1、重点识记词汇1.actually adv.实际上；事实上2.because of因为；由于3native adj.本国的；本地的 n本地人；本国人 e up走近；上来；提出5at present现在；目前 6.vocabulary n词汇；词汇量；词表7make use of利用；使用 8.latter adj.较后的；后半的；(两者中)后者的9such as例如；像这种的 10.voyage n航行；航海11request n& vt.请求；要求 12.play a part (in)扮演一个角色；参与13accent n口音；腔调；重音 14.expression n词语；表示；表达15s
2、traight adv.直接；挺直 adj.直的；笔直的；正直的16identity n本身；本体；身份identify v确定；认出；鉴定17eastern adj.东方的；东部的southeastern adj.东南方的；来自东南的northwestern adj.西北方的；来自西北的18enrich vt.使富裕；充实；改善rich adj.富裕的；有钱的19official adj.官方的；正式的；公务的office n办公室officer n官员20base vt.以为根据 n基部；基地；基础basic adj.基本的；基础的21gradual adj.逐渐的；逐步的graduall
3、y adv.逐渐地；逐步地22fluent adj.流利的；流畅的fluently adv.流利地；流畅地fluency n流利；流畅23frequent adj.频繁的；常见的frequently adv.常常；频繁地frequency n频率；频度24usage n使用；用法；词语惯用法useful adj.有用的use n& v使用，利用25command n& vt.命令；指令；掌握commander n指挥员，司令员26recognize vt.辨认出；承认；公认recognizable adj.容易认出的；易于识别的recognition n认出；认识；识别27spelling n
4、拼写；拼法spell v拼写必背经典句式1.Which country do you think has the most English learners?你觉得学英语最多的是哪个国家？2.people from England made voyages to conquer other parts of the world.英国人(开始)航海征服世界其它地区3So people from the mountains in the southeastern USA speak with almost the same dialect as people in the northwestern
5、 USA.因此，美国东南部山区的人同美国西北部地区的人所说的方言几乎是一样的。4Native English speakers can understand each other even if they dont speak the same kind of English.以英语为母语的人，即使他们所讲的语言不尽相同，也可以相互交流。5This is because in the early days of radio，those who reported the news were expected to speak excellent English.这是因为在早期的电台节目里，人们期
6、望新闻播音员所说的英语是最好的英语。6So by the 1600s Shakespeare was able to make use of a wider vocabulary than ever before.因此到十七世纪，莎士比亚能够运用比以往更大的词汇量。7It is not easy for a Chinese person to speak English as well as a native English speaker.对中国人来说，想把英语说得像英国人一样好，并不是件容易的事。构词记忆disability /dIsbIltI/ nC&U缺陷；伤残disadvantage
7、 /dIsdvntId/ nC&U不利；不利条件；缺点disagreement /dIsrimnt/ nC&U意见不一；分歧；争论discount /dIskant/ nC&U折扣vt.打折扣；不全信；低估.词汇与派生A语境填词1This stick looks as if it were bent in the water，but actually(事实上) it is straight.2Were going to make a voyage(航行)from Qingdao to Dalian during the summer holidays.3After a few years，sh
8、e was sent back to her native(本国的)country.4Of the phrases “go crazy” and “go nuts”，the latter(后者的)is used less frequently.5English was based(以为根据)more on German during the 5th century AD.6Reading is one of the best ways of enlarging your vocabulary(词汇量)7He hated being in the army because he had to o
9、bey commands(命令)8Visitors are requested(要求) not to take photos of the exhibits in this museum.9It is not polite to interrupt a speaker with frequent(频繁的) questions.B用所给词的适当形式填空10I would like to express my gratitude to you all though some more feelings are beyond expression.(express)11He had changed
10、so much that you didnt recognize him.As a matter of fact，illness and age changed him beyond recognition.(recognize)12Recovery from the disease is very gradual.As the weather gradually becomes warmer and warmer，he will pick up soon.(gradual)13Some officials came to the headmasters office yesterday.(o
11、ffice)14The police failed to identify that criminals identity，which led to his release.(identity)15Fluency in English may contribute to fluent French as they share a lot of similarities.(fluent)16It can be useful to write a short summary after reading a passage，because it will be of great use to you
12、r writing.(usage)17Mr.Wang，a teacher with rich experience，encouraged us to enrich our life by joining in all kinds of activities after class.(rich).短语运用A用方框内所给动词短语的适当形式填空18Childhood experiences often play a big part in shaping ones character.19They were holding on at the time，waiting for the rescuer
13、.20The subject came up during a predinner drink with our guests last night.21Many people agree that a good marriage is based on trust.22Making good use of this method can produce positive transfer of the students.23Mr.Brown came back home yesterday.Believe it or not，he was gone for years.B用方框内所给短语填空
14、24Its more useful to learn modern languages，such as English and German，than Latin.25Many beautiful fish are fast disappearing because of the serious pollution.26Even if you saw him pick up the money，you cant be sure he stole it.27At present，we have to focus on our study as the exams are coming.28He
15、took the action without a second thought so he deserved the failure.29Before the rain，a great number of ants are moving their homes from a lower place to a higher one.经典句式30He couldnt understand it even if you explained to him.即使你给他解释，他也听不懂。31He is holding two forks the same way as we Chinese hold c
16、hopsticks.他正用我们中国人握筷子的方式握着两把叉子。32He doesnt come to school today.This is because he is ill.他今天没有来上学，是因为他生病了。 33After his hard work，his spoken English is better than ever before. 经过他的努力学习，他的英语口语比以往更好了。34It is dangerous for you to skate here.你在这里滑冰很危险。1base vt.以为据点(或总部等)；把(总部等)设在(use.as the main place)
17、；以为基础；n.根基，基底；底座(the lowest part)；根据，出发点；基础应试指导过去分词句法功能的考查base.on/upon.把建立在；以为根据be based on/upon以为根据(基础)basis n.原因，缘由；基准，准则；方式；基础on the basis of在基础上basic adj.基础的；基本的Actually，teaching is an art based on science.事实上，教学是一门建立在科学基础上的艺术。夯实基础(1)语法填空Basing(base) an important decision more on emotion than on
18、 reason，you will regret it sooner or later.Based(base) on my own opinion，this one is far better than that one.(2)用base短语完成句子The restaurant is based on trust，and it is working all right.这家餐馆建立在信任之上，现在运营正常。(3)按要求改写句子Based on trust，the restaurant is working all right. (把上题(2)改为含有分词短语作状语的简单句)The restaur
19、ant，which is based on trust，is working all right. (把上题(2)改为含有定语从句的复合句)2 separate v.把分开；分隔；adj.分开的；单独的；独立的separate A from B 把A和B分开be separated from和分离divide.into.把分成Its not always easy to separate cause from effect.因果关系并不总是容易区分的。They led separate lives.他们各自单独生活。特别提醒separate没有破坏宾语的整体性，只是将宾语分开；divide则破
20、坏了宾语的完整性。夯实基础语法填空(1)I can separate cream from milk.(2)The two cities are separated by a highway.(3)Divide the cake into halves.(4)Taiwan is part of China.But it is a separate island.Its separated from the mainland by Taiwan Strait.(separately)3 command v.命令(order)；博得；拥有；指挥(be in charge of)；n.命令；掌握(c
21、ontrol)；运用能力应试指导(1)虚拟语气的考查(2)写作高级词汇have a good command ofcommand sb.to do.命令某人做command that.(should) do.命令at ones command听某人支配have a good command of 掌握；精通take command of指挥；控制in command of掌管；掌握The police arrived and took command of the situation.警察到达后就控制了局势。They help the computer react to commands fr
22、om the brain.他们帮助电脑对来自大脑的指令做出反应。夯实基础(1)语法填空I am here at the presidents command.They are in command of the present situation.After hard work，he finally took command of the language of English.The director commanded that everyone (should) follow(follow) his advice.(2)他命令我们马上出发。(一句多译)He commanded that
23、we (should) set off at once. (command that.)He commanded us to set off at once. (command 复合宾语)4 request vt.& n.要求；请求(ask；ask for)应试指导虚拟语气的考查request sb.to do sth.请求某人做某事request sth.from sb.向某人要求某物request that.(should) do.要求at ones requestat the request of sb.应某人的要求She had requested that the door to h
24、er room be left open.她要求不要关闭通向她房间的门。Vietnam made an official request that the meeting be postponed.越南已经正式请求将会议推迟。特别提醒动词request后的宾语从句以及名词request后的表语从句、同位语从句都要用虚拟语气，即谓语动词为(should)动词原形。夯实基础同义句改写(1)We requested Mr.Wang not to smoke in the office.We requested that Mr.Wang (should) not smoke in the office
25、.(2)It is requested that all the club members attend the annual meeting.All the club members are requested to attend the annual meeting.5 expect v.预料；预计；期望；盼望应试指导be expected to do，be supposed to do作为高级词汇替换should，had betterexpect sb.to do.预料(期望)某人做as expected正如所料；不出所料expectation n.预料；希望，盼望in expectat
26、ion of预料beyond expectations 出乎意料live up to sb.s expectations达到期望；符合希望We were expecting him home again some day.我们期盼着他某一天再回家。Dont expect me to come and visit you there.别指望我会去那儿看你。夯实基础(1)语法填空Writing out all the invitations by hand was more timeconsuming than we had expected(expect)The show lived up to
27、 all our expectations(expect)it was wonderful.(2)He failed in the exam，and all of us had expected it.As expected，he failed in the exam.(用as的省略句改写句子)As was expected，he failed in the exam.(用as引导的非限制性定语从句改写句子)He failed in the exam，which was expected.(用which引导的非限制性定语从句改写句子)6 recognize v.认识；辨认出(make out)
28、；意识到；承认(admit)；赏识，表彰；向打招呼(salute to)应试指导在语境中时态的考查be recognized as.被公认为It is recognized that.人们公认out of/beyond recognition认不出来She has changed so much that I can hardly recognize her.她变化那么大，我几乎认不出来了。He recognized that he was not qualified for the work.他认识到自己做这项工作是不够格的。夯实基础(1)语法填空Being recognized in pu
29、blic has brought her much trouble，so she is always wearing dark glasses to avoid recognition.(recognize)(2)It is recognized that environmental pollution has become one of the most serious problems that people face.Environmental pollution is recognized to have become one of the most serious problems
30、that people face.(用sth.be recognized to.改写句子)7come up走近(come over)；上来；发生(happen)；出现(appear)；被提及/讨论(be mentioned)；长出地面，发芽；(太阳、月亮)升起；被提出应试指导“come副词”类语境词义辨析come up with提出，想出(主意、计划、回答等)come about发生come across偶然碰到；被理解come along跟着；前来；参加come out出版；开花；发芽A question came up at the meeting.在会上提出了一个问题。夯实基础选择方框内
31、的短语填空(1)The sky was dark blue when the moon came up.(2)I came across an old school friend in Oxford Street this morning.(3)Your most recent book came out last week.(4)Someone had better come up with a solution fast.8 at present (at the present time)现在；目前应试指导at present作为高级词汇替换nowpresent adj.存在的；目前的；在
32、场的；v.授予；提出；提交；n.礼物；目前be present at 出席in the presence of sb.in ones presence当着某人的面，在某人面前present sth.to sb.present sb.with sth.向某人赠送某物make a present of sth.to sb.(make sb.a present of sth.)把某物赠送给某人for the present (for the time being)目前；暂时Wang Hua，our monitor，presented her with the prepared flowers.班长王
33、华向她献上了准备好的鲜花。(陕西书面表达)Besides，there are some presents I bought for my family members and friends；it will be a great disappointment to me if I cant find the suitcase.而且，箱子里面有我为家人和朋友买的礼物，如果找不到它，我会很失望。(重庆书面表达)图解助记特别提醒present作前置定语时意为“目前的”；作后置定语时，意为“出席的，在场的”。夯实基础语法填空(1)The boy was punished in the presence
34、 of all his classmates.(2)We were present at the concert while Tom was absent from it.(3)The mayor presented him with a gold medal at an official city reception.(4)All of them try to use the power of the workstation to present(present) information in a more effective way.9make use of利用(use，especiall
35、y to get an advantage)make the best/most of充分利用make full/good use of充分(好好)利用make no/little use of没有利用come into use开始使用bring/put.to use加以使用Its/Theres no use doing.做没用。Last but not least，its everyones responsibility to make good use of water.最后但同样重要的是，充分利用水资源是我们每个人的责任。(福建书面表达)I usually memorize twenty
36、 new words a day and put them to use whenever possible.我通常每天记20个生词，然后尽可能地使用它们。(江苏书面表达)夯实基础(1)语法填空The boss insisted that every minute be made(make) full use of to do(do) the work well.(2)用定语从句合并下列两个句子He can make good use of every chance to improve himself.His success lies in this.His success lies in
37、the fact that he can make good use of every chance to improve himself.(3)将下面的句子变成被动语态We must make full use of waste materials.Full use must be made of waste materials.(use作主语)Waste materials must be made full use of.(materials作主语)1 Native English speakers can understand each other even if they dont
38、speak the same kind of English.以英语为母语的人，即使他们所讲的语言不尽相同，也可以相互理解。(1)even if/though即使；尽管，引导让步状语从句，在从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。在主从句主语相同时也可采用省略句结构。(2)even so即使如此；尽管这样Even if one makes a mistake，correcting mistakes in time is a good thing.即使一个人犯了错，及时改正了就是一件好事。夯实基础(1)语法填空Ill go there even if the weather is(be) bad tom
39、orrow.Even though the forest park is far away，a lot of tourists visit it every year.(2)He wont come to our party even if invited.(补全句子中的省略成分)He wont come to our party even if he is invited.2 It was based more on German than the English we speak at present.当时的英语更多的是以德语为基础，而我们今天所说的英语不是。more.than.与其说，倒
40、不如说more than多于；不仅仅；非常；岂止not more than不多于no more than仅仅no比较级than.前者和后者都不(两者的否定)Dont be too hard on him；hes more misled than stupid.不要对他太苛刻，与其说他愚蠢，倒不如说他是被误导了。夯实基础(1)He is very happy at the good news.He is more than happy at the good news.(用more than改写句子)(2)He is no more diligent than you.Neither of yo
41、u is/are diligent.(用neither改写句子)3单元语法把下列直接引语变为间接引语(1)The teacher said to me，“Come in.”The teacher told me to go in.(2)The teacher said to me，“Dont be late again.”The teacher advised/asked me not to be late again.(3)The teacher said to me，“Will you please not smoke here？”The teacher asked me not to s
42、moke there.(4)He said to them，“Dont go out at night.”He ordered them not to go out at night.(5)He said，“Lets have a rest.”He suggested our/us having a rest.高考题组.短文改错(2014新课标全国)My dream school starts at 8：30 am.and ends at 3：30 pm.They are three lessons in the morning and two in the afternoon.We didn
43、t need to do so many homework.Therefore，we have more time with afterschool activities.For example，we can do reading for one and a half hour and play sports for one hour every day.My dream school look like a big garden.There are all kinds of the flowers and trees around the classroom buildings.We can
44、 lie on the grass for a rest，or sat by the lake listening music.The teachers here are kind and helpfully.They are not only our teachers but also our friends.答案My dream school starts at 8：30 am.and ends at 3：30 pm. are three lessons in the morning and two in the afternoon.We need to do so homework.Th
45、erefore，we have more time afterschool activities.For example，we can do reading for one and a half and play sports for one hour every day.My dream school like a big garden.There are all kinds of the flowers and trees around the classroom buildings.We can lie on the grass for a rest，or by the lake lis
46、tening music.The teachers here are kind and .They are not only our teachers but also our friends.写作常用句翻译1你不能选择别人给你的，但你可以选择如何利用别人给你的。(make use of)(2012湖北短文写作)You cannot choose what you are given，but you can choose how you make use of it.2真的有很多东西决定我们的未来，比如机会和他人对我们的帮助。(such as)(2012浙江书面表达)Its true that
47、 our future is determined by many things，such as opportunities and help from others.3事实上，老师在学生的学习和生活中起着尤其重要的作用。(play a part in)(2012广东读写任务)As a matter of fact，the teachers play an extremely important part in the study and life of the students.4多亏老师们的鼓励，我们才能在生活中不断进步。(thanks to)(2012广东读写任务)Thanks to o
48、ur teachers encouragement，we can make continuous progress in life.5因此我开始认识到同学们的力量，然后让他们在班级里发挥各自的作用。(recognize)(2011湖北短文写作)Thus I began to recognize the strengths of my classmates and have everyone do their part in class.6我非常高兴帮忙。(more than)(2010大纲全国书面表达)Id be more than happy to help.模拟题组.语法填空1What a
49、re you mailing，Ryan?A textbook based(base) on a new method of teaching physics.I want my friends to take a look at it.2As we joined the big crowd I got separated(separate) from my friends.3With a good command of both Chinese and English，she had an advantage over the other interviewees.4Oh，its you.I
50、didnt recognize(not recognize) you.Ive just had my hair cut and Im wearing new glasses.5These days strange things happened frequently(frequent) in the small village，which caused a panic among the villagers.6Li Hua came late not because of the bus but because she was ill.7I did badly in the exam.What
51、 about you?I did no better(well) than you.I got only thirty marks.8The boss went up to ask what was the matter.9He wont change his mind even if you go and try to persuade him yourself.10Duty is an act or a course of action that people expect you to take(take) by social customs，law or religion.单句改错1B
52、elieve it or not，there is no such a thing as a free lunch.去掉such后的a2Many students attended the lecture，included our monitor.includedincluding3He thought I had known the fact.But actual，I knew nothing about it.actualactually4Deeply sorry, I dont recognize you at first, for it has been a long time sin
53、ce we last met.dontdidnt5Oil must be made full use to serve the people well.use后加上of6A lot of advice came up with at yesterdays meeting.去掉with7Well have to stay at home because the bad weather.because后加上of8More than one person have a good command of English in the research unit.havehas9They began to
54、 think about that what use could be made of this chance.去掉that10This song is based an old folk song.based后加上on.写作句式升级训练There are three useful tips.(素材来源于2014安徽书面表达)(1)Here are three useful tips.(用here位于句首的倒装语序改写句子)(2)The three useful tips are as follows. (用as从句改写句子).阅读理解ASome colors people see late
55、at night could cause signs of clinical depression.That was the finding of a study that builds on earlier study findings.They show that individuals who live or work in low levels of light overnight can develop clinical depression.Doctors use the word “clinical depression” to describe severe form of d
56、epression.Signs may include loss of interest or pleasure in most activities，low energy levels and thoughts of death or suicide.In the new study，American investigators designed an experiment that exposed hamsters(仓鼠) to different colors.The researchers chose hamsters because they are nocturnal，which
57、means they sleep during the day and are active at night.The animals were separated into four groups.One group of hamsters was kept in the dark during their nighttime period.Another group was placed in front of a blue light，a third group slept in front of a white light，while a fourth was put in front
58、 of a red light.After four weeks，the researchers noted how much sugary water the hamsters drank.They found that the most depressed animals drank the least amount of water.Randy Nelson heads the Department of Neuroscience at Ohio State University.He says animals that slept in blue and white light app
59、eared to be the most depressed.“What we saw is that these animals didnt show any sleep uneasiness at all but they did mess up biological clock genes and they did show depressive sign，while if they were in the dim red light，they did not.”Randy Nelson notes that photosensitive(感光的) cells in the eyes h
60、ave little to do with eyesight.He says these cells send signals to the area of the brain that controls what has been called the natural sleepwake cycle.He says theres a lot of blue in white light.This explains why the blue light and white light hamsters appear to be more depressed than the hamsters
61、seeing red light or darkness.1Researchers use hamsters in the experiment because .Athey are similar to humans in dealing with colorsBthey are easy to observe and studyCthey are sensitive to colors like human beingsDthey are active at night and sleep during the day答案D解析细节理解题。第二段说，选择仓鼠作为实验对象是因为它们白天睡觉，
62、夜间活动，因此选D。2What sign shows that the hamsters are depressed?AThey drink less sugary water.BThey dont sleep well.CTheir eyesight becomes worse.DTheir energy level becomes low.答案A解析细节理解题。第四段说，研究人员发现喝糖水最少的仓鼠最为抑郁，因此选A。3 tends to cause hamsters to be depressed.ADim light BRed lightCBlue light DDarkness答案C
63、解析细节理解题。第五段说，在蓝色和白色灯光下睡觉的仓鼠表现得最为抑郁，因此选C。4What can help people who work late at night to avoid being depressed?ANot being exposed to dim red light when using computers.BEquipping their computer screen to put it more in the reddish light.CLiving or working in low levels of light overnight.DGoing to se
64、e doctors of clinical depression regularly for help.答案B解析推理判断题。最后一段说，生活在蓝色和白色灯光下的仓鼠比生活在红色或黑暗中的仓鼠更抑郁，因此在红色光线中工作能防止抑郁，故B项正确。BWelcome to the world of multitaskinga place where the measure of a person is how many jobs they can perform at the same time.In fact，if experts are to be believed，multitasking i
65、s a disastrous idea.One of the opponents of multitasking is Dr.Clifford Nass，a professor at Stanford University.“People who multitask frequently are less able to pay attention；theyre worse at managing their memory，” he said.In his opinion，the loss that we get with multitasking is harmless in some si
66、tuations，for example，part of doing business in the digital world；but you cant do serious work like writing，thinking or solving an important problem this way.You do worse even as you think youre doing better.All the time the research points to a simple fact：the brain cannot cope.When you stop midway
67、through composing a report to check an email，you force your brain to stop and regroup.It is like pressing the pause button during a movie，meaning the film takes longer to watch.And as for Dr.Nass，the problems extend beyond the brain.Young people who frequently multitask are not as socially and emoti
68、onally healthy as those who dont.They just feel more emotionally satisfied and the feeling is so good and they are bound to desire it again.Todd Oppenheimer，a writer said，“Weve become a very shortterm society and dont reward people for taking a lot of time on something.” He fears we may end up losin
69、g the next generation of great thinkers.“Its really unfortunate because the longterm challenges of our worldenvironmental issues，financial issuesrequire people to think wisely about the longterm consequences of what they do.And its no coincidence that the kind of people who do think longterm dont mu
70、ltitask.”5According to Dr.Nass，multitasking .Amakes the performance emotionally affected onlyBcontributes to memorizing various thingsCmay result in losing the next generation of great thinkersDcan be performed using digital tools答案D解析细节理解题。关于同时做很多事，第二段说在有些情况下，比如在数字化的世界里做生意(doing business in the dig
71、ital world)是无害的，因此选D。文章说同时做很多事会影响我们在人际交往和情感方面的健康(A错)；会使我们记性更差(B错)；一位叫Todd的作家说这样可能会使我们失去未来一代伟大的思想家(C错)。6From the passage，we can tell .Athe loss that we get with multitasking is harmlessBwe mistakenly believe that were doing better by switching between tasksCmultitasking does harm to us in every areaD
72、for every task you add to your multitasking，you can finish your goal more quickly答案B解析推理判断题。文章开头说，“欢迎来到同时做很多事的世界，在这里，对一个人的衡量标准是他能同时开展多少项工作”，接着说，这个想法实际上害人不浅，因此B项正确；从第二段可知A、C错，因为multitasking有时是无害的，有时则会妨碍我们；第二段最后一句通过打比方的方式告诉我们，这样会使事情做得更慢(D错)。7Which of the following is a multitasking addict?AYou turn yo
73、ur cellphone to silence when youre out to dine with friends.BYou watch from start to finish without distraction when playing a DVD.CYou have your office desk covered with paperwork from various unfinished projects.DYou feel that when you try to do too much at once，the result always suffers.答案C解析推理判断
74、题。从本题四个选项的陈述看，A、B、D都是专心在做一件事，C项说办公桌上放着各种没有完工的项目的文书工作，这里的various unfinished projects属于multitasking。故选C。8The author mainly wants to tell us .Athe less you switch，the better you doBit is more efficient to do things all in a mixed wayCit takes longer for us to become a great thinkerDwe shouldnt be lazy
75、if we want to accomplish many tasks答案A解析主旨大意题。全文通过斯坦福大学一位教授的话告诉我们，同时做很多事不仅不能提高工作效率，反而对我们的健康不利，因此A项“角色转换越少，做得就越好”是本文的主题。.阅读填空Dont just stand thereYoure rushing to work and a man ahead of you suddenly falls down and becomes unconscious on the sidewalk.Do you stop to help？In a study of bystanders，it wa
76、s found that some people keep on walking rather than stop and get involved.“There is a tendency to decide that no action is needed，”says Ervin Staub，a psychologist.“ 9 ” Here are some common thoughts that might prevent you from helping.Why should I be the one to help？Im probably not the most compete
77、nt person in this crowd. 10 I dont want to be embarrassed.No one else looks concerned；this must not be a problem.Time and again，good and caring people fail to come to the aid of others.Why? 11 Lets say you see vapors coming out of a building.You ask yourself，“Is it steam or smoke？” If you are not su
78、re，you look to other people for a clue about how to react.If you see other people are doing nothing，you think，“Of course，thats just steam.”You dont want it to be smoke，because then you would have to do something about it.Another wellknown deterrent(制止物) to action is known as “the bystander effect” 1
79、2 For example，if you are the only person in the world who can act to save someone in a dangerous situation，you are more likely to act.“If you spot trouble，force yourself to stop and evaluate the situation instead of walking on，”says Ervin Staub.“ 13 You dont have to take on the entire responsibility
80、 of being helpful.Once you take action，most people will also help.”AThen try to involve other people.BOur society is becoming less sensitive.CWhat if the person doesnt really need help?DNo one wants to risk looking foolish in front of others.EThe first thoughts that come into your mind often keep yo
81、u from offering help.FOne thing we do know is that the more ambiguous a situation is，the less likely people are to help.GThis says that the more people there are observing an emergency，the less responsible each one of them personally feels.答案9.E10.C11.F12.G13.A.写作素材(关于英语)提示：黑体部分用本单元词汇表达，并且请使用so that
82、引导的目的状语从句和if引导的条件状语从句。14目前，英语在我们的生活中起重要作用。At present，English plays an important part in our daily life.15我们应充分利用每一次机会来练习英语，这样我们就能逐渐扩大词汇量和流利地讲英语。We should make full use of every opportunity to practise English so that we can gradually enrich our vocabulary and speak English fluently.16如果你掌握好英语，对你将来的发展是有好处的。If you have a good command of English，it is good for your future development.
