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1、7.7 不定式作状语 1)目的状语常用结构为to do , only to do(仅仅为了), in order to do,so as to do,so(such) as to(如此以便)。例如: He ran so fast as to catch the first bus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。 I come here only to say good-bye to you.我来仅仅是向你告别。2)作结果状语,可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果,不定式要放在句子后面。 I awoke to find my truck gone. 我醒来发现箱子不见了。 He searched

2、the room only to find nothing. 他搜索了房间,没发现什么。3) 表原因Im glad to see you. 见到你很高兴。She wept to see the sight. 她一看到这情形就哭了。 4)表示理由和条件He must be a fool to say so.You will do well to speak more carefully.7.9 省去to 的动词不定式 1) 情态动词 ( 除ought 外) 后。2) 使役动词 let, have, make后,感官动词 see, watch, look at, notice , observe,

3、 hear, listen to, smell, feel, find 等后。注意:被动语态中不能省去to。例如: I saw him dance. 我看见他跳舞。 =He was seen to dance. The boss made them work the whole night. 老板让他们整夜干活。 =They were made to work the whole night.3) would rather,had better句型后4) Why / why no句型后5) help 后可带to,也可不带to, help sb (to) do sth:6) but和except

4、后。but前是实义动词do时,后面出现的不定式不带to。比较:He wants to do nothing but go out. 他只想出去玩。 He wants to believe anything but to take the medicine. 除了吃这药,他什么都信。7) 由and, or和than连接的两个不定式,第二个to 可以省去:8) 通常在discover, imagine, suppose, think等词后作宾补时,可以省去to be。例如: He is supposed (to be) nice.他应该是个好人。典型例题1) - I usually go ther

5、e by train. - Why not _ by boat for a change?A. to try going B.trying to go C.to try and go D.try going答案:D. why not 后面接不带to 的不定式,因此选D。2) Paul doesnt have to be made _. He always works hard. A. learn B. to learn C. learned D. learning 答案:B. make后接不带to 的动词不定式,当其用于被动时,to 不可省略。 7.12 不定式的特殊句型so as to 1)

6、 表示目的;它的否定式是so as not to do。例如: Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.汤姆对事故保持沉默是为了不丢掉他的工作。Go in quietly so as not to wake the baby.轻点进去,别惊醒了婴儿。2)表示结果。例如: Would you be so kind as to tell me the time? 劳驾,现在几点了。 7.13 不定式的特殊句型Why not Why not +动词原形表达向某人提出建议,翻译为:为什么不? 干吗不?。7.15 动名词与不

7、定式 1)动名词与不定式的区别: 动名词表达的是: 状态,性质,心境,抽象,经常性,已发生的 不定式表达的是: 目的,结果,原因,具体,一次性,将发生的2)有些动词如continue接不定式或动名词作宾语,意义基本相同。 3)有些动词如continue接不定式或动名词作宾语,意义大相径庭。常见的,下一节有专门讨论。 返回主目录返回特殊词精讲目录8.特殊词精讲8.1 stop doing/to do stop to do停止,中断做某事后去做另一件事,stop doing停止做某事。例如:They stop to smoke a cigarette. 他们停下来,抽了根烟。I must stop

8、 smoking. 我必须戒烟了。典型例题 She reached the top of the hill and stopped _on a big rock by the side of the path.A. to have restedB. resting C. to restD. rest答案:C。由题意可知,她到了山顶,停下来在一个路边的大石头上休息。因此,应选择stop to do sth. 停下来去做另一件事。而不仅仅是爬山动作的终止,所以stop doing sth.不正确。返回特殊词精讲目录8.2 forget doing/to do forget to do忘记要去做某事

9、,forget doing忘记做过某事。例如:The light in the office is stil on. He forgot to turn it off. 办公室的灯还在亮着,他忘记关了。(没有做关灯的动作)He forgot turning the light off. 他忘记他已经关了灯了。(已做过关灯的动作)典型例题 - The light in the office is still on. - Oh,I forgot_. A. turning it off B. turn it off C. to turn it off D. having turned it off

10、答案:C。由the light is still on 可知灯亮着,即关灯的动作没有发生,因此用forget to do sth.而forget doing sth表示灯已经关上了,而忘记了这一事实。此处不符合题意。返回特殊词精讲目录8.3 remember doing/to do remember to do 记得去做某事,remember doing记得做过某事。例如:Remember to go to the post office after school. 记着放学后去趟邮局。Dont you remember seeing the man before? 你不记得以前见过那个人吗?

11、返回特殊词精讲目录8.4 regret doing/to do regret to do对将要做的事遗憾,regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔。例如:I regret to have to do this, but I have no choice. 我很遗憾必须这样去做,我实在没有办法。I dont regret telling her what I thought.我不为告诉她我的想法而后悔。典型例题-You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting. -Well, now I regret _ that.A. to

12、do B. to be doing C.to have done D.having done答案:D。regret having done sth. 对已发生的事感到遗憾。regret to do sth. 对将要做的事感到遗憾。本题为对已说的话感到后悔,因此选D。 返回特殊词精讲目录8.5 cease doing/to do cease to do 长时间,甚至永远停做某事,cease doing 短时停止做某事,以后还会接着做。例如:That department has ceased to exist forever. 那个系已不复存在。The girls ceased chatting

13、 for a moment when their teacher passed by. 姑娘们在老师走过时,停了会聊天。 返回特殊词精讲目录8.6 try doing/to do try to do努力,企图做某事,try doing试验,试着做某事。例如:You must try to be more careful. 你可要多加小心。 I tried gardening but didnt succeed. 我试着种果木花卉,但未成功。 返回特殊词精讲目录8.7 go on doing/to do go on to do做了一件事后,接着做另一件事,go on doing继续做原来做的事。

14、例如: After he had finished his maths,he went on to do his physics. 做完数学后,他接着去做物理。 Go on doing the other exercise after you have finished this one. 作完这个练习后,接着做其他的练习 返回特殊词精讲目录8.8 be afraid doing/to do be afraid to do不敢,胆怯去做某事,是主观上的原因不去做,意为怕,be afraid of doing担心出现doing的状况、结果。doing 是客观上造成的,意为生怕,恐怕。例如:She

15、 was afraid to step further in grass because she was afraid of being bitten by a snake. 她生怕被蛇咬着,不敢在草丛中再走一步。She was afraid to wake her husband. 她不敢去叫醒她丈夫。 She was afraid of waking her husband. 她生怕吵醒她丈夫。返回特殊词精讲目录8.9 be interested doing/to do interested to do对做某事感兴趣,想了解某事,interested in doing 对某种想法感兴趣,d

16、oing 通常为想法。例如:I shall be interested to know what happens. 我很想知道发生了什么事。(想了解)Im interested in working in Switzerland. Do you have any idea about that? 我对在瑞士工作感兴趣。你想过这事吗? (一种想法)返回特殊词精讲目录8.10 mean to doing/to do mean to do 打算、想,mean doing意味着。例如: I mean to go, but my father would not allow me to. 我想去,但是我

17、父亲不肯让我去。To raise wage means increasing purchasing power. 增加工资意味着增加购买力。返回特殊词精讲目录8.11 begin(start) doing/to do begin / start to do sth /begin / start doing sth.1) 谈及一项长期活动或开始一种习惯时,使用doing。例如: How old were you when you first started playing the piano? 你几岁时开始弹钢琴?2) begin, start用进行时时,后面动词用不定式to do。例如:I w

18、as beginning to get angry。我开始生起气来。3) 在attempt, intend, begin, start 后接know, understand, realize这类动词时,常用不定式to do。例如: I begin to understand the truth。我开始明白真相。4) 事物作主语时。例如:The snow began to melt.雪开始融化了返回特殊词精讲目录8.12 感官动词 + doing/to do 感官动词 see, watch, observe, notice, look at, hear, listen to, smell, ta

19、ste, feel + do表示动作的完整性,+doing 表示动作的进行性。例如: I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调我看见了这个事实)I saw him working in the garden yesterday.(强调我见他正干活这个动作)昨天我见他正在花园里干活。 典型例题1)They knew her very well. They had seen her _ up from childhood. A. grow B. grew C. was growing D. to grow 答案:A。因题意为

20、,他们看着她长大,因此强调的是成长的过程,而非正在长的动作,因此用see sb do sth 的句型。2)The missing boy was last seen _ near the river. A. playing B. to be playingC. playD. to play 答案A. 本题强调其动作,正在河边玩,应此用see sb. doing sth句型。9.1 分词作定语 不及物动词的现在分词作定语表达强调动作正在进行,过去分词强调完成;及物动词的现在分词作定语强调主动,过去分词强调被动。分词的完成式一般不作定语。分词作其他成分时,也是如此。分词作定语,单个的分词作定语一般

21、前置;分词词组,个别分词如given, left等,修饰不定代词等的分词,作定语需后置。例如:We can see the rising sun. 我们可以看到东升的旭日He is a retired worker. 他是位退休的工人There was a girl sitting there.有个女孩坐在那里This is the question given. 这是所给的问题There is nothing interesting. 没有有趣的东西分词作定语相当于定语从句,如Most of the people invited to the party were famous scient

22、ists. = Most of the people who wereinvited to the party were famous scientists.典型例题 1) The first textbook _ for teaching English as a foreign language came out in the 16th century. A. have written B. to be written C. being written D. written答案D. 书与写作是被动关系,应用过去分词做定语表被动,相当于定语从句 which was written 2)Wha

23、ts the language _ in Germany?A. speakingB. spoken C. be spokenD. to speak答案B. 主语language与谓语动词之间有被动的含义。spoken,在句中作定语,修饰主语language, spoken 与 language有被动关系。该句可以理解为:Whats the language (which is) spoken in German?返回分词目录9.2 分词作状语 分词作状语,可以表示时间,原因,理由,条件,让步,连续等,相当于一个状语从句。例如:Not receiving any letter from him,

24、 I gave him a call. 由于没有收到他的信,我给他打了个电话。 As I didnt receive any letter from him, I gave him a call. Given more attention,the trees could have grown better. 多给些照顾,那些树会长得更好。 If more attention was given, the trees could have grown better.典型例题1)_ some officials, Napoleon inspected his army. A. Followed B

25、. Followed by C. Being followed D. Having been followed答案B. Napoleon 与follow 之间有被动的含义。being followed除表达被动之外,还有动作正在进行之意。 followed by(被跟随)。本题可改为: With some officials following, Napoleon inspected his army.2)There was a terrible noise _ the sudden burst of light.A. followed B. following C. to be follow

26、ed D. being followed答案B. 由于声音在闪电后,因此为声跟随着光,声音为跟随的发出者,为主动。用现在分词。3)_, liquids can be changed into gases.A. Heating B. To be heated C. Heated D. Heat答案C. 本题要选分词作为状语。现在分词表主动,正在进行的;过去分词表被动的,已经完成的。对于液体来说是加热的受动者,是被动的,因而选C。它相当于一个状语从句 When it is heated,注意:选择现在分词还是过去分词,关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是主句的主语发出,分词就选用现在分词,反之就用过去

27、分词。例如:Used for a long time, the book looks old. 由于用了很长时间,这本书看上去很旧。 Using the book, I find it useful. 在使用的过程中,我发现这本书很有用。 返回分词目录9.3 连词+分词(短语) 有时为使分词短语与主句关系更清楚,可在分词前加连词。 连词有: when,while,if though,after, before, as.但分词的主语和主句的主语必须为同一个。例如:While waiting there, he saw two pretty girls come out of the buildi

28、ng. 等在那儿时,他看见两个靓妹走出大楼。(waiting 和saw 的主语相同)返回分词目录9.4 分词作补语 通常在感官动词和使役动词之后。例如: I found my car missing.我发现我的车不见了。 ll have my watch repaired.我想把我的手表修一下。 返回分词目录9.5 分词作表语 表示主语的状态等。例如: She looked tired with cooking.她由于忙着做饭,看上去有些疲倦。 He remained standing beside the table.他依然站在桌旁。 返回分词目录9.6 分词作插入语 分词作插入语的结构是固

29、定的,意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。例如: generally speaking一般说来 talking of (speaking of) 说道 strictly speaking 严格的说 judging from 从判断 all things considered 从整体来看 taking all things into consideration全面看来 例如:Judging from his face, he must be ill.从他的脸色看,他一定是病了。 Generally speaking, dogs can run faster than pigs. 总的来说,狗比猪跑得快

30、。 (speaking 不是dogs 的动作)返回分词目录9.7 分词的时态1)一般式表示与主语动词同时发生。例如: Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 听到这一消息,他高兴得手舞足蹈。 Arriving there, they found the boy dead.一到那儿,他们就发现那男孩死了。典型例题The secretary worked late into the night, _a long speech for the president. A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was prep

31、aring答案B. 此处没有连词,不能选D,否则出现了两个谓语动词worked和was preparing。 只能在B,C中选一个。又因前后两个动作同时发生,且与主语为主动关系,应用现在分词。2)完成时表示先于主语动词发生。例如:While walking in the garden,he hurt his leg. 在花园里散步时他伤了腿。分词作时间状语,如果先与主动词的动作,且强调先后, 要用having done。Having finished his homework, he went out. 做完作业后,他出去了。 =As he had finished his homework,

32、 he went out.典型例题_ a reply, he decided to write again. A. Not receivingB. Receiving not C. Not having received D. Having not received 答案C. 本题考查分词的时态与分词的否定式。根据题意判断,分词的动作(接信)发生在谓语动词的动作(决心再写信)之前,因此用分词的完成式。分词的否定式的构成为not +分词,故选C。该句可理解为:Because he had not received a reply, he decided to write again. 返回分词目

33、录9.8 分词的语态 1)通常,现在分词表示主动,过去分词表示被动。例如:He is the man giving you the money. (= who gave you)他就是给你钱的那个人。He is the man stopped by the car.(= who was stopped by)他就是那个被车拦住的人。2)不及物动词的过去分词表示动作已经发生,如gone, fallen, retired, grown-up, escaped, faded, returned等。例如: a well-read person.一个读过许多书的人 a much-traveled may

34、一个去过许多地方的人 a burnt-out match 烧完了的火柴返回主目录10.2 with的复合结构作独立主格 表示伴随情况时,既可用分词的独立结构,也可用with的复合结构:with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语。例如: He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise.他举手着站在那儿。 典型例题The murderer was brought in, with his hands _ behind his back。A. being tied B. h

35、aving tiedC. to be tiedD. tied答案D. with +名词(代词)+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时,其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词手与分词绑是被动关系,因此用过去分词,选D.注意: 1) 独立主格结构使用介词的问题: 当介词是in时,其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此限制。例如:A robber burst into the room, knife in hand.(hand前不能加his)劫匪冲进房间,手里拿着刀。2) 当表示人体部位的词做逻辑主语时,及物动词用现在分词,不及物动词用

36、过去分词。例如:He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up. 他躺在那儿,牙紧咬,双手握拳,两眼直勾勾看着上面。典型例题: Weather_, well go out for a walk. A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting 答案B. 本题中没有连词,它不是复合句,也不是并列句。 句中使用了逗号,且we 小写,可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有独立主格或with的复合结构。据此判断,本句中使用的是独立结构,其结

37、构为:名词+分词。 由于permit在这里翻译为天气允许,表主动,应用现在分词,故选B。 如果不会判断独立结构作状语的形式,不妨将句子改为条件句,例如本句改为If weather permits, well go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉,再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可。11. 动词的时态 11.1 一般现在时的用法1) 经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频腮度的时间状语连用。时间状语: every, sometimes,at, on Sunday。例如: I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。2) 客

38、观真理,客观存在,科学事实。例如: The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。3) 表示格言或警句。例如: Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。 注意:此用法如果出现在宾语从句中,即使主句是过去时,从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例:Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。4) 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如: I dont want so much. 我不要那么多。 Ann

39、 writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错,讲的可不行。比较:Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖放入杯子。 I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。第一句用一般现在时,用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作,表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志,表示正在进行的动作的客观状况,所以后句用一般现在时。用过去时表示现在,表示委婉语气。1)动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如: Did you want anything

40、else? 您还要些什么吗? I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。2)情态动词 could, would。例如: Could you lend me your bike? 你的自行车,能借用一些吗?11.3 used to / be used to used to + do:过去常常表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。例如:Mother used not to be so forgetful.老妈过去没那么健忘。Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。be used to + doing: 对已感到习惯,或

41、习惯于,to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。例如:He is used to a vegetarian diet. Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。典型例题- Your phone number again? I _ quite catch it.- Its 69568442. A. didntB. couldntC. dontD. cant答案A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语,但从语意上看出,在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去,因此应用过去时。1)shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常

42、用于第二人称。例如: Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢? Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗?2)be going to +不定式,表示将来。 a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。例如:What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢? b. 计划,安排要发生的事。例如:The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。 c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如:Look at the dark cl

43、ouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云,快要下雨了。3)be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如: We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。4) be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。例如: He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。 注意:be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。11.8 用现在进行时表示将来 下列动词come, go, arri

44、ve, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如: Im leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。 Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗? My dictionary _, I have looked for it everywhere but still_ it. A. has lost, dont find B. is missing, dont findC. has lost, havent found D. is missing, havent found. 答案D. 前句是

45、一个仍在持续的状态,应用进行时,由于没有找到,其影响仍然存在,应用完成时,瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。 1) Mary _ a dress when she cut her finger.A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes答案C. 割伤手指是已发生的事情,应用过去时。同时,when表时间的同时性,玛丽在做衣服时提供事情发生的背景,因此用过去进行时。2) As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep. A. read;was fallingB. was reading; fellC. was readin

46、g; was fallingD. read;fell答案B.句中的as = when, while,意为当之时。描述一件事发生的背景时,用过去进行;一个长动作发生的时候,另一个短动作发生。句意为 在她看报纸时,奶奶睡着了。句中的 fell(fall的过去时),是系动词,后跟形容词,如:fall sick。11.23 一般现在时代替一般过去时 1 ) 书上说,报纸上说等。例如: The newspaper says that its going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天会很冷的。2) 叙述往事,使其生动。例如: Napoleons army now advances

47、 and the great battle begins.拿破仑的军队正在向前挺进,大战开始了。 11.26 现在进行时代替将来时 1) 表示即将发生的或预定中计划好的活动。例如: Are you staying with us this weekend? 和我们一起度周末好吗? We are leaving soon. 我们马上就走。2) 渐变动词,如get, run, grow, become, begin以及瞬间动词die等。例如: He is dying. 他要死了。 11.28 时态与时间状语 时态时间状语一般现在时every, sometimes,at, on Sunday等一般过

48、去时yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982, just now等一般将来时next, tomorrow, in+一段时间, before+时间点等现在完成时for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always, recently等过去完成时before, by+过去的时间, until, when, after, once等过去进行时this morning, the whole morning, all day, yesterday, from nine to ten last evening when, while等将来进行时soon, tomorrow, this evening, on Sunday, by this time, tomorrow, in two days, tomorrow evening

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