1、写作步步高之八 (置于模块九 unit one)高考书面表达八项原则1. 主题句原则一篇文章的开头(有时也可以在结尾)有一个主题句，也就有了中心，然后围绕主题展开相关内容，这样的文章让人一目了然思路清晰。否则，若把主题隐藏在文章里，很可能使读者感觉云里雾里，不知所云。如：To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam.(主题句) Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all th
2、e questions correctly. 开头一句赫然醒目，直接点题。主题句最好放在文章的开头以“开门见山”，也可以放在最后以“卒章显志”。 2. 整洁分段原则这是高考阅卷老师给出的忠告。常有高考阅卷老师抱怨，很多考生通篇只有一段，没有层次感，条理不清，看完后感觉很累。这种情况下的评分，一般会降低一个档次。段落是文章的组成单位，许多的写作技巧都可以体现在一个结构合理、安排有序的段落中。一般来说，一篇文章的段落分为以下三个部分：开头部分(opening paragraphs)直击文中的要点、核心问题。正文部分(body paragraphs)围绕主题开展叙述、讨论。结尾部分(concludi
3、ng paragraphs)对全文进行总结和概括。为使文章条理清晰，文章要分层分段，按照段落的写作方法生成段落层次，高考作文一般分成二到四段即可。落实到书面上，要求书写整齐美观，卷面整洁，富于美感，以提高印象分。3. 长短句结合原则 我们提倡在一篇文章中，根据表达需要交替使用长短句、简单句与复合句，使句子错落有致，以提升文章的节奏感和可读性。多样化的句式。能显示考生较强的语言功底，有助于提升作文档次，因为长句往往能气势恢宏，严密周详，短句往往能劲健挺拔，简洁有力。 一个短小精悍的句子，通常可以起到画龙点睛的作用。尤其当我们把短句放在段首或者段末时，它不仅可以承上启下，还可以揭示主题，如：As
4、a creature, I eat；as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar. 如上所见，长短句结合，可以给人抑扬顿挫之感。因此，许多专家建议：在文章第一段(开头)用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，这样主体部分定会让人赏心悦
5、目，文章结尾只需用一长一短。4.短语优先原则 短语优先原则通过即合并简单句、简化复合句、单词换成短语等方式使句子简洁明了。例如：将cause改为lead to /contribute to /result in 将My brother was riding the bike and I sat on the seat behind him.修改为： My brother was riding the bike with me sitting on the seat behind. 在写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果能正确使用短语，有两个好处：一是用短语会给文章增光添彩，自然会增加得分点；二是学生在
6、考场上有时会过于紧张造成思维短路，但还得凑够字数，那么用短语替代一个单词不失为好办法！比如：I cannot bear it.可以用短语表达为：I cannot put up with it. 又如：I want it .可以表达为：I am looking forward to it.这样字数明显增加，表达也非常准确。5.并列句/复合句原则：即通过合并简单句，使用特殊句式如倒装、强调句等，以提升文章的档次水平的原则。例如：When meeting with trouble , we should not lose heart but face them bravely.Only in thi
7、s way can we overcome it.6.多实少虚原则。在写作中，我们应该多用明确具体的表达，少用抽象含糊的词语，即用词要实在，要有针对性，不要太虚，太空洞。比如说“好”，就不要什么情况下都用“good”或“nice”,而是要使用一些诸如generous,humorous,interesting,smart,gentle，warm-hearted,hospitable之类的形容词。7.条理性强的原则一般来说，如果一篇文章以第一、第二、第三或首先、其次、再次等罗列要点会让人感觉层次分明、条理清晰、逻辑性强。强烈推荐下列关联词：to begin with, then, furtherm
8、ore, finallyto start with, next, in addition, finallyfirst and foremost, besides, last but not leastmost important of all, moreover, finallyfor one thing, for another thingon the one hand, on the other hand（用来说明不同的理由货哦原因） 8.词句多变原则。有的考生在写文章时一个词（如形容词，动词等）反复多次出现在文章中，还有的考生的文章从头到尾都使用简单句，从而使整篇文章平淡无味，这样的试卷
9、老师一看就头痛，起评档次直接降低到低档。在写作时，考生应善于使用同义词。同其他语言一样，英语中也存在着大量的同义词，而且在许多情况下，同一个意思可以使用不同的单词甚至是一些短语来表达。如表达“喜欢”可用如下的不同形式：1）I like English. 2) I dont care for baseball. 3) She is fond of playing the piano. 4) Many football fans are crazy about Beckham. 5) He has been addicted to the drug. 句子的多变性是指同一种意义的内容可以通过各种变
10、化的句型来表达。一篇文章要使人觉得内容丰富，语言生动，就应交叉使用否定句与肯定句，陈述句与倒装句，穿插运用强调句、简单句、并列句、复合句，以使句子结构错落有致，复杂多变。下面是一个倒装句的例句：In no other place in the world can one find such enthusiasm for applying for hosting the 2008 Olympic Games. 及时巩固 1. 请根据书面表达八项原则升华如下的学生习作。One day after a physical examination, Mr. Smith got his diagnosis
11、. The diagnosis said he suffered from cancer. He knew the news. He felt very sad.He got home. His wife and daughter were waiting for him to have dinner. He didnt want to eat anything. Some time later, he received a call from his doctor. They said they made a mistake. The diagnosis was wrong. When he
12、 heard that, Mr. Smith was very happy and jumped. His wife and daughter were very surprised.Everyone should work Carefully and try to make no mistake；otherwise you will give people so much trouble and suffering. Still, when we meet with trouble, we should not lose heart but face them bravely. We can
13、 only overcome it in this way.应用短语优先原则_应用短语优先原则_应用并列句复合句原则_应用复合句原则_应用短语优先原则_应用短语优先原则_应用短语优先原则 _。应用词句多变原则 _。2请用高考书面表达八项原则来评析如下这篇2012年湖北短文写作中的满分作文。(2012湖北) 请根据以下提示并结合事例用英语写一篇短文。You cannot choose what you are given, but you can choose how you make use of it.注意：无须写标题，不得照抄英语提示语；除诗歌外，文体不限；文中不得透露个人姓名和学校名称；
14、词数为120左右。 满分作文欣赏 A brilliant future is what everybody is looking forward toNevertheless，life just doesnt always treat everyone equallySome people may be fortunate enough not to be bothered by hardships frequently，and meanwhile most of us have to be faced with all kinds of troublesome situationsAs we
15、 cant choose what has been given，we can do our best to be strong and positive in order to make the best of our life Here comes a typical example of my friend，HelenPossessing beautiful appearance as well as modest attitude，she used to be the kind of girl who was adored by everyoneUnluckily，an unexpec
16、ted car accident happened to her when she was just ten years oldShe was injured so severely that the doctor had to cut off her right leg. Instead of surrendering herself to despair, she maintained an optimistic attitude towards life and always wore a lovely smile as beforeDisabled as she was，she man
17、aged to become one of the best students in her classHer story impressed me so much that Ive 1earned something significant from it that sometimes it isnt destiny that defeats you but your own choiceIf you are strong enough，there is nothing that can prohibit you to have a better tomorrow满分评析：(1)主题句原则：
18、 (2)分段原则：(3)长短句结合原则： (4)短语优先原则：(5)并列句复合句原则： (6)多实少虚原则：(7)条理性原则： (8)词句多变原则：答案：(1)One day after a physical examination, Mr. Smith got his diagnosis, saying he suffered from cancer.(2)Knowing that, he felt very sad.(3)When he got home, his wife and daughter were waiting for him to have dinner. But he d
19、idnt want to eat anything, so he went to his bedroom.(4)After some time, he received a call from his doctor, which said they made a mistake that the diagnosis was wrong.(5)On hearing that, Mr. Smith jumped with joy, making both his wife and daughter very surprised.(6)Everyone should work carefully,
20、trying to make no mistakes.(7)Still, when meeting with trouble(8)Only in this way can we overcome it.2满分评析：主题句原则：本文第一段最后一句为主题句，最后一段第一句再次对之前主旨进行呼应，从而使作者立场明确鲜明。分段原则：本文合理地分为三个段落，分别提出观点，进行事例论证，最后总结回应主题，总体上层次感强，条理清晰。长短句结合原则：第二段第一句的简明扼要与其后的充分展开体现了此原则。短语优先原则：文中Possessing beautiful appearance as well as mod
21、est attitude及Instead of surrendering herself to despair 充分体现了这一原则。并列句复合句原则：文中大量使用了并列句与复合句，如what引导的名词性从句，here开头的倒装句，It was that强调句型，as意为“尽管”的倒装句型，notbut并列句式。多实少虚原则：文中大量使用准确地道的形容词、副词，令人印象深刻，如brilliant, typical, severely, optimistic, significant等。条理性原则：本文语言流畅，可读性强，表现了作者的深厚的语言功底。如：副词nevertheless, meanwhile, unluckily等的使用，使全文结构紧凑，句与句之间过渡与衔接自然流畅。词句多变原则：本文语言丰富、句式多变、表达丰富多彩，运用较多高级词汇，例如：fortunate (而非lucky)、hardship(而非trouble, difficulty)、be faced with(而非meet with)、adore(而非admire)、severely(而非seriously)、maintain(而非keep)、significant(而非valuable或important)、prohibit(而非forbid)。版权所有：高考资源网()
