for a bit, or want to stay up late flicking through Twitter, know that wanting to do all of these is normal. We, your children, know how addictive it can be and how difficult it is to switch off.
43、 But before telling us to put our phones away at the table or even worse, listing statistics of how damaging social media can be for us, maybe lead by example, considering how much time you spend on the phone and how this is impacting your children and your relationship with us. Maybe in this way we
44、 can work on our addiction together.8.From Paragraph 1, we can know that teenagers nowadays _.A.enjoy socializing with their friendsB.send messages to their friends every dayC.hate to make eye contact with their friendsD.are heavily addicted to their mobile phones9.What does the author think of mums
45、 oversharing?A.Boring.B.Selfish.C.Funny.D.Meaningful.10.The underlined word “norm” in Paragraph 4 probably means _.A.securityB.standardC.routineD.custom11.Whats the main purpose of the article?A.To share the authors own experience with the readers.B.To call on parents to get rid of their own media a
46、ddiction.C.To reveal that parents are always addicted to mobile phones.D.To show the authors dissatisfaction with parents phone use.【答案】8.D 9.C 10.C 11.B【分析】这是一篇议论文。如今青少年有严重沉迷手机的现象，但新的研究表明，父母对科技产品的沉迷会对孩子的行为产生负面影响。这导致家庭内部语言交流的显著减少，甚至母亲鼓励孩子的次数也减少了。因此作者呼吁家长们摆脱对手机的沉迷。8.细节理解题。根据第一段“Growing up, we are con
47、stantly reminded that young people are heavily affected by technology. We are the antisocial club, those who prefer to text our friends in the same room rather than make eye contact with them. And even though never-ending studies reveal to us the extent of our social media addiction, we should at le
48、ast consider that its not only our young peoples problem any more.(在成长的过程中，我们经常被提醒，年轻人深受科技的影响。我们是反社交俱乐部，那些宁愿在同一个房间里给朋友发短信，也不愿和他们进行眼神交流的人。尽管永无止境的研究向我们揭示了我们对社交媒体上瘾的程度，但我们至少应该考虑到，这不再是年轻人的问题)”可知，如今的青少年严重沉迷于他们的手机。故选D。9.推理判断题。根据第二段“Theres the rise of the Instagram mums, who like to post an abundance of cu
49、te baby pictures, share their mom feelings along the way and show their wonderful lifestyles. They are the so-called Facebook mum generation, a growing group of parents that like to overshare.( Instagram上的妈妈们越来越多，她们喜欢上传大量可爱宝宝的照片，一边分享妈妈的感受，一边展示自己美好的生活方式。她们就是所谓的脸书妈妈一代，这是一个越来越多的喜欢过度分享的父母群体)”以及第三段“While
50、 all of this might be fine, and even a little humorous”（虽然这一切可能都很好，甚至有点可笑）可推知，作者认为妈妈们的过度分享是滑稽可笑的，其中humorous是关键词，故选C。10.词义猜测题。根据画线词后文“Whether you want to escape your disturbing children for a bit, or want to stay up late flicking through Twitter, know that wanting to do all of these is normal.(不管你是想逃
51、离孩子们的打扰，还是想熬夜浏览推特，你都要知道想做这些是很正常的)”可知，每天离开房间等待父亲做完 正经事（Farmville），现在已经成了一种常态。故画线词意思是“惯例，常规”。A. security安全；B. standard标准；C. routine惯例；D. custom习俗。故选C。11.推理判断题。根据最后一段中“But before telling us to put our phones away at the table or even worse, listing statistics of how damaging social media can be for us,
52、 maybe lead by example, considering how much time you spend on the phone and how this is impacting your children and your relationship with us. Maybe in this way we can work on our addiction together.( 但是，在告诉我们把手机收起来放在桌子上，或者更糟糕的是，列出社交媒体对我们有多大伤害的统计数据之前，也许可以以身作则，考虑一下你花在手机上的时间有多长，这对你的孩子以及你和我们的关系有什么影响。也
53、许通过这种方式，我们可以一起努力解决我们的成瘾问题)”可推知，这篇文章的目的是呼吁家长们摆脱对媒体的沉迷。故选B。4The human brain remembers negative experiences more easily than positive ones. Our brains have developed in this way because threats, like dangerous animal, have a more immediate effect on peoples survival compared to positive things like foo
54、d or shelter. As a result, you clearly know what makes you unhappy, but do you know what makes you happy?Research suggests that our level of happiness is partly shaped by the choices we make. If youve been chasing wealth, fame, power and some material things, you may be looking for happiness in the
55、wrong places. Psychologists suggest that the following habits can make people happier. People who own close relationships tend to be happier than those who do not. The number of our friends is not important. What matters is the quality of our relationships. Relationships that bring happiness usually
56、 consist of the sharing of feelings, acceptance, mutual respect and trust. People who exercise regularly can improve both their physical and mental well-being. Some research has shown that exercise can be as effective as some medicine in treating depression.If we are so interested in an activity, we
57、 may lose track of time, and we can be in a state of flow. The activity could be playing the piano, surfing the Internet or playing a game. People who experience flow in their work or life tend to be happier. People are more likely to be happy if they know what their strengths are and can use them r
58、egularly. People are especially happy when they can set goals and use their strengths to achieve them. People, who think positively by being grateful, mindful and optimistic, are more likely to be happy. Being grateful means being thankful. Being mindful means considering, focusing on, and enjoying
59、the experiences of the present moment. Being optimistic means being hopeful about the future.12.Human brains remember negative things more easily because negative things_.A.tend to affect human survival immediatelyB.are much more important than other thingC.can make people live much happierD.are eas
60、y to remember13.According to this passage, people may find happiness in_A.being famousB.setting life goalsC.chasing powerD.earning money14.In the last paragraph, the author tries to tell us to_.A.think more about our futureB.focus on everything in our lifeC.be positive in our life and workD.only enj
61、oy the present moment15.What does the passage mainly want to tell us?A.Why people remember positive things easily.B.Why people remember negative things easily.C.What makes people happy.D.What makes people sad.【答案】12.A 13.B 14.C 15.C【分析】这是一篇议论文。文章作者介绍了生活中的哪些事情可以让我们快乐，同时告诉我们应该积极地对待生活和工作。12.细节理解题。根据第一段
62、“The human brain remembers negative experiences more easily than positive ones. Our brains have developed in this way because threats, like dangerous animals, have a more immediate effect on peoples survival compared to positive things like food or shelter.”（人类的大脑比起积极的记忆更容易记住消极的经历。我们的大脑之所以以这种方式发展，是因
63、为威胁，比如危险的动物，比食物或住所等积极的东西对人类的生存有更直接的影响）可知人脑更容易记住消极的东西是因为消极的事情往往会立即影响人类的生存。故选A。13.细节理解题。由文章第六段“People are especially happy when they can set goals and use their strengths to achieve them.”（当人们能够设定目标并利用自己的优势去实现目标时，他们会特别开心。）可知人们在设置生活目标的时候可能会发现快乐。故选B项。14.推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“People, who think positively by bei
64、ng grateful, mindful and optimistic, are more likely to be happy. Being grateful means being thankful. Being mindful means considering, focusing on, and enjoying the experiences of the present moment. Being optimistic means being hopeful about the future.”（通过感恩、留心和乐观积极思考的人更有可能快乐。感谢意味着感恩。正念意味着思考、专注并享受当下的经历。乐观意味着对未来充满希望。）可知，最后一段作者讲述积极乐观的人感恩，专注，乐观，更容易快乐。故选C项。15.主旨大意题。根据第一段“As a result, you clearly know what makes you unhappy, but do you know what makes you happy?”（因此，你清楚地知道什么使你不快乐，但你知道什么使你快乐吗?）结合下文，作者在文中介绍了几种会让人更快乐的方式，如建立亲密关系，锻炼，感恩，专注，乐观积极的生活态度等。所以文章主要告诉我们什么会让我们感觉到快乐，故选C项。
