1、Unit 6Disaster and hopeUsing language 省略(Ellipsis)【语用功能】省略可以使句子简洁,避免重复和啰嗦。【要义详析】一、省略的定义省略是一种避免重复、保持句子简洁的语法现象。凡是缺少一个或一个以上的必要语言成分,在一定语境中能够独立存在,意义明确,并且能发挥交际功能的句子就是省略句。一般说来,只要不破坏语法结构或者引起歧义,能省略的就应省略。省略不仅使句子结构显得紧凑,而且也是分句和分句之间的承接纽带。二、省略的用法1.并列句中的省略一般说来,在后一并列句中凡是与上文相同的成分通常都可省略。*I came at eight but Henry(cam
2、e)at nine.我八点来的,但亨利是在九点来的。2.复合句中的省略(1)定语从句如果关系代词在定语从句中作宾语,这个关系代词可以省略。*Hes the man(who/that)you can safely depend on.他是你能放心信赖的人。(2)状语从句当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致,且状语从句中含有be动词时,省略状语从句中的主语和be动词。*When(the novel is)published,the novel will become one of the best sellers of the year.那本小说出版的时候就会成为当年的畅销书之一。*Although(
3、he was)hard-working,he couldnt earn enough to support himself.尽管努力工作,他的收入还是不够自己糊口。(3)宾语从句引导宾语从句的that一般情况下,可以省略。that后面的宾语从句较长或其他一些特殊情况下,that不能省略。*I hope(that)youll be fine soon.我希望你尽快康复。(4)主句省略有时整个主句都可省略,只剩下一个从句。这种省略现象通常出现在简短答语中。*You all like the story?你们都喜欢这个故事?Yes,except that the conclusion is too
4、hasty.是的,只是结尾太仓促。3.虚拟语气中的省略(1)虚拟条件句常省略if,而将were,had,should提前构成部分倒装。*Had you come here yesterday,you would have met her.如果你昨天来这儿的话,你就会见到她了。(2)在一坚持(insist),二命令(order,command),三建议(suggest,propose,advise),四要求(demand,require,request,ask)等后的宾语从句中,含这些词的派生词的其他主语从句、同位语从句、表语从句,以及It is strange/natural/necessar
5、y/important that.从句中常省略should。*We insisted that they(should)go with us.我们坚决要求他们和我们一起走。*It is suggested that we(should)go to see the film.有人建议我们去看这部电影。4.动词不定式的省略(1)有些动词(词组),如want,wish,expect,hope,would like,try,forget等后面的不定式作宾语时,为了避免重复,可以省略动词只保留到to,但如果在省略的不定式结构中含有系动词be和助动词have,这些动词就要保留。*The boy wante
6、d to ride his bicycle in the street,but his mother told him not to.这个男孩想在街上骑自行车,可他妈妈不同意。*He is not the man he used to be.他已经不是原来的那个样子了。(2)两个或两个以上的不定式并列时,第一个带to,后面可以省去to;但如果两个不定式表示对比关系时,则to不可省略。*His wish is to earn a lot of money and(to)buy his mother a big house.他的愿望是赚很多钱给妈妈买所大房子。(3)感官动词(词组)see,look
7、 at,hear,listen to,notice,watch等和使役动词make,let,have等的后面作宾语补足语的不定式要省略to;但此类动词的被动语态中的to不可省略。*I saw him enter the room just now.刚才我看见他进了房间。*I didnt know who made him cry.我不知道谁把他惹哭了。(4)在某些句式中,如介词but前有动词do的任何形式,后面的不定式要省略to。*I can do nothing but wait.我能做的只有等待。5.介词的省略(1)在英语中一些与动词、名词、形容词搭配的介词常被省略,而只保留后面的动名词。
8、如spend time/money(in)doing sth.;have difficulty/trouble(in)doing sth.;prevent/stop sb.(from)doing sth.。*I have some trouble(in)learning English.我学英语有困难。(2)表示时间的介词at,on和in在next,last,this,each,these,yesterday,every,tomorrow等词之前,一般可省略。*We have a final exam every term.每学期我们举行一次期末考试。6.替代性省略英语中,可以使用so,not
9、或其他手段来省略上文或问句中的一部分或整个句子。*Can I put my bike here?我可以把自行车放在这儿吗?Youd better not.你最好不要。【即学活用】把下面句子变为省略句(1)It is a beautiful day,isnt it?_,isnt it?(2)She was poor but she was honest.She was poor but _.Beautiful dayhonest(3)What do you think made Mary so upset?Losing her new bicycle made Mary so upset.Wha
10、t do you think made Mary so upset?_.(4)When it is seen from the plane,the houses look like tiny toys._,the houses look like tiny toys.Losing her new bicycleSeen from the plane(5)Alice,why didnt you come yesterday?I was going to come yesterday,but I had an unexpected visitor.Alice,why didnt you come
11、yesterday?I _,but I had an unexpected visitor.(6)The man that/who/whom you visited last night is my grandpa.The man _last night is my grandpa.was going toyou visited(7)If I were a teacher,I would be strict with my students._,I would be strict with my students.世纪金榜导学号(8)My parents encouraged me to go
12、 to college,but I didnt want to go to college.My parents encouraged me to go to college,but I _.Were I a teacherdidnt want to(9)Do you think he is a good student?I dont think he is a good student.Do you think he is a good student?I _.(10)She was heard to sing last night.I _last night.think notheard her sing
