1、模块二 不可忽视的小词:冠词、代词和介词第3讲 冠词、代词和介词(短语)Step 1 刷透真题明晰技法【高考真题练】.语法填空1.(2020全国卷)The plum trees are _first to flower even as the snow is melting(融化).2.(2019全国卷)When we got a call saying she was short-listed,we thought it was _joke.3.(2020新高考全国卷)As well as looking at exhibits,visitors can play with computer
2、 simulations(模拟)and imagine _(they)living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest.theathemselves4.(2018全国卷)When the gorillas and I frightened each other,I was just glad to find _(they)alive.5.(2020全国卷)Bamboo plants are associated _health,abundance and a happy home.6.(2020全国卷)T
3、he artist was finally humbled(谦卑)by the greatest artist _earth,Mother Nature.themwithon.完成句子1.(2020全国卷)Then I put the tomatoes and the beaten eggs into _(平底锅)together.2.(2020全国卷)For example,every morning,my dad has to have _(一碗鸡蛋汤)while I have to eat an apple.3.(2020全国卷)“Not that way,”my mom_(尽力阻止我)
4、but failed.the pana bowl of egg souptried to stop me4.(2020全国卷)Best of luck _(与你学习)kung fu in China.5.(2020全国卷)After that I poured oil into a pan and _(打开炉子).6.(2020江苏高考)Taking on this challenge will bring you _(接触;有联系)someone who shares your interests.7.(2020 天津高考)For my fifth birthday,my mother ba
5、ked me a cake _(呈的形状)a monkey.with you/your learningturned on the stovein contact within the shape of【微技能点拨】语法填空五谨记1.根据泛指或特指选择冠词如果空格后的名词或“形容词+名词”前没有形容词性物主代词、不定代词、名词所有格或指示代词等限定词时很可能填冠词。2.根据固定句式或固定搭配选择冠词英语中有很多带有冠词的固定句式或短语,记住这些句式和短语也有利于解决此类问题。3.熟记常用的不定代词,如one,all,both,either,neither,each,many,much,litt
6、le,few,other,another,something,nothing等。4.人称、物主、反身代词:“成分”是关键(1)如果句中缺少主语,则用人称代词的主格;(2)如果句中缺少宾语或表语,则用人称代词的宾格;(3)如果句中缺少定语,则用形容词性物主代词;(4)如果宾语或表语又反射到句子主语,则用反身代词。5.“四种方法”确定介词(1)根据介词短语与谓语的逻辑关系;(2)根据语境含义结合介词用法;(3)根据特殊的结构关系,如接复合宾语就只能用with或without;(4)根据介词与动词、形容词、名词等的搭配。Step 2 突破重点点拨疑惑一、冠词考点1 不定冠词用法 英语中冠词有不定冠词
7、和定冠词两种,常放在名词的前面,用来限定名词的意义,起泛指或特指的作用。主要有下面两种用法:1.表示“一个”,意为one;指某人或某物,意为a certain。A Mr Liu is waiting for you outside.A teacher is a person who teaches.An apple falls down because of gravity.2.代表一类人或物。【点津】(1)不定冠词a(an)与数词one 同源,是“一个”的意思。a用于辅音音素前,an则用于元音音素前。注意此处不是指辅音字母和元音字母。(2)不定冠词的其他用法不定冠词可以用在某些物质名词或抽象
8、名词前,使之具体化。这样的物质名词有:rain,snow,fog,wind,drink,coffee,beer,fire,paper等;抽象名词有:success,failure,surprise,pleasure,beauty,wonder,comfort,danger,shock等。knowledge,collection,understanding等名词后加of.时,其前常用不定冠词a/an。“a most+形容词”表示“很,非常”,most在此不表示最高级含义,相当于very,而“the+most+多音节形容词”为多音节形容词的最高级形式,表示“最”。For a great many
9、men and women,romance can be a most important part of marriage.It is one of the most original works of imagination in the language.考点2 定冠词用法1.表示特指的人或物,或者双方都知道的或心中都明白的人或物或者指上文已经提到过的人或物。Yesterday Johns father bought him a new bike.The bike cost him 200 yuan.2.用于单数可数名词前,表示整个类属。I think the telephone was
10、 invented before(after)the car.3.用于某些形容词、分词前表示一类人/物或用在姓氏复数前表示一家人。The rich will be asked to contribute money;the strong to contribute labour.The Greens said you would travel with them,didnt they?4.用在被短语或从句修饰的名词前表示特指。This is the boy whose mother is our Chinese teacher.5.表示世界上独一无二的事物,如the moon,the sun,
11、the earth,the universe,the world,the sky等。The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.6.用在序数词、形容词/副词最高级以及形容词only,very,same等前面。I felt the pressure of being the first woman in the job.Could you give me some advice on the best way to do this?【点津】当序数词不表示顺序而表示“又一,再一”时,用不定冠词,如a second time意为“再一次;又一次”。7
12、.用于表示方位、西洋乐器等的名词前,如in the east,in the northwest,play the piano等。8.用于表示某世纪/年代/时期或朝代的名词前。He moved to the south in the sixties.9.用在表示度量单位的名词前,如by the hour/day/week/month/year/dozen/yard/ton/kilo,但是size/weight/time这类名词跟by连用时不加冠词。I hired the car by the hour.考点3 与冠词有关的固定搭配1.含不定冠词的固定搭配have a knowledge/unde
13、rstanding of了解have a good view of饱览in a hurry匆忙地as a result因此as a rule通常as a whole总体上as a matter of fact事实上2.含定冠词的固定搭配make the most/best of充分利用in the end最后by the way顺便说一下 in the distance在远处in the way挡道on the whole总的来说3.含零冠词的固定搭配at present目前 take part in参加in peace平静by chance/accident碰巧on purpose故意on
14、second thoughts再三考虑ahead of time提前in advance提前4.常用的固定词组辨析【小题快练】The New York Times started _new text messaging service that delivers _latest news to mobile phones.The woman from Taiwan is _famous singer.She has a lot of fans.Why not open the windows to let cool air in?Id rather you didnt._air in our
15、town is terribly polluted.We had to spend three more hours waiting in a cafe at the airport because _flight was delayed.atheaThethe二、代词考点1人称代词、物主代词以及反身代词人称代词、物主代词和反身代词一览表代词数人称代词物主代词反身代词人称主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词单数第一人称我Imemyminemyself第二人称你youyouyouryoursyourself第三人称他hehimhishishimself她sheherherhersherself
16、它itititsitsitself代词数人称代词物主代词反身代词人称主格宾格形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词复数第一人称我们weusouroursourselves第二人称你们youyouyouryoursyourselves第三人称他们theythemtheirtheirsthemselves(1)人称代词作主语用主格,作宾语、表语用宾格。(2)两个以上的人称代词并列,其次序排列原则:在并列主语中,“I”总是放在最后,排列顺序为:二 三 一(人称)。宾格me也一样。You,he and I are in different classes.Mr Wang asked Li Ming and m
17、e to help him.第三人称,男女两性并用,男先女后。He and she were sitting face to face.(3)物主代词分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种。名词性物主代词可作主语和宾语。She scanned the list of names to see if hers was on it.The author can report other peoples results which more or less agree with hers.考点2 it的用法1.it作人称代词的用法(1)it 可以指除人以外的一切事物或动物。如:We have$50
18、0.Will it be enough for a deposit?(2)指人主要用于指性别不明的婴儿或用于确认某人的身份。如:I want this baby very much,because it certainly will be the last.2.it 作非人称代词的用法(1)主要用于指时间、距离、价值、天气、气候及温度等自然现象。如:Its quite warm at the moment.(2)用于某些句型Its time for sth.该做某事了。Its time to do sth.到该做某事的时候了。Its time for sb.to do sth.某人该做某事了。
19、Its(about/high)time+that-从句.某人该做某事了。(从句谓语用过去式,有时也用“should+动词原形”)Its the first(second.)time+that-从句.某人第几次做某事。(从句谓语用现在完成时)Its+时间段+since-从句.自从有一段时间了。Its+时间段+before-从句.过多长时间才3.it用作形式主语或形式宾语(1)用作形式主语的重要句型It+be+adj.for(of)sb.to do sth.某人做某事It is necessary for us to have some exercise every day.It is very
20、considerate of you to send me a birthday card.(2)用作形式宾语的重要句型主语+think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep.+it+adj./n.(for/of sb.)to do/从句主语+think/believe/suppose/consider/feel/make/keep.+it+important/necessary/natural/essential+that.(should).【点津】某些及物动词或短语后不能直接跟从句。此时须先用it作形式宾语,然后接从句,有此用法的动词(短语)有:l
21、ike,dislike,hate,appreciate,depend on,rely on,count on,see to等。I believe it important to separate good failures from bad failures.I would appreciate it if you could help me to solve the technical problem.I hate it when people tell me that they are unemployed.考点3 不定代词1.all,both,either,neither,any,eac
22、h,none的用法比较:(1)both(两者都),either(两者中的任何一个),neither(两者都不)。以上这些词使用范围为两者。As far as I could tell,neither of us was under observation.(2)both与复数名词连用,either与单数名词连用。Both sides are looking for ways to settle their differences.There are many tall buildings on either side of the street.(3)all(所有的,全部的人或物),any(任
23、何一个),none(都不)。以上词使用范围为三者或三者以上。All the soldiers were praised for bravery in battle.(4)all和both与not 连用表示部分否定;none以及not.any表示全部否定。Not all the machines of the company are imported.Both of the substances do not dissolve in water.None of you had the courage to face the situation.(5)each可指两者,也可指两者以上。I beli
24、eve that each of us can contribute to the future of the world.2.another,other,the other,others的用法比较(1)another既可以单独使用,也可以用于单数名词前,泛指三者或三者以上中的“另外一个人或物”。还可以用于“another+数词+复数名词”中,表示“再,又”。I need another ten minutes to finish my homework.(2)other可用作形容词,意思为“别的,其他的”,泛指“其他的(人或物)”。They will then have more money
25、 to spend on other things.(3)the other指两个人或物中的一个,不能用another,此时other作代词使用。He has one shoulder a little higher than the other.(4)the other后可接可数名词单数也可接复数名词,不接不可数名词。此时other 作为形容词。She turned over on her stomach on the other side of the bed.He played the violin,and he stood out from all the other musician
26、s.(5)others是other的复数形式,泛指“另外几个”“其他的”。others不能作定语,表示复数意义,相当于“other+复数名词”;the others相当于“the other+复数名词”,指剩下的全部。He demands perfection in others,but cannot see faults in himself.The snowy main peak towers above all the others.【小题快练】.单句语法填空Id appreciate _if you could let me know in advance whether or not
27、 you will come.Im looking for a friend of _(me)who lives here.In some countries,people eat with chopsticks,while in _,knives and forks.We have been preparing our fighters to adjust _to civil society.itmineothersthemselvesMary is always full of ideas,but _is useful to my knowledge.I think you may fin
28、d thats _thing we have in common.noneanother.完成句子He told me all the news but _(没有一个)was very exciting._(众所周知)that life is not a smooth journey,which is full of ups and downs.So never lose heart.none of itIt is known to usOn the one hand I admire his gifts,but _(另一方面)I distrust his judgment.When we g
29、ot to the mountain top,_(天又开始下雪了).on the other handit started snowing again三、介词(短语)考点1 介词的基本用法1.with/without复合结构介词with/without+名词/代词+形容词/副词/介词短语/动词不定式/分词(分词可以是现在分词,也可以是过去分词)在句中表状态或说明背景情况,常作伴随、方式、原因、条件等状语。I will have to buy a new one with my glasses broken.With something important to talk about with
30、you,you must stay here.2.表示工具、手段、方式的介词by,in,on三词都可表示旅行的方式(1)不涉及交通工具的名词时用by,名词前不加冠词。如:by sea,by water,by land,by rail,by air等。(2)涉及交通工具的名词时用by,名词须用单数形式,前面不加冠词或任何修饰语。如:by bike,by taxi,by plane,by ship/boat,by train,by spaceship等。(3)步行、骑马、骑骆驼均用on。如on foot,on horseback,on a horse,on the camel等。3.with,by
31、,in三词都可表示“用”,表示行为的工具、手段或方式。(1)with用于有形的工具或身体某些器官之前,其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。We do not see nature with our eyes,but with our understandings and our hearts.(2)by,in,on,over,through等介词多用于无形的工具或方式手段之前。如by hand,in ink,on the telephone,over the radio,through the telescope等。4.of+抽象名词的用法(1)of+great/much+抽象名词=very+
32、抽象名词的形容词形式(2)of+no+抽象名词=not+抽象名词的形容词形式Basic research is of great importance in all scientific fields.=Basic research is very important in all scientific fields.All our persuasion was of no use;she would not come.=All our persuasion was not useful;she would not come.5.介词but的固定搭配have no choice but to
33、do只得做某事;cant help but do不得不做;cant but do不得不只能做;cant choose but do只得做某事;but for要不是。I have no choice but to do as he tells me.It rained hard,so they couldnt choose but stay at home.6.名词 key,approach,solution,answer,entrance,visit,attitude等与to构成固定搭配We have a very communicative approach to teaching lang
34、uages.We must find a satisfactory solution to the problem.7.介词by的用法(1)by+地点名词:表示方位,意为“在旁边”。(2)by+时间名词:意为“到时(已发生某事);最晚,不迟于,在之前”,此时谓语多用完成时。(3)by+名词:可用来表示方法、方式、手段等。I can find two tables by the window for you.Can you have your report ready for the press by next week?I used to travel by air a great deal
35、when I was a boy.考点2 介词的习惯搭配1.与形容词构成的搭配(1)be+adj.+aboutbe anxious about忧虑be curious about 对好奇(2)be+adj.+atbe angry at因生气 be good at擅长(3)be+adj.+inbe absorbed in专注于be active in积极于be dressed in穿着be engaged in忙于(4)be+adj.+forbe eager for渴望be famous for因著名be fit for适合,胜任be ready for准备好(5)be+adj.+frombe
36、absent from缺席be different from不同于(6)be+adj.+tobe close to接近be devoted to致力于be equal to等于be familiar to对来说熟悉(7)be+adj.+ofbe aware of意识到be fond of喜欢(8)be+adj.+withbe busy with忙于be familiar with对熟悉be patient with对有耐心2.与名词构成的搭配(1)“at+n.”表示状态at a loss不知所措at peace处于和平中at war在战争中at work在工作(2)“on+n.”表示状态on
37、exhibition/show在展出on fire着火on sale出售,打折on the way在途中(3)“by+n.”表示方式by accident偶然by air/plane乘飞机by chance偶然by design故意(4)“in+n.”表示方式in cash 用现金付款in depth 在深度上in detail 详细地in height 在高度上(5)“of+n.”表示特征(等于相应的形容词)of benefit 有益处的of use 有用的(6)“out of+n.”表示状态out of balance 失去平衡out of breath 上气不接下气(7)“with+n.
38、”表示方式with delight/joy 高兴地with difficulty 困难地【小题快练】.单句语法填空The English class ended _all singing an English song.Knowledge is a treasure,but practice is the key _it.It was a long journey _ship but we really enjoyed it.It is _no use to try to do it again.withtobyofA serious study of physics is impossibl
39、e _some knowledge of mathematics.If the letter you get from me is written _blue ink,it is true what I said.withoutin.完成句子She was _(不知所措)to explain why shed done it.Hawaii _(因出名)its beautiful beaches.Our village _(与大不相同)what it was before.This city appears similar to mine,but _(我对它不熟悉)at all.at a los
40、sis famous foris very different fromIm not familiar with itStep 3 跟踪检测提升能力.语法填空Dogs were first raised at home at least 150 centuries ago.Since then,the dog 1.(be)humans best friend.Now,they have another jobto assist doctors to diagnose(诊断)cancer.After a long-standing research of smell,a Finnish prof
41、essor has said that certain 2.(type)of cancer are able to be detected by their smell,making it possible to train cancer-sniffing dogs 3.(help)diagnose the disease.A professor,Jouko Vepsalainen from the University of Eastern Finland in Kuopio,has focused 4.nitrogen compounds(氮化合物).The compounds incre
42、ase 5.(great)when cancer cells grow in an uncontrollable way,6.(allow)them to be detected,the Finnish newspaper Karjalainen reported.Thats where the dog,mans best friend,may step in with their keen sense of smell.According to the news agency,researchers in Finland have tried to train dogs to do the
43、job,but 7.will take a dog months,even years,to tell the 8.(different)between sick and healthy people.“Anyone 9._knows how difficult early cancer detection is 10.(understand)what an opportunity this is,”associate professor Anna Hielm-Bjorkman of the University of Helsinki told the Finnish media.【文章大意
44、】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了某种癌症可以通过气味来检测,这使得训练嗅癌犬帮助诊断癌症成为可能。1.【解析】has been。考查时态。根据时间状语Since then可知,此句要用现在完成时,主语是单数,故填has been。2.【解析】types。考查名词。根据后面谓语are可知,主语要用复数形式,故填types。3.【解析】to help。考查非谓语动词。此处是考查非谓语动词作状语,训练嗅癌犬是为了帮助医生诊断疾病,作目的状语要用不定式,故填to help。4.【解析】on/upon。考查介词。句意:来自Kuopio东芬兰大学的教授JoukoVepsalainen一直致力于研究氮化合物
45、。focus on/upon是固定搭配,意思是“专注于,致力于”,故填on/upon。5.【解析】greatly。考查副词。设空处所给提示词要修饰动词increase,副词用来修饰动词,因此要用great的副词形式,故填greatly。6.【解析】allowing。考查非谓语动词。分析句子结构可知,此处是作句子的状语,所给提示词为动词,要用其非谓语形式,此处的逻辑主语为compounds,与allow之间是主动关系,用其现在分词形式,故填allowing。7.【解析】it。考查代词。but连接两个并列结构,根据上文可知,此处是指训练狗得需要几个月甚至几年,指代上文提到的事,下文再次出现要用代词
46、指代,故填it。8.【解析】difference(s)。考查名词。设空前有冠词the,冠词用来修饰名词,所给提示词是形容词,要用其名词形式。9.【解析】who。考查定语从句。这是个定语从句,先行词是Anyone,指人,关系词在从句中作主语,故填who。10.【解析】understands。考查主谓一致。本句句式较为复杂,设空处所给提示词是作主句的谓语,主句的主语是Anyone,谓语要用第三人称单数形式,故填understands。.语段填空It was 7:15 _(在早晨)February 8,2020.I was walking along Park Road towards the ea
47、st _(这时一个老人从公园中走出来)on the other side of the street.Then I saw a yellow car drive up Milton Street and _(右拐)into Park Road.The next moment,the car hit the man while he was crossing the road.He fell with a cry._(令我吃惊的是),the car didnt stop and drove off _(全速前进).I noticed the driver was a young woman _(
48、戴着一副眼on the morning ofwhen an old man came out of the parkturn rightTo mysurprisewearing a pair of glassesat full speed镜)and the plate number was AC864._(两分钟后),I stopped a passing car and took the old man to _(最近的医院).Two minutes laterthe nearest hospital.写作运用补全下面写作,注意本部分语法的使用。Dear Eric,1._(最近一切可好?)K
49、nowing you are so fond of Chinese calligraphy,I would like to send you a book about this abstract and high-level form of art in an English edition,2._(这对你来说很容易理解它).How is everything going?which iseasy for you to understand itThe book is entitled Appreciation of Chinese Calligraphy,3._(包括一系列引人入胜的杰作).
50、It not only presents a variety of calligraphy styles,but also provides beautiful illustrations,expert analyses and useful comments,since ones handwriting is often viewed as a reflection of his or her personality.I am sure 4._(你将对这种艺术形式有很好的了解)after reading it and are more willing to give it a try.including afascinating collection of masterpiecesyou will have a good knowledge of this form of art Could you please leave me your address so that I can mail it to you soon?5._(我希望你会喜欢这本书并觉得它有帮助).Looking forward to your reply.Yours,Li HuaI hope you will like the book and find it helpful
