1、专题五动词的时态、语态和语气考点一动词的一般时态(一)一般现在时的用法1表示现在的习惯性、经常性发生的动作或存在的状态，常与表示频度的时间状语连用，如usually，often，always，sometimes，every day等。On Monday morning it usually takes me an hour to drive to work.周一早晨我往往需要驱车一小时去上班。2表示客观事实、真理、格言或者警句等。3表示按照时间表、计划安排好的或者规定的行为，只限于go，come，leave，start，stop，arrive 等表示动作趋向性或移动意义的词。The train
2、 leaves at six tomorrow morning.这列火车明早六点出发。4在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般(现在)时代替一般将来时。Anything will become boring if you do it repetitively.如果你重复做一件事情，肯定会感到厌烦。注意学生要通过语境和表示时间的状语来对动作发生的时间进行判断，有时候也通过从句提示的关键信息。具体要做到：首先依据时间状语推断时态；通过前后语境透露的信息把握动作发生的时间；把握复合句中前后时态，或者情景对话式的上下文句子中时态的呼应。(二)一般过去时的用法1表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态，常用ye
3、sterday，last year，in 2015，the other day 等作时间状语。It was a terrible piece of work you turned in yesterday.昨天你提交的作品糟糕至极。2在时间、条件等状语从句中常用一般过去时代替过去将来时。He said he would not go if it rained.他说过如果下雨，他不会去的。3表达“原以为/本来认为/原希望”等意义时，know，think，expect等动词常用一般过去时。I didnt expect to meet you here.我没料到会在这里碰见你。(三)一般将来时的用法
4、1一般将来时表示将来某一时刻的动作或状态，即单纯的将来事实。2三类表示一般将来时的特殊结构：be going to do sth.表示计划、打算要做某事或者有预兆要发生某事。China is going to launch its Change4 lunar probe in 2018.中国预计于2018年发射“嫦娥”4号探月器。be to do sth.表示按计划或安排即将要做某事，或者按照职责、义务、规定等要做某事。We are to obey these rules when we go into the library.进入图书馆时我们要遵守这些规定。be about to do st
5、h.表示即将要发生某事。该结构通常不与具体的时间状语连用，但常与when引导的时间状语从句连用。The train is about to leave.火车即将开出。易错警示will do sth.有时候强调“临时的、当即的决定”，意为“要去做某事”。Where is the telephone book？“电话簿呢？”Ill go and get it for you.“我去给你拿。”(四)过去将来时的用法过去将来时表示从过去某时看将要发生的动作或存在的状态。这种时态常用于宾语从句或间接引语中。He said that he would wait for us at the station.
6、他说他将在车站等我们。She told her mother that she was going to a dance with Tom.她告诉母亲，她要同汤姆一起去参加一个舞会。考点二动词的进行时态(一)现在进行时的用法1表示此时此刻正在进行的动作，由“be现在分词”构成。如：What are you doing？你在干什么？2按计划、安排近期发生的动作。如：Im leaving for Beijing tomorrow.明天我要到北京去。3与always，constantly等连用，表示感情色彩。如：He is always helping others.他总是帮助别人。另外，“系动词介
7、词或副词”也表示进行时的意义。如：The bridge is under construction.桥梁正在建设中。4用进行时表示渐变过程。如：His health is improving each day.他的健康状况每天都在好转。易错警示下列动词不宜用进行时：感觉类：look，smell，feel，sound，taste，see，hear等。感情类：like，love，prefer，admire，hate，fear等。所有类：have，contain，own，hold，belong to等。(二)过去进行时的用法1表示过去某一时刻、某一阶段正在进行的动作，由“was(were)现在分词”
8、构成。如：He was studying in a university then.那时，他正在一所大学里学习。He was reading a novel when I came in.当我进来时，他正在看小说。2与always，forever，constantly连用，表示赞成或厌恶的感情色彩。如：He was always thinking of others，never thinking of himself.他总是考虑别人，从未考虑过自己。考点三动词的完成时态(一)现在完成时的用法1表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，常用的时间状语：already，so far，
9、never，just，before，recently等。He hasnt heard of the news about the lost child so far.他到目前为止还未听说有关这个失踪小孩的消息。(2016浙江高考)I have always enjoyed all the events you organized and I hope to attend many more in the coming years.我一直喜欢你组织的所有活动，我希望在未来几年里参加更多的活动。2表示过去发生而持续到现在的动作或状态，甚至延续到将来。常与since，for以及so far，now，
10、today，this week(month，year)，for a long time，in the past/last few years，these days等连用。We have learnt 500 words these days.我们最近已经学习了500个单词了。3现在完成时还可以用在时间和条件状语从句中，表示将来某时完成的动作。Please return the book to me when you have finished it.你看完这本书后请还给我。注意注意牢记以下固定句型：It is/has been时间段since.表示“自从以来已经”。It is/has been
11、 ten years since I graduated from the university.我已经从这所大学毕业十年了。This/It/That is the first/second/third.time(that).表示“这/那是(某人)第几次做某事”，that从句中要用现在完成时。This is the first time that I have been here.这是我第一次来这里。一般过去时与现在完成时的区别一般过去时强调动作发生在过去某一时间，不强调对现在造成的影响或结果；与表示过去某一特定时间或与现在无关的某一过去时间连用现在完成时表示过去动作与现在有关系，主要强调对现
12、在造成的影响和结果；可与today，this week，since等表示包括现在一段时间的状语连用，但不能和表示过去时间的状语连用Theyve gone to Paris so far.他们目前已经到巴黎了(说明他们现在去巴黎了，不在这里)。They went to Paris last year.他们去年去过巴黎(只说明去过，不表明是否现在仍在那里)。(二)过去完成时态的用法1表示在过去某一动作之前已经完成的动作，强调“过去的过去”之意。常与by，before等介词短语或状语从句连用或用于有上下文暗示的句子。By the end of last year，we had accomplishe
13、d the project completely.到去年年底，我们已经彻底完成了该工程。(2016天津高考)When walking down the street，I came across David，whom I hadnt seen for years.当沿着街道散步的时候，我偶然遇见了多年未见的大卫。2表示意向的动词，如hope，wish，expect，think，intend，mean，suppose等，用过去完成时表示“原本(事实上未能)”。We had expected that you would be able to win the match.我们本来预料的是你能赢得这场
14、比赛的。注意注意固定句型：This/It/That was the first/second/third.time(that).表示“这/那是(某人)第几次做某事”，that从句中要用过去完成时。This was the first time they had ever met.这是他们初次见面。hardly.when.和no sooner.than.两个句型中，主句均用过去完成时。Hardly had the match started when we arrived.我们一到场，比赛就开始了。(三)将来完成时的用法主要表示某一动作到将来某个时间完成，上下文情景中常含有by短语，如by si
15、x oclock，by the weekend，by the end of next month等。We shall have finished the project by the end of this year.我们将在今年年底完成这项任务。(四)现在完成进行时的用法(1)常用来表示开始于过去某个时间、一直持续到现在并且会继续进行下去的动作。Im very tired.I have been checking the students papers all the morning.我很累。我整个上午都在批改学生的试卷。(2)表示到目前为止的一段时间里一直在反复进行的动作。I have b
16、een calling him many times this morning，but theres no answer.今天上午我给他打了很多次电话，但一直没有人接。现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别现在完成时表示过去开始的一个动作到目前为止已经完成，体现动作的结果现在完成进行时表示过去开始的一个动作到目前为止仍在进行，甚至仍将继续Ive read Tiny Times.我已经读过小时代了。(已经完成)I have been reading Tiny Times these days.这些天我一直在读小时代。(仍在进行甚至仍将继续)(五)过去完成进行时过去完成进行时主要表示过去某一时间以前一直
17、在进行的动作。过去完成进行时由“hadbeenv.ing”构成。表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始并延续到过去某一时间。这一动作可能已经停止也可能还在进行。She told me that she had been studying French for 5 years.她告诉我她已经学习法语5年了。(动作可能仍继续)She told me that she had been waiting for me for an hour.她告诉我她已经等我一个钟头了。(动作不再继续)考点四动词的语态(一)被动语态的构成英语中的及物动词一般都有主动语态和被动语态两种形式。被动语态由“助动词be过去分词”构成
18、。助动词be随着主语的人称、数和句子的时态、语气的不同而变化。几种常见时态的被动语态形式见下表：时体现在过去将来过去将来一般is/am/ are donewas/were donewill/shall be donewould/ should be done进行is/am/are being donewas/were being done完成have/has been donehad been donewill/shall have been donewould/ should have been done(二)不能用被动语态的特殊动词1系动词类(look，seem，feel，taste，so
19、und，prove，appear等)。2表示主语特征的词(read，wash，write，sell，wear，lock等)，常与not，hardly，well，easily，badly，nicely等副词连用。This kind of cloth washes easily.这种布料容易洗。(三)get构成的表示被动的短语：get paid/lost/hurt等We get paid by the week.我们按周获得薪酬。(四)主动形式表示被动意义1在need，want，require，deserve，bear等动词、worth等形容词的后面，动名词主动形式表示被动意义，其含义相当于动词不
20、定式的被动形式。The house needs repairing/to be repaired.这房子需要修理。2在某些“主语(人/物)be形容词不定式”中不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。这些形容词有nice，easy，fit，hard，difficult，important，impossible，pleasant，interesting等。The problem is difficult to work out.这道题很难计算出。3be to rent/blame/let主动形式表被动意义。Who is to blame for the mistake?谁应为此错误接受谴责？The hous
21、e is to let.此房出租。考点五动词的虚拟语气(一)if条件句中的虚拟语气虚拟情况从句的谓语形式主句的谓语形式与现在事实相反动词过去式(be的过去式用were)should/would/could/might动词原形与过去事实相反had过去分词should/would/could/mighthave过去分词与将来事实可能相反should动词原形should/would/could/might动词原形动词过去式were to动词原形 1.与现在事实相反We would go with you if we had time.如果我们有时间，就和你一起去。2与过去事实相反(2016天津高考)
22、I was wearing a seatbelt.If I hadnt been wearing one，I would have been injured.我当时系着安全带。如果我没有系安全带，我就会受伤了。3与将来事实可能相反If it should rain this afternoon，the basketball match would be put off.要是今天下午下雨，篮球比赛就延期举行。4错综时间条件句If you had worked hard yesterday，you would be tired now.如果你昨天工作很辛苦的话，那你现在就会很疲劳。(从句指过去，主
23、句指现在)易错警示如果条件从句中含有were/had/should，可把if省略，将were/had/should提至主语之前，形成倒装句，但否定词not不可提到主语前。Should it rain tomorrow，we would have to cancel the picnic.如果明天下雨，我们将不得不取消野餐。(二)含蓄条件句中的虚拟语气有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表示，而是由otherwise，but，or，without，but for等来引导。I would have come sooner but I didnt know that they were waiting fo
24、r me.我本该早一些到，但我不知道他们在等我。Do you think George has passed the driving test?No.If so，he would have driven his car to our college yesterday.“你认为乔治通过驾照考试了吗？”“没有。要是考过了，他昨天就开车到我们学校来了。”(三)其他从句中的虚拟语气 1虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法(1)wish后面的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望。其谓语形式为：I wish(that)I were a bird and could fly freely in the
25、sky.我希望我是只小鸟，能在天空自由飞翔。How much of the foreign experts speech have you understood?Next to nothing.I wish I had worked harder at English.“外国专家的演讲你懂多少？”“几乎什么也不懂，要是我过去更刻苦学习英语就好了。”(2)表示决定、主张、要求、建议、命令等的动词，如suggest，recommend，insist，demand，order，require等构成的宾语从句中常用“(should)do”结构。(3)would rather后面的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气
26、，表示愿望，意为“宁愿，但愿”。其谓语形式为：George is going to talk about the geography of his country，but Id rather he focused more on its culture.乔治将要谈论关于他的国家的地理情况，但是我宁愿他更多地谈论它的文化(方面的情况)。2虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法在Its important/strange/natural/necessary that.句型中，that所引导的主语从句中的谓语常用“should动词原形”，should可以省略。It is strange that he (sho
27、uld)react in this way.很奇怪，他竟然做出这样的反应。3虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法It is(high/about)time(that).句型中，定语从句的谓语动词用过去式，或用should动词原形(其中should通常不省略)。此句型意为“(现在)该了”，用来表示提议。It is(high)time that you went to school.你该去上学了。4as if/as though引导的表语从句和方式状语从句中常用虚拟语气He stood up and offered her his seat，as if he had read her mind.他站起来给她
28、让座，他好像读懂了她的心思。易错警示如果表示的事情可能会发生，那么从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。It looks as if its going to rain.天看上去似乎要下雨。5if only引导的感叹句中，常用虚拟语气，表示愿望。意为“要是就好了”Look at the trouble were in.If only we had taken our teachers advice！看看我们所处的困境，要是我们接受老师的建议就好了！.单句语法填空1(2017江西红色七校一联)It took a long time but eventually the dog (stop) barkin
29、g and the man was able to touch it.stopped句意：过了很长一段时间，那条狗最终不再叫了，那个人可以触摸它了。根据本句中的took和was able to可推知设空处需用一般过去时。2(2017巴蜀中学一诊)For more than 50 years，travellers (use)the international drivers license to travel in foreign countries.have used/have been using句意：50多年来，游客们一直在使用国际驾照在外国旅游。根据时间状语For more than 5
30、0 years可知设空处需用现在完成时或者现在完成进行时。3(2017青岛一模)The men said they (hear)a tiger growling(虎啸)somewhere nearby，but they didnt know from which direction the noise had come.had heard句意：那些人说他们曾在附近某些地方听到过虎啸，但他们不知道虎啸到底来自哪个方向。设空处hear先于said发生，表示“过去的过去”，故设空处需用过去完成时。4(2017泰安一模)Ten people were going from one village to
31、 another.On the way they had to cross a river.After crossing they (want)to be sure whether all were there.wanted句意：10个人正从一个村庄去另一个村庄。路上，他们必须过一条河。过河后他们想弄清是否所有人都到齐了。设空处介绍过去的事情，故用一般过去时。5(2017烟台3月诊断)A school in Sarajevo not only accepted a deaf student，but also (teach)the entire class sign language to al
32、low them to better communicate with him.taught句意：萨拉热窝的一所学校不仅招收一个耳聋的学生，而且还教班里所有的同学手语，目的是让他们更好地与耳聋的学生交流。accepted与设空处并列，且设空处也表示过去的动作，故用一般过去时。6(2017山东下学期综合测试)Shortly after he borrowed this book，he (call) to London to continue his research.was called句意：他借了这本书后不久，他被叫到了伦敦继续他的研究。根据borrowed可推知设空处需用一般过去时，主语he
33、与call为被动关系，故设空处需用一般过去时的被动语态。7(2017东营一模)Researchers say that the human personality (form) during the first two years of life.is formed句意：研究者们说人的个性是在人生的前两年就形成了。本句介绍的是一种理论，故用一般现在时，主语the human personality与form为被动关系，故用一般现在时的被动语态。8(2017凉山州二次诊断)We often hear that children wish they (be) grownups，and that o
34、ld people wish to be young.were句意：我们经常听说孩子们希望长大，而老人希望年轻。wish后的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气。设空处be与wish同时发生，故用一般过去时，因此本题答案为were。9(2017淮安四次调研)She would be much healthier now she not burdened herself with that much pressure from work when young.had句意：要不是她年轻时在工作上给自己施加那么大压力，现在她的身体会好得多。本题考查虚拟语气。根据句意可知从句部分是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，其谓语动
35、词应为“had过去分词”形式，本句中将if省略了，had提到句首，故设空处填had。 【导学号：60312250】10(2017艾青中学质检)The old lady insisted that the young man had stolen her wallet and that he (send)to the police station.(should)be sent句意：那位老太太坚持说那个年轻人偷了她的钱包并坚持要把他带到警局。本题考查虚拟语气。insist作“坚持要做某事”讲时，其宾语从句的谓语动词需用should动词原形，should可以省略。.单句改错1(2017龙岩质检)B
36、ut as I grow up，I gradually started to become selfcentered last year. growgrew句意：但是随着我的成长，我去年逐渐开始变得以自我为中心。根据本句中的last year可知需将grow改为grew。2(2017南平质检)How Americans treat their pets seem strange to me. seemseems句意：美国人对待宠物的方式令我感到奇怪。“How Americans treat their pets”为主语从句，属于第三人称单数，故将seem改为seems。3(2017邯郸一模)H
37、ow I wish I can study in my dream university in four months! cancould句意：我多希望4个月后我能在我梦想的大学里学习呀！wish加宾语从句时，宾语从句应使用虚拟语气。本句中can study后于wish发生，故将can改为could。4(2017焦作一模)The next day，we got up early and preparing porridge at home. preparingprepared句意：第二天我们很早就起床，在家里准备粥。and连接两个并列的谓语动词，根据上下文逻辑可推知需将preparing改为p
38、repared。5(2017中原名校联盟调研)My list of favorite books are long. areis句意：我最喜欢的书的清单很长。主语list属于第三人称单数，故需将are改为is。6(2017黄冈质检)She told me she slips and fell due to heart trouble. slipsslipped句意：她告诉我，由于心脏病她滑倒了。根据told，fell可知需将slips改为slipped。7(2017江西八所盟校联考)The food was tasted good and we had fun together. 去掉was句
39、意：食物味道鲜美，我们在一起过得很快乐。taste在本句中为系动词，没有被动语态，故将was去掉。8(2017湖北七市联考)I suggest that we telling them we want them to trust us as much as wed like to trust them. tellingtell句意：我建议我们告诉他们：我们希望他们像我们愿意相信他们那样相信我们。suggest作“建议”讲，后加宾语从句时，其宾语从句需使用虚拟语气，从句的谓语动词用“should动词原形”，should可以省略。9(2017赣州5月适应性考试)Lily came to my ho
40、me when she was only several days old and cant even open her eyes. cant couldnt句意：当Lily只有几天大，甚至还不能睁眼时来到了我家。根据句意可知这里表示过去的事情，需要用一般过去时，故将cant改为couldnt。10(2017济宁一模)Last Sunday my parents were away on business.I left alone，with no one to cook for me. leftwas left句意：上周日我父母因公出差了。我被独自留下来，没人给我做饭。I与leave为被动关系，故需用被动语态；根据上下文可知动作发生在过去，故用一般过去时的被动语态。
