1、Unit 3Back to the pastSection Grammar1宾语补足语（Object Complement）（1）宾语补足语的构成：宾语补足语通常是一个名词（短语）、形容词、带to的动词不定式或不带to的动词不定式或介词短语，现在分词（短语）、过去分词（短语）、副词也可充当宾语补足语。I heard two girls singing in the next room.（现在分词）我听到两个姑娘在隔壁房间唱歌。I found the classroom thoroughly cleaned and everything arranged in good order.（过去分词）
2、我发现教室被打扫得干干净净，一切布置得井井有条。Dont shut him out.不要把他关在门外。（副词）Lets make it Sunday.让我们把时间定在星期天。（名词）My sister always makes me laugh.（不带to的动词不定式）我姐姐老是逗我笑。The government forced him to leave his country.（带to的动词不定式）政府迫使他离开他的祖国。I got to his office and found him at work.（介词短语）我来到他的办公室，发现他正在工作。That song made him fa
3、mous.（形容词）那首歌让他出名了。归纳1：宾语补足语的句型结构为“主语谓语动词宾语宾语补足语”。归纳2：宾语补足语的作用是对宾语进行进一步的补充和说明。（2）可以充当宾语补足语的特殊结构：We shouldnt regard it as impossible.（as结构）我们不应该把这件事看作不可能。Call me what you like.（从句）你愿意叫我什么就叫什么。归纳：由介词as引起的短语在某些动词后面充当宾语补足语；从句也可以充当宾语补足语。（3）He marked all the bees that came to the nearby feeding place blue
4、.他给所有来到附近喂食处的蜜蜂标上蓝色。归纳：宾语补足语一般是紧跟在宾语之后，但有时被修饰宾语的定语、定语从句或同位语从句分隔开来，应特别注意这种现象。2either.or.和neither.nor.either.or.“或者或者；要么要么；不是就是”neither.nor.“既不也不；和都不”（1）连接并列主语（谓语动词通常与最靠近的主语保持一致）Either you or I am going to attend the meeting.不是你就是我要去参加会议。Neither you nor he is to blame.你和他都不应该受责备。（2）连接并列谓语He neither dr
5、inks nor smokes.他既不喝酒也不抽烟。You either go with us or remain alone.你要么和我们一起走，要么独自留下来。（3）连接并列表语The man is neither a doctor nor a teacher.那男子既不是医生也不是老师。（4）连接并列宾语Students could choose either French or Spanish.学生们可以选择法语或者西班牙语。I like neither swimming nor skating.我既不喜欢游泳也不喜欢滑冰。（5）连接并列状语You can contact us eit
6、her by phone，by email，or by letter.你可以通过电话、电子邮件或者信函来联系我们。They went there neither by train nor by plane.他们去那里既不是乘火车也不是乘飞机。（6）either.or.还可用来连接两个并列分句。Either you come with us or you stay at home with your mother.要么你和我们一起去，要么你待在家里陪妈妈。3主谓一致（Subjectverb agreement）主谓一致指在主语之后选择正确的单数或复数谓语动词。下面几点有助于我们判定谓语动词的单、
7、复数。（1）如果句子的主语是下面的情况，谓语动词应是单数。单数名词或不可数名词度量单位、书名或人名短语或从句（2）如果句子的主语是下面的情况，谓语动词用复数。复数名词由and连接的两个或两个以上的词或词组（3）当句子的主语是all of/most of/some of/half of/a part of名词/代词时，谓语动词的数与名词或代词保持一致。（4）当主语是集体名词时，例如：band，crowd，class，family，public以及team，如果在意义上把集体名词看成一个整体，谓语动词用单数；如果指集体名词中的各个成员，则谓语动词用复数。（5）像news，physics，mathe
8、matics和AIDS一类的名词在形式上是复数，意义上则是单数，当它们作主语时，谓语动词用单数；一些名词，如goods，clothes，congratulations，earnings，remains以及belongings等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。（6）当either.or.，neither.nor.，not only.but also.以及not.but.连接并列的主语时，谓语动词的单复数依最靠近它的名词的单复数而定。（7）and连接的两个单数名词作主语时，如果在意义上指同一个人、同一件事或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数。The Premier and Foreign Minister wa
9、s there.总理兼外交部长在场。（8）当each.and each.，every.and every.结构作主语时，谓语动词用单数。Every man and every woman is asked to help.要求每一个人都来帮忙。（9）当主语后面跟有as well as，along with，together with，rather than，no less than等短语引导的词组时，其谓语动词的单复数通常按主语的单复数而定。Tom，together with his friends，goes skating every Saturday.每个星期六，汤姆和他的朋友们一起去滑冰
10、。（10）当不定代词all作主语时，谓语动词的单复数由其指代的词的单复数决定。All are to reach an agreement.大家都将要达成一项协议。All is not gold that glitters.闪闪发光的未必都是金子。（11）当分数、百分数作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于of之后的名词的单复数，如of之后的名词是复数或集体名词，谓语动词用复数；如of之后的名词是单数或不可数名词，谓语动词用单数。Thirty percent of the students in our school are girls.我们学校百分之三十的学生是女生。Threefourths of
11、the surface of the earth is sea.地球表面的四分之三是海洋。当主语是most，the rest，the remainder等表示“大部分”“其余”和“剩下的”人或物时，谓语动词遵循意义一致的原则，即：如所指的是复数意义，谓语动词用复数；如所指的是单数意义，谓语动词用单数。Three of us will go，the rest are to stay here.我们中的三个人去，其余的人留在这儿。The rest of the speech is very interesting.演讲的其余部分很有趣。（12）当town，city，country，village等
12、分别表示总称的镇民、全体居民、国民或村民时，谓语动词用单数，而且这些名词前常用定冠词the修饰，也可以用形容词whole作定语。The whole town was talking about it.全镇的人都在谈论这件事。The country is opposed to war.全国人民反对战争。（13）如果主语是由lots of，plenty of，a great deal of，a lot of，loads of（许多）等加上名词构成时，谓语的单复数取决于其后的名词的单复数。Loads of fresh milk was given to them.（有人）给了他们许多新鲜的牛奶。Lo
13、ads of big apples lie on the ground.地上有许多大苹果。（14）当“oneand a half复数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数。One and a half bananas was eaten by the little boy.这小孩已吃了一个半香蕉了。（15）主语是“the形容词或过去分词”结构时，如果指一类人或事物，谓语动词用复数，如果指某一个人或抽象概念，谓语动词用单数。The aged are well taken care of in this village.在这个村子里，老人都得到了很好的照顾。The departed was a good
14、friend of his.死者是他的一个好友。（16）一些形复意单的名词，如：trousers，pants（短衬裤），pajamas（睡衣），tongs（钳子），glasses，scissors（剪刀）等有成双部分的衣物名称或工具名称作主语时，谓语动词用复数。但当这类名词前有a pair of来修饰时，谓语动词应用单数。My blue trousers have worn out.我的蓝裤子已穿坏了。This pair of scissors was made in Hangzhou.这把剪刀是杭州制造的。（17）the number of.作主语时，谓语动词用单数；a number of.
15、作主语时，谓语动词通常用复数。The number of the people who own cars is increasing every year.拥有小汽车的人数逐年增加。A large number of people are applying for the job.许多人在申请该工作。（18）如果主语是由“many a，more than one单数名词”构成，尽管意义上是复数，谓语动词仍用单数形式。但是“more than数词复数名词”结构作主语时，谓语动词用复数。There is more than one answer to your question.对于你的这个问题答
16、案不止一个。More than one thousand students are studying in this school.有一千多学生在这所学校学习。（19）what从句作主语时的主谓一致在“主语连系动词表语”的结构中，如果以what从句作主语，表语又是单数，主句的谓语动词用单数；如果表语是复数，则主句的谓语动词用复数。What caused the accident is a mystery.事故是由什么引起的是个谜。What his father left him are a few English books.他父亲留给他的仅是几本英语书而已。当what从句是个具有复数意义的并
17、列结构时，主句的谓语动词用复数。What I say and think are no business of yours.我说的和想的与你无关。（20）在“one of复数名词定语从句”的结构中，定语从句的谓语动词的数应由它所修饰的先行词的数来决定。但当先行词前有the only，the very或any等词作定语时，则定语从句的谓语动词采用单数形式。This is one of the rooms that were damaged in the fire.这就是那次大火中烧毁的房间之一。Is there any one of you who wants to go with me?你们当
18、中有人想和我一起去吗？This is the only one of his short stories that is not well written.这是他唯一的一篇写得不好的短篇故事。用所给词的适当形式填空1He has a strange way of making his class _（interest）答案：interesting2I saw him _（do）his homework when I passed his window.答案：doing3I was absentminded when I heard my name _（call）答案：called4Im sor
19、ry.Passengers are not allowed _（sit）here.答案：to sit5Dont worry.Ill have the letter _（type）and have someone _（send）it to you this afternoon.答案：typed；send6With more people _（know）the truth，nobody believes him now.答案：knowing7With nothing _（do），he wandered around in the street.答案：to do8At the gate _（stand）two stone lions.答案：stand9Nobody but Jack and I _（be）in the room then.答案：was10Nearly 70 percent of the students in this class _（be）boys.答案：are
