1、第十二讲状语从句1状语从句的引导词与介词的用法比较；状语从句与定语从句引导词的辨析。2能够辨别同类状语从句中近似连接词的用法差异。3whatever，whenever，wherever等引导词与no matter wh等引导词的不同用法。2011年高考对条件状语从句的考查稳中有升。2012年考查的重点仍然是考生容易混淆的近似连词的用法，试题的结构将越来越复杂，设问的角度将越来越多样化。1when,while,as的区别这三个词都可以用作连接词，表示时间关系，但有所区别。(1)when表示时间关系时，意思常常是“当(在)的时候”。主句和从句中的动作或事情可以同时发生，也可以先后发生。例如：Whe
2、n we were at school,we went to the library every day.Ill go when I have had my dinner.The film had begun when we arrived at the cinema.注意：when有哪些通常所在的句型？(2)while 用作连接词表示时间关系时，意思也是“当(在)的时候”，主句中的动作或事情在从句中的动作或事情的进展过程中发生。它有时可与when通用，但它只能指一段时间(a period of time)，而不能指一点时间的(a point of time)。如上面第一个例句中的when，可
3、以用while代替；而第二个例句中的when，就不能用while代替。例如：Please dont talk so aloud while others are working.While I am washing the floor,you can be cleaning the windows.While也可表对比。I like reading while he prefers listening to music.谚语：Strike the iron while it is hot.(3)as用作连接词表示时间关系时，意思也是“当(在)时候”，往往可与when或while通用，但它着重指
4、主句和从句中的动作或事情相并发生。例如：I saw him as he was getting off the bus.As he walked on,he felt himself getting more and more tired.As time passes by,we grow older and learn more.As industry develops,more and more farmland has been taken up.2一些表示时间的名词短语也可用来引导时间状语从句the minute,the moment,the instant,every time,th
5、e last time,every time。如：The first time I got to the island,I was amazed by its beauty.The moment I entered the room,I smelled something unusual.Every time I visit him,he is always reading.3directly和immediately也可作为连词，引导时间状语从句，意为“一就”，相当于the moment/the instant和as soon as。如：I knew something was wrong d
6、irectly I arrived.The boys did all sorts of mischief immediately my back was turned.4before 和afterbefore 引导的从句的动作通常发生在主句动作之后，如果从句是过去时，主句一般要用过去完成时或一般过去时。after引导的从句动作通常发生在主句动作之前，如果主句要用过去时，从句则要用过去完成时或一般过去时。例如：The plane had taken off before he arrived at the airport.After he had lived in the south for n
7、early 20 years,he decided to go to seek his fortune in the north.They arrived at the cinema after the film began.5no sooner.than 和hardly(scarcely).when这两个连词词组都是表示主句与从句动作随即发生，意为“一就”。主句动词用过去完成时。如果no sooner,hardly 或scarcely位于句首，主句要倒装。例如：No sooner had he entered the house than it began to rain.He had ha
8、rdly gone to bed when the telephone rang.6till 和until这两个词的用法十分近似，都表示“直到”，但在句首只能用until。在肯定句中，主句要用延续性动词；在否定句中，主句要用非延续性动词，这时until和before同义。例如：They did not go home until they had finished the work.They stayed there.7.It 与before,since,when引导的时间状语从句连用时的区别：(1)It is/has been时间段since.自从以来已有多长时间了。(2)It is/was
9、时间点when.when 引导的是一个时间状语从句，主句中的 it 指时间，表语由具体的时间充当。常译为“当的时候，是”。(3)It be 时间段 before.it 指时间，主句中的时态常是一般将来时或过去时两种时态主句中的表语多是long,not long,3 days,2 weeks 等表示时间段的词或短语。常译为“之后”。例如：How long is it since we met last time?It was a lready midnight when I got home.It was not long before she got married and moved to
10、Japan.1(2011福建)It was April 29,2011_Prince William and Kate Middleton walked into the palace hall of the wedding ceremony.AthatBwhen Csince Dbefore解析考查when引导的时间状语从句。句意“2011年4月29日，威廉王子与凯特米德尔顿步入了婚姻的殿堂。”答案B2(2011上海)If a lot of people say a film is not good,I wont bother to see it,or Ill wait_it comes o
11、ut on DVD.A.whether B.afterC.though D.until解析考查时间状语从句。until与wait等延续性动词的肯定形式连用。答案D3(2011江西)Please call my secretary to arrange a meeting this afternoon,or_it is convenient to you.A.whenever B.howeverC.whichever D.wherever解析考查从句连接词。whenever无论何时，however然而whichever任何一个，wherever 无论哪里。请打电话给我的秘书安排今天下午的会议，或
12、者在任何你方便的时候。关系副词在后句中充当状语，根据语境可知是指时间，选A。答案A4(2011辽 宁)He had no sooner finished his speech_the students started cheering.A.since B.asC.when D.than解析考查状语从句。no sooner.than.为固定搭配。答案D5(2011四川)As it reported,it is 100 years_QinghuaUniversity was founded.A.when B.beforeC.after D.since解析考查固定句型。It is/was时间段sin
13、ce从句，表示“自从以来已经有多长时间了”。答案D1(2010重庆)Today，we will begin _we stopped yesterday so that no point will be left out.AwhenBwhereChow Dwhat解析考查状语从句。where在此处引导地点状语从句。答案B2(2009江苏)_unemployment and crime are high，it can be assumed that the latter is due to the former.ABefore BWhereCUnless DUntil解析考查状语从句。where引
14、导地点状语从句，表示凡是失业率与犯罪率高的地方，犯罪都是由失业引起的。答案B3(2009山 东)The little girl who got lost decided to remain_she was and wait for her mother.Awhere BwhatChow Dwho解析考查状语从句。句意：这个迷路的小女孩决定待在原地等她妈妈。故应选择where来引导地点状语从句，答案为A。答案A地点状语从句表示在主句中某一动作或状态发生的地点或进行的方向，这类从句通常由where,wherever或 everywhere引导，可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后，wherever的语
15、气比where语气更强烈。where指“在某个地方”，wherever指“在任何一个地方”，everywhere指“每一地方”。例如：Bamboo grows well where it has plenty of rain.Sit wherever you like.Make a mark where you have a question.Where there is a will，there is a way.1.(2011山 东)He had his camera ready_he saw something that would make a good picture.A.even
16、ifB.if onlyC.in case D.so that解析考查状语从句引导词。句意“他准备好了相机以防看到可以拍摄的景物。”in case 为“以防；以免”；even if为“即使”；if only 为“如果就好了”；so that“为了，以便”。答案C2.(2010全国卷)The little boy wont go to sleep_hismother tells him a story.Aor BunlessCbut Dwhether解析考查连词。根据句意“除非妈妈给他讲一个故事，否则这小男孩是不会入睡的。”可知unless符合句意。or否则，不然的话；but但是；whether是
17、否。答案B3(2010山东)The school rules state that no child shall be allowed out of the school during the day，_accompanied by an adult.Aonce BwhenCif Dunless解析考查连词。句意：学校规则规定：除非有大人的陪伴，否则任何孩子白天都不允许外出学校。答案D4(2010江西)Our holiday cost a lot of money.Did it?Well，that doesnt matter_you enjoyed yourselves.Aas long as
18、 BunlessCas soon as Dthough解析考查连词辨析。由对话语境可知，空格后的一句是空格前一句的前提条件。故A项意思相符。as long as只要。答案A5(2010北京)_they decide which college to go to，students should research the admission procedures.AAs BWhileCUntil DOnce解析此题考查状语从句连词。once“一旦”。句意：学生一旦决定上哪个大学，他们就应该了解一下入学手续。答案D条件状语从句表示主句中某一动作或状态是在什么情况或条件下发生的。1if 和unless
19、if 表示正面的条件，意为“如果”，unless表示反向的条件，意为“除非，如果不”。例如：If youve got exams tomorrow,why arent you studying？The sports meet will begin tomorrow unless it rains.【专家提醒】条件状语从句中常用一般时表示将要发生的动作。2.providing,provided(that),supposing,suppose(that),as long as,so long as,on condition that 和in case这些连词(词组)意思相近，有“如果，只要，假如，
20、假使，在条件下”等意思。例如：All living things respire as long as they live.Supposing(that)you fail a second time,dont get disappointed,but try again.On condition that the liquid is cooled still further,it will turn to a solid.3only if和if onlyonly if 引导的从句用陈述语气，意为“只要”；if only引导的从句要用虚拟语气，意为“但愿”，“要是就好了”。例如：only if
21、you have persistence,can you achieve great success.If only I had wings,I would be able to travel around the world easily.1(2011北京)_volleyball is her main focus,shes also great at basketball.A.SinceB.OnceC.Unless D.While解析句意为：虽然排球是她的主要项目，但她还擅长篮球。while“虽然，尽管”。since“自从”；once“一旦”；unless“除非”均不合题意。答案D2(20
22、11四川)Frank insisted that he was not asleep_Ihad great difficulty in waking him up.A.whether B.althoughC.for D.so解析考查从属连词。although作为连词引导让步状语从句。句意为：尽管我很难叫醒他，但弗兰克却坚持说自己没有睡觉。前后句子表达“虽然但是”的转折语气，故选B项。whether作为连词可接名词性从句表示“是否”的意思，接让步状语从句表示“不管，无论”，与题意不符；for作为连词引导原因状语从句；so作为连词引导结果状语从句；均不合题意。答案B3(2011辽宁)No matt
23、er how _，it is not necessarily lifeless.A.a desert may be dry B.dry a desert may beC.may a desert be dry D.dry may a desert be解析考查状语从句。No matter how引导让步状语从句，用陈述语序。答案B4(2010安徽)The engineers are so busy that they have zero time for outdoor sports activities，_they have the interest.Awherever BwheneverC
24、even if Das if解析考查连词的用法。根据语境可知，“他们有这种兴趣”和“他们没有时间”之间为转折关系。故用even if“即使”引导让步状语从句。答案C5(2011重庆)To show our respect,we usually have to take our gloves off_we are to shake hands with.Awhichever BwheneverCwhoever Dwherever解析考查状语从句的连词。whoever引导让步状语从句，相当于no matter who。答案C1让步状语从句可由although，though，as，while，eve
25、n if(though)，whatever，whether.or.，no matter who(when，what.)等引导。Although/Though she works very hard，(yet)she makes very slow progress.尽管她学习很努力，但还是进步不快。Whenever Im unhappy(No matter when Im unhappy)，it is my friend who cheers me up.不管什么时候我不高兴，总是我的朋友给我鼓励。【专家提醒】(1)however引导让步状语从句时，与它所修饰的词一起放在句首。(2)英语不允许
26、在though 或although从句后同时用but。如果要强调前后两个部分的对比意义，可以在主句前加上yet或still。2as引导的让步状语从句的常见的几种倒装方式(1)如果从句的谓语部分为“不及物动词副词”时，常将从句中的副词提到从句的句首。Hard as you may try，you will not succeed.尽管你努力了，你可能不会成功。(2)如果从句的谓语部分为“情态动词不及物动词”，常将这个不及物动词提到从句的句首。Wait as you may，he will not see you.尽管你等了，他可能不会见你。(3)如果从句的谓语部分是“系动词单数名词”，则常将这个
27、作表语的名词提前，但这个名词前面的不定冠词要省略。Child as he is，he can tell right from wrong.尽管他还是个孩子，他能明辨是非。3while作“尽管”讲引导让步状语从句时往往放在句首While I understand your viewpoint，I dont agree with you.尽管我明白你的观点，我不赞成你。1(2011湖南)Jack wasnt saying anything,but the teacher smiled at him_he had done something very clever.A.as ifB.in case
28、C.while D.though解析考查状语从句的用法。根据句意，空格处需要填入“好像，仿佛”。故选A。答案A2(2009天津)I travel to the Binhai New Area by light railway every day，_do many businessmen who live in downtown Tianjin.Aas BwhichCwhen Dthough解析句意：我像许多住在天津闹市区的商人一样，每天乘坐轻轨到滨海新区上班。as引导方式状语从句时意为“正如，就像一样”。答案A1as 和just as二者都表示“如；犹如，正如”。just as 比as强调的语
29、气更强。例如：In the early days,people could not count as we do now.在早期日子中，人们不和我们现在一样能计数。Most plants need sunlight just as they need water.大部植物像它们需要水一样，也需要阳光。2as if 和as thoughas if 或as though从句可以用陈述语气，表示可能符合事实的情况；也可以用虚拟语气，表示不符合事实或与事实相反的情况，意为“好像，仿佛”。例如：It looks as though it is going to rain.天看起来要下雨。He spoke
30、 as if he were a philosopher.他说话就像是一位哲学家。(从句动词与主语谓语同时发生，从句谓语要用一般过去时)He speaks as if he had been to the moon.他谈起话来就好像是去过月球。(从句动作发生在主句谓语之前，从句谓语要用过去完成时)He speaks as if he would fly to the moon.他谈起话来就好像是要飞往月球。(从句动词发生在主句谓语之后，从句谓语要用would/could/mightdo)Adverbial Clauses of Reason(原因状语从句）because,since,as,no
31、w that,forI.because1)The ship changed its course because there was a storm.The ship changed its course because of the storm.2)Because he was ill,he didnt go to school.He was ill,so he didnt go to school.Being ill,he didnt go to school.II.since 1)Since you are ill,youd better go to see the doctor.2)S
32、ince you do not understand,I will explain again.III.as 1)As she was late for class,she had to say sorry.2)As Jane was the oldest in this family,she had to look after the others.IV.now that 1)Now that class is over,lets go to play football.V.for He must be ill,for he is absent today.Exercises:1.The t
33、eacher must be strict with you _ they want you to make great progress.2._your father is well again,you no longer have anything to worry about.3.The day breaks,_the birds are singing.1“May I go and play with Dick this afternoon,Mum？”“No,you cant go out_your work is being done.”A.before B.untilC.as D.
34、the moment【易误分析】容易误选B，误认为这是考查 not.until.结构。【名师指津】最佳答案选 C。句中的 your work is being done 表明“你正在做作业”，选 as 表原因。2.“Im going to the post office.”“_youre there,can you get me some stamps？”A.As B.WhileC.Because D.If【易误分析】容易误选A。【名师指津】最佳答案选 B。尽管 as 和 while 均可用作从属连词引导时间状语从句，表示“当的时候”，但两者有一个重要区别，就是这样用的 as 从句的谓语不能是
35、状态动词。当然，如果as 不是表示“当的时候”，其谓语是完全可以用状态动词的。如：I went to bed early,as I was exhausted.我很累了，所以很早就上床睡了。(此句中的 as 表示原因，意为“因为”、“由于”)3.After the war,a new school building was put up_therehad once been a theatre.A.that B.whenC.which D.where【易误分析】几个干扰项均有可能误选。【名师指津】最佳答案选D。where 在此引导地点状语从句，其意为“(在)的地方”。4.The visitor
36、 asked to have his picture taken_ stood the famous tower.A.that B.at whichC.when D.where【易误分析】几个干扰项均有可能误选。【名师指津】最佳答案选 D。此题与上面一题有些相似，但又有所不同：相似的是，where 均表示“在的地方”，均用以引导地点状语从句；不同的是，此题还涉及倒装，即此句的主语是 the famous tower，谓语是 stood，正常语序为where the famous tower stood，使用倒装是为了保持句子平衡，避免头重脚轻。5.They kept trying_they m
37、ust have known it was hopeless.A.if B.becauseC.when D.where【易误分析】几个干扰项均有可能误选。【名师指津】最佳答案选 C。when 在此的意思不是“当的时候”，而是“尽管”、“虽然”的意思。又如：He walks when he might take a taxi.尽管他可以坐出租车，但他却走路。He stopped trying when he might have succeeded next time.尽管他本来下次就可以成功的了，但他却停止努力了。The boy was restless when he should have
38、 listened to the teacher carefully.这男孩子本来应该专心听老师讲的，但他却坐立不安。有许多同学只知道 when 表示“当的时候”，而不知道它还有其他许多意思，除上面提到的表示“尽管”、“虽然”外，when 还可表示“既然”、“考虑到”。请做下面的试题(答案选D)：Why do you want a new job_youve got such a good one already?A.that B.whereC.which D.when6.He was about to tell me the secret_someone patted him on the
39、shoulder.A.as B.untilC.when D.while【易误分析】几个干扰项均有可能误选。【名师指津】最佳答案选 C。when 意为“这时(突然)”，主要用于某一动作突然发生于另一动作正在进行或刚要发生之时。此时的 when 可以连用副词 suddenly，也可以不连用它，但值得注意的是，同学们不能单独用 suddenly 来代替 when。7.The fire went on for quite some time_it was brought under control.A.when B.sinceC.after D.before【易误分析】几个干扰项均有可能误选。【名师指
40、津】最佳答案选 D。before 意为“在之前”，句意是“大火在得到控制之前燃烧了相当一段时间”。8.Mother asked me to take more money_somethingunexpected should happen.A.in case B.so thatC.in order that D.when【易误分析】几个干扰项均有可能误选。【名师指津】最佳答案选 A。in case 起连词作用，用以引导状语从句，主要有两种意思：一是表示条件，意为“如果”、“万一”；二是表示“目的”，意为“以防”、“免得”。9._your composition carefully,some s
41、pelling mistakes can be avoided.A.Having checked B.CheckC.If you check D.To check【易误分析】几个干扰项均有可能误选，尤其可能误选A。【名师指津】最佳答案选 C。前面一个分句为条件状语从句，后面一个分句为主语。现分析几个干扰项：选项 A 和 D 均为非谓语动词，根据英语语法习惯，非谓语动词作状语时，其逻辑主语应与句子主语一致，而此句的 some spelling mistakes 显然不能用作having checked 或to check 的逻辑主语，故不能选为答案；若选 B，则两个句子之间缺少必要的连词，也不对
42、。10.“When did he leave the classroom？”“He left_youturned back to write on the blackboard.”A.the time B.the momentC.until D.since【易误分析】几个干扰项均有可能误选。【名师指津】最佳答案选 B。the moment 用作连词，意为“一就”，相当于 as soon as。类似地，the minute,the instant 也可用作连词，表示“一就”的意思。1Did you return Freds call?I didnt need to_Ill see him tom
43、orrow.A.thoughB.unlessC.when D.because解析句意是：“你给Fred回电话了没有？”“我没有回电话，因为我明天就会见到他。”所以要用 because引导原因状语从句。答案D2_well prepared you are,you still need a lot of luck in mountain climbing.A.However B.WhateverC.No matter D.Although解析句意是：不管你准备得有多么好，你在爬山运动中仍需要很大的运气。从句与主句是转折关系，要用连接副词However引导让步状语从句，同时作状语修饰well。答案A
44、3.I used to love that film_I was a child,but I dont feel it that way any more.A.once B.whenC.since D.although解析句意是：当我还是一个小孩子的时候，曾喜欢过那部电影，但是现在我再也没有那种感觉了。根据句意可知，此处要用when引导时间状语从句。once 一旦；一就；since自从以来；既然；although虽然但是。答案B4.Failure is never pleasurable，but it can make a positive contribution to your life_
45、you learn to use it.A.since B.onceC.until D.unless解析句意是：失败永远不是令人愉快的事情。但是，一旦你学会利用它，它就会给你的生活带来积极的促进作用。根据题意可知，从句是主句发生的条件，故用once表示“一旦”。答案B5.That was really a splendid evening.Its years_Ienjoyed myself so much.A.when B.thatC.before D.since解析句意：这真是一个美好的夜晚，有几年我没有玩得这么痛快了。该句使用的是It is时间阶段since.句式，意为“自从以来已有某段时
46、间了”。答案D6.Well have a picnic in the park this Sunday_itrains or its very cold.A.since B.ifC.unless D.until解析句意是：我们这个星期天要去野营，除非下雨或者太冷。从句是主句的反向条件，要用unless引导。答案C7There were some chairs left over_everyone had sat down.A.when B.untilC.that D.where解析句意是：当每个人坐下以后，还剩下几把椅子。根据题干中两个动词时态的比较可知，“每个人坐下”发生在“还剩下几把椅子”
47、之前，所以要用when引导时间状语从句，表示“在之后”。答案A8I am sure he is up to the job_he should give his mind to it.A.if only B.in caseC.untilD.unless解析句意是：我相信，如果他专心做这项工作，他会胜任的。从句是主句发生的条件，所以要用if only表示“如果”。答案A9.Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores，and this is especially true_it comes to classroom t
48、ests.Abefore BsinceCwhen Dafter解析句意是：做作业当然是提高成绩的方法，当涉及到随堂测验的时候，这尤其正确。此句要用习惯句型when it comes to.表示“当谈到的时候”。答案C10_you have passed the driving test,you can drive on your own.A.Now that B.In caseC.If only D.Even though解析句意是：既然你已通过驾驶测试了，你就可以自己开汽车了。从句是主句的原因。Now that“既然”；In case“万一”；If only“要是就好了。”；Even tho
49、ugh“即使”。答案A11.Losing weight is no easy task.A lot of people who lost weight gain it back over time and end up back_theystarted.A.where B.thoughC.since D.after解析句意是：减肥不是一件容易的事。许多已减了肥的人随着时间的过去又增长了体重，回到了一开始的状态。此句要用where引导地点状语从句，表示“一开始的地方”。答案C12.I dont think Maria will be disappointed at the news,but I
50、will see her_she is.A.as B.as ifC.in case D.even if解析句意是：我认为Maria不会因为这个消息而感到失望的，但我要去看看她以防她真得会失望。此句要用in case引导目的状语从句，表示“以防”。答案C13.No matter how many adults use the language，_it isnt passed to the next generation,it cannot survive.A.if B.even thoughC.as D.as far as解析句意是：不管有多少成年人使用一种语言，如果不传给下一代人，这种语言就不
51、会存在下去。从句是主句发生的条件，故用if引导。even though“即使”；as“由于”；as far as“至于来说”。答案A14.Talking about his success,the famous scientist said,“Ive been lucky_there are many people who have helped me.”A.provided that B.now thatC.so that D.in that解析句意是：谈起了他的成功，这位著名科学家说，“我很幸运，有那么多的人帮助了我。”此句要用in that表示“在方面”。答案D15_，she falls
52、 behind most of her classmates.A.Hard she works B.She works hardC.Hard does she work D.Hard as she works解析句意是：她尽管工作努力，但还是落后于她的同学们。as引导让步状语从句，要用倒装语序，Hard提到as前面。答案D16.She was so angry that she rushed out into the rain_Icould stop her.A.until B.beforeC.after D.as解析句意是：她是那样的生气，以至于我还没有时间拦住她，她就冲到外面的雨中了。此句
53、要用before引导时间状语从句，before与could连用，常表示“还没有来得及”。答案B17Did you remember to give Jenny the video tape?Yes._I saw her.A.So long as B.Any timeC.WheneverD.The moment解析句意是：“你记得给Jenny录相带了没有？”“给了，我一见到她就给她了。”这是一个时间状语从句，The moment表示“一就”。答案D18How are you doing all these years,Jim?Nothing new.Everything is going on_
54、it was years ago.A.as B.whileC.when D.since解析句意是：“Jim你这些年来还顺利吧？”“没有什么新鲜的事，一切和几年以前相同。”as引导方式状语从句，表示“像一样”。答案A19.As long as I can remember,_I called,his wife would answer the phone.A.however B.wheneverC.WhateverD.whichever解析句意是：“就我的记忆能力来说，无论我什么时候打电话，回话的总是他的妻子。”此句要用whenever引导时间状语从句，意为“无论什么时候”。答案B20_kind of package it is,children are curious to open it up to see whats inside.A.However B.No matter where C.Whenever D.No matter what解析句意是：无论是什么样的包裹，孩子们总是好奇地打开，看一看里面是什么。从句是让步状语从句，用No matter what引 导，因 为 what为 形 容 词，所 以 它 修 饰 名 词 kind。However是副词，不能修饰名词。答案D
