1、Unit 21Human Biology(一)阅读词汇明其义、写其形第一组：明其义1firm n商行，公司2supreme adj. (程度)最大的，极度的3compulsory adj. 强制性的，义务的4controversial adj. 有争议的5contradict vt. 与(其他事物)相矛盾6interpret vt. 翻译；解释7violate vt. 违反，违背8acute adj. 严重的；剧烈的9statistics n. 统计资料；统计数字10adaptation n. 变化；变种11mourn vi.& vt. 感到悲痛；表示哀悼12prescription n. 处
2、方13systematic adj. 系统化的14temporary adj. 临时的；短暂的15sceptical adj. 怀疑的16rate n. 比率17privileged adj. 荣幸的第二组：写其形1circulate vi. 循环2digest vt. 消化3abuse vt. 滥用4fundamental adj. 根本的；基础的5seek vt. 寻找6threat n. 威胁7postpone vt. 推迟，延期8identify vt. 确定；认出，识别9symptom n. 症状10weekly adj. 每周一次的11decline vi. 下降12enhance
3、 vt. 增强；提高13absurd adj. 不合理的；荒谬的14deadline n. 截止日期，最后日期15vote vi. 表决16circumstance n. 情形；情况17submit vt. 提交18annual adj. 每年的，一年一次的，年度的19press n. 新闻界，报界(二)表达词汇晓其变、通其用1tolerate vt.容忍tolerant adj.宽容的；容忍的tolerance n容忍2oppose vt.反对opposite adj.相反的；反对的opposition n反对；对立opposed adj.相反的，对立的3prohibit vt.禁止proh
4、ibition n禁止；禁令prohibitive adj.禁止的4unite vt.联合；团结；统一unity n团结united adj.团结的5equip vt.使有准备equipment n装备；设备6fortune n大笔钱财，巨款fortunate adj.幸运的fortunately adv.幸运地unfortunate adj.不幸的misfortune n不幸7concern n担心；担忧concerned adj.关心的，牵挂的；有关的concerning prep.关于(三)常用短语多积累、准运用1wipe_out彻底毁灭2at_random 随便地，随意地3at_all
5、_costs 不管多大代价，无论如何4cater_to 满足；迎合5straight_away 立刻，马上6miss_out 遗漏，遗忘；错过机会7focus_on 聚焦；集中；对准8clear_up 整理；解释；澄清9in_despair 绝望10be_responsible_for 对负有责任11get_down_to 开始做12at_any_rate 无论如何；至少13bring_up 教育；抚养；呕吐14stop_sth._in_its_tracks 终止；消灭15get_through 通过(考试)；完成16in_vain 徒然，白费力气(四)经典句式明特点、会仿用1It isadj
6、.for sb.to do .悟原句It is compulsory for winners to be tested but other participants are only tested at random.背佳句(2018全国卷满分作文)Furthermore, it is better for you to bring some small gifts, like a book.2.rather than是并列连词，表示“而不是”悟原句The Olympic spirit the spirit of competition which emphasises taking part
7、 rather than winning has been violated by the desire to succeed at all costs.背佳句As students, we should try to get good results by studying hard rather than cheating in exams.3.Sb./Sth.be believed to .“某人或某物被认为”悟原句Having killed up to 50 million people in 18 months, with a tendency to strike the young
8、 and fit rather than the old, the Spanish Flu is believed to have been the most acute epidemic in history.背佳句He is believed to be one of the best living composers.1.“annual”相关形容词全扫描hourly每小时的daily 每日的weekly 每周的monthly 每月的annual 每年的2.“oppose”近/反义词汇大全rejectobjectagreedisagreeapprovedisapprovebe forbe
9、againstagree withdisagree with3.“财富”相关名词小聚fortunetreasurewealth possessionproperty resourceasset goodsestate belongings4.“开始/着手做某事”短语精选get down to doing sth.set out to do sth.set about doing sth.settle down to sth.start/begin doing/to do sth. .用所给词的适当形式填空1It is clear that hightech equipment (equip)
10、has become popular among teenagers and changed their way of life.2Well, Im definitely opposed to playing (play) football in the streets.3Li Fang, a brave woman teacher from Henan province, saved her students at all costs (cost)4Tom is often fortunate. Last year he went to Shanghai to try his fortune
11、. Fortunately he met and married his wife there.(fortune) 5I admire you for your tolerance,_because you can tolerate things which cant be tolerant. (tolerate)6Our parents are concerned about our health and future.As far as Im concerned,_we should talk with our parents and tell them our concerns.(con
12、cern)7As a famous saying goes, unity is strength. If united,_ we can overcome all the difficulties, so lets unite together.(unite)8They prepared a report for submission to the council, in which they submitted that the evidence was unreliable.(submit).介、副词填空1So she contacted her consultant straight a
13、way to consult with him about this.2I decided to try at all costs to rid them of their fear and dislike of books.3I cant focus my attention on study with so much noise outside.4The magician picked several persons at random from the audience and asked them to help him with the performance.5Its not an
14、 easy task for you to bring up a small child on your own.6An ocean level rise of only 0.6 meters will wipe out their habitat (栖息地) completely.7Certainly, English and German cultures share similar values; however, Germans prefer to get down to business more quickly.选词填空1at a cost of ./at the cost/exp
15、ense of .The college student saved the boy at_the_cost/expense_of his own life. We only learned how to study it a decade ago_at_a_cost_of_billions of dollars.2submit to/submit .to . All teachers should submit_that report to the headmaster. The people had to submit_to the new rulers when they lost th
16、e war.写出加蓝部分在语境中的含义1Readers Digest began in the 1920s by summarising books and “articles of lasting interest” from other publications. 文摘；摘要2No building can stand without firm foundations, and neither can a marriage. 牢固的；稳固的3Its a pity that I have to decline your invitation.谢绝4In that case they had
17、to submit themselves to his judgement. 服从，屈服If you want to share a story of your pets with the readers, you need to submit it to Smart Animals. 提交；递交5Drivers are advised to seek alternative routes. 寻找We are currently seeking new ways of expanding our membership. 探求，探索_They quickly sought to distance
18、 themselves from the protesters. 试图 .完成句子1It_is_possible_for_him_to_pass the driving test this time.(It isadj.for sb. to do .)他这次或许能通过驾照考试。2As students, we should try to get good results by studying hard rather_than_cheating_in_exams. (rather than)作为学生，我们应当通过努力学习而非考试作弊来取得好成绩。3The book is_said_to_hav
19、e_been_translated_into several foreign languages.(sb./sth. be said to .)这本书据说已被翻译成了好几种外国语言。4The train was traveling at_the/a_rate_of_100_kilometres_an_hour.(at the/a rate of)火车以每小时100公里的速度行驶。 5As an inexperienced teacher, I tried every means to get them to be quiet, but_in_vain. (vain)作为一个没有经验的老师，我想
20、尽了一切办法让他们安静下来，但都无济于事。1tolerate vt.忍受，容忍(1)tolerate (doing) sth.容忍/容许(做)某事(2)tolerant adj. 容忍的；宽容的be tolerant of 对宽容；容忍(3)tolerance n. 容忍 show tolerance towards sb. 容忍某人演绎法练通单句语法填空As a teacher, you need to show tolerance towards your students carelessness in study.I couldnt tolerate being_interrupted
21、 (interrupt) when I was editing my book.We must learn to be tolerant of different cultures especially when we live in a multicultural society.一句多译我不能容忍被嘲笑。I_cant_tolerate_being_made_fun_of.(tolerate)I_cant_bear/stand_being_made_fun_of.(bear/stand)I_cant_put_up_with_being_made_fun_of.(put up with)联想发
22、散表示“容忍，忍受”的单词或短语还有：bear, stand, put up with等。2seek (sought，sought) vt.寻找，寻求；追求；探求，探索；试图seek sth.from sb.向某人请求/寻求某物seek (after/for) sb./sth. 追求/寻找某人/某物seek ones fortune 找出路；碰运气seek out 找出；寻出seek to do sth. 试图做某事演绎法练通单句语法填空Half an hour later, he sought out his favorite toy in the basket, which made hi
23、m very happy.He sought to_climb (climb) over the fence, but failed.The foreigners have sought help from the local government.完成句子If you want to_seek_for/after_success,_you must work hard.如果你想追求成功，就必须努力工作。He told us that he was going to Beijing to_seek_his_fortune.他告诉我们他要到北京碰碰运气。3postpone vt.推迟，延期单句语
24、法填空/完成句子The military training for the freshmen in the new term was postponed until/to the next Sunday because of the bad weather.The headmaster postponed holding (hold) the meeting until all teachers arrived at the meeting room.Dont always look for excuse to postpone_doing_something.不要总是找借口拖延做事。归纳法记
25、牢postpone doing sth.延缓/推迟做某事postpone sth.until/to . 把某事推迟到联想发散“延缓做某事，推迟做某事”的表达还有：put off doing sth.，delay doing sth.等。4oppose vt. & vi.反对；反抗(1)oppose (to) doing sth.反对做某事(2)opposed adj. 相反的；对立的be opposed to (doing) sth. 反对(做)某事；与(做)某事对立(3)opposite adj. 对立的，在对面的prep. 在的对面演绎法练通单句语法填空All people present
26、 are opposed to working (work) overtime on Sunday.We oppose using (use) this unusual technique to clone humans.She turned and walked off in the opposite (oppose) direction.一句多译我反对修改这个方案，因为它是可行的。I oppose_correcting_the_plan for it is practicable.(oppose)I am_opposed_to_correcting_the_plan for it is p
27、racticable.(opposed)I object_to_correcting_the_plan for it is practicable.(object)I am_against_correcting_the_plan for it is practicable.(against)名师指津(1)opposeobject tobe against“反对”；oppose后跟动词时要用动词ing形式，如句。(2)be opposed to结构中，to是介词，其后也要用动词ing形式，如句。5prohibit vt.禁止，阻止(1)prohibit (doing) sth.禁止(做)某事pr
28、ohibit sb.from doing sth.prohibit sb.s doing sth. 禁止某人做某事(2)prohibition n. 禁止；禁令a prohibition against/on . 的禁令演绎法练通单句语法填空/句型转换The environment group is demanding a complete prohibition (prohibit) against setting off fireworks in the Spring Festival.His small size prohibits his becoming (become) a pol
29、iceman.There is a prohibition on/against tobacco advertising in newspapers and magazines.Some people think that its necessary to prevent/stop/keep people from smoking in public places.Some people think that its necessary to prohibit_peoples smoking in public places.6decline vi.下降；衰退vt.谢绝 n下降；衰退辨析法理清
30、辨清楚写出下列句中decline的词性及含义I invited her to my wedding, but she declined my invitation. vt.谢绝The company reported a small decline in its profits. n.下降As is known to us all, industry in Britain has been on the decline since the 1970s.n.衰退理明白decline的相关用法归纳(1)decline to do sth. 拒绝做某事decline to 下降/减少到decline
31、 by 下降/减少了(2)a decline in/of sth. 在某方面减少/下降in decline 下降on the decline 走下坡路，在衰退中fall/go into (a) decline 开始衰落，陷入衰退针对训练单句语法填空There has been a sharp decline in/of the amounts of sale this year.The number of population in the poor country has declined by 10 percent during the past 10 years.The company,
32、 however, now declines to_comment_ (comment) further on the subject.名师指津decline后接不定式作宾语，一般不接动名词；decline表示“谢绝”时，已含有“拒绝接受”之意，所以其后一般不接to accept，以免语义重复。7equip vt.使有准备；配备；装备(1)equip .with .用装备equip .for sth./to do sth. 为(做)某事而装备be equipped for/to do sth. 为(做)某事装备好；做好准备equip sb. to do sth. 使某人能够做某事(2)equi
33、pment n. U装备，设备演绎法练通单句语法填空/完成句子My father always reminds me to equip myself for the future.His work experience equipped him to_deal (deal) with all kinds of people.Our school is equipped with much advanced equipment (equip) bought from abroad.Please equip_yourself_with a sharp pencil and a rubber for
34、 the exam.请准备一支削尖的铅笔和一块橡皮参加考试。8submit vt.提交；递交vi.服从，屈服完成句子The heroic people will never submit_to foreign rule.英雄的人民决不会屈服于外国的统治。You must submit_yourself_to the traffic rules when driving.开车时你必须遵守交通规则。I will submit_my_reports_to you as soon as possible.我会尽快把报告提交给你。归纳法记牢submit to服从于；屈从于submit sb./onese
35、lf to 使某人/自己甘受；服从submit .to . 向提交名师指津在submit . to .中，submit是及物动词，意为“呈交”；而在submit to中，submit是不及物动词，意为“服从”。1wipe out彻底毁灭；全部摧毁完成句子The storm wiped_the_building_out only in two hours.在仅仅两个小时之内，暴风雨就把那座建筑物摧毁了。He wiped_away the sweat from his brow with the back of his hand.他用手背擦掉了额头上的汗水。The flowing water wi
36、ped_the_pictures_drawn_by_children_off/from the sand.流动的水把孩子们在沙子上画的画冲掉了。I wiped_up_the_ground after children left the room.孩子们离开房间后，我把地上的东西擦干净了。归纳法记牢wipe away擦掉，清除掉wipe sth. off/from 从上擦去某物；勾销(债务等)wipe sth. with sth. 用擦wipe up 擦干净 2It isadj.for sb.to do .It_is_compulsory_for_winners_to_be_tested but
37、 other participants are only tested at random.获胜者要强制性地进行检查，而其他参与者只是随意地检查。用法规则(1)“It isadj.for sb. to do .”结构中的形容词仅仅描述事物。这类形容词有difficult, easy, hard, important, dangerous, impossible等。(2)“It isadj.of sb.to do .”结构中的形容词描述不定式行为者的性格、品质。这类形容词有 kind, good, right, clever, foolish, stupid, wise, rude 等。注意事项
38、(1)若形容词是对不定式行为者的品格进行评价则用of sb.，反之用for sb.。(2)of后面的名词或代词与前面的形容词有逻辑上的主表关系；而for后面的名词或代词与前面的形容词无逻辑上的主表关系。针对训练单句语法填空Its vital for children to_keep (keep) a balanced diet.Its kind_of you to offer help to the children who have trouble in learning maths.完成句子It_would_be_difficult_for_developed_countries_to_m
39、aintain the size of population.对发达国家来说那将很难维持人口规模。It_is_very_clever_of_them to make good use of the Internet.他们很聪明，能充分利用互联网。3at all costs无论如何，不管多大代价完成句子Economic growth must not be achieved at_the_cost_of environment or resources.发展经济绝不能以破坏环境、浪费资源为代价。The work is so urgent that we must finish it before
40、 6 at_all_costs/at_any_cost.这项工作如此紧急，以至于我们无论如何得在6点前完成。You can buy the books at_cost on the Internet.你可以在网上以成本价买到这些书。The new shopping center was constructed at_a_cost_of 1.1 million.新建成的购物中心耗资110万。归纳法记牢at the cost/expense of .牺牲；以为代价at a cost of . 以的费用/价格at any cost at all costs 在任何情况下；无论如何at cost 按成
41、本价 4并列连词rather thanThe Olympic spirit the spirit of competition which emphasises taking part rather_than winning has been violated by the desire to succeed at all costs.人们不惜任何代价想获胜的愿望违背了重在参与而不是获胜的奥林匹克精神。用法规则(1)rather than 常用于下列结构中：prefer to do sth.rather than do sth.would do sth.rather than do sth.w
42、ould rather do sth.than do sth.(2)would rather从句，从句中谓语动词用虚拟语气：过去时表示现在或将来的愿望；过去完成时表示过去的愿望。注意事项(1)rather than为并列连词，表示选择，意为“而不是”。它通常用在平行结构中，连接相同的句子成分，即rather than 前后两部分在成分和形式上应该一致。(2)rather than 连接主语及其附属成分时，谓语动词应与rather than前面的词在人称和数上保持一致。针对训练单句语法填空It is you rather than Mary that are (be) responsible f
43、or the accident.Compared with women, men always prefer to_sleep (sleep) at home rather than spend so much time shopping.I would rather you didnt_do (not do) anything for the time being.完成句子Nowadays some teenagers prefer_to_chat online with strangers rather_than_talk_with their parents face to face.如
44、今，一些青少年宁愿在网上与陌生人闲谈也不愿与父母面对面沟通。5sb./sth.be believed动词不定式Having killed up to 50 million people in 18 months, with a tendency to strike the young and fit rather than the old, the_Spanish_Flu_is_believed_to_have been the most acute epidemic in history.西班牙流感在18个月内夺去了5 000万人的生命，而且倾向于侵袭年轻、健壮的人群，而不是老年人。据认为，
45、西班牙流感是历史上最严重的流行病。用法规则“sb./sth.be believed动词不定式”为固定结构，意为“人们认为(相信)，被认为是/做”。此结构可以和It is believed that或People believe that互换。常用于这种句型的动词有say/hope/think/report/know等。注意事项这一结构中的动词不定式如果用完成式，则强调动作发生在主句动作之前；用进行式，强调动作正在进行；用一般现在式，强调动作与主句动作(几乎)同时发生，或之后发生。针对训练单句语法填空Is Bob still performing? Im afraid not.He is sai
46、d to_have_left (leave) the stage already as he has become an official.Tom is believed to_be (be) the child they are looking for.The country is thought to_be_making (make) its people feel more happy.一句多译据说他已写了一本有关机器人的新书。He_is_said_to_have_written_a_new_book_about_robots.Its_said_that_he_has_written_a
47、_new_book_about_robots.一、在考题集训中查验单元语基(一)高考中的语法填空 1(2020全国卷)On Thursday in an article published in Cell, a team of researchers reported a new kind of adaptation (adapt) not to air or to food, but to the ocean.2(2017天津高考)The hospital has recently obtained new medical equipment (equip), allowing more p
48、atients to be treated.3(2016全国卷)Most of us are more focused on our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.4(2014湖北高考)The old rules have to be revised because they only applied to the circumstances (circumstance) that existed when they were made a hundred years ago.5(2014湖北高考)Instead of bl
49、aming the child who had broken the vase, she gave him a tolerant (tolerance) smile and let him go.(二)高考中的阅读理解熟词生义(2018江苏高考)Its vital that new compulsory ageappropriate relationship and sex education lessons in England should help equip children to deal with the growing demands of social media. 使具备词类
50、活用(2020浙江高考)These lights, known as adaptive signals, have led to significant declines in both the trouble and cost of travels between work and home.n.减少(2020全国卷)In some cases, its not so much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio that has activists worried; its the offset training and li
51、ving conditions that are raising concerns. n.担心，忧虑(三)高考中的完形填空1(2020浙江高考)The lamb had become separated from its mother, so I jumped out of the tractor to tend to it while Don stayed in his seat.Lamb and mother _39_， I turned back to the tractor only to see it move suddenly away from me.AfreedBswitche
52、dCreunited Dexamined解析：选C根据上文的“separated from its mother”可知，现在羊羔和妈妈重聚了。reunite“重聚”。2(2019江苏高考)The two keepers are proud of their productive work. But before they can be assured, more efforts must be made, because the population of the crane in the wild is on the _50_， and many other species appear h
53、eaded toward extinction.Alist BriseCagenda Ddecline解析：选D根据because可知，前后句之间是因果关系，根据“more efforts must be made”可以推知，野生白鹤数量在减少，所以，还要付出更多的努力(来挽救白鹤灭绝)。故D选项正确。(四)高考中的写作1(2018全国卷书面表达)Furthermore,_it_is_advisable_for_you_to_bring_some_small_gifts,_like_a_book. (It isadj. for sb. to do .)此外，带一些小礼物，比如一本书也是可取的。
54、2(2018全国卷书面表达)I_hope_you_dont_miss_out_the_activity.I_have_the_confidence_that_you_will_know_our_school_better_through_the_film. (miss out)希望你们不要错过这次活动。我相信通过影片你们能更好地了解我们学校。3(2015浙江高考书面表达)When_my_idea_is_opposed_to_others,_I_choose_to_respect_the_opinion_of_the_majority. (be opposed to)当我的想法与其他人的想法对立
55、时，我选择尊重大多数人的意见。二、在拓展训练中积累主题词汇harmful virus delicious appropriate balanced necessary nutrition disease energetic mental vitamin fresh maintain physician healthy cure sufferdiagnosis lifestyle reduce herb sneeze cough heart attacktake medicine lose weight take exercise take ones temperature take ones
56、blood pressure perform an operation on sb. 练中巩固.单句语法填空1Stress can be extremely harmful (harm) to your health.Exercise, meanwhile, can reduce its bad effects.2Youd better keep a balanced (balance) diet for the benefit of your health.3We need to be more energetic (energy) in participating in social ac
57、tivities.4To be mentally (mental) healthy, you need to build up good relationships with each other.5Physically active children are more likely to become active and healthy (health) adults.6John Snow was a famous doctor in London so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal phys
58、ician (physics)7People exposed to radiation are more likely to suffer from certain forms of cancer, which cant be_cured (cure) at present.8The number of people suffering from heart disease will be_reduced (reduce) if they are persuaded to eat more fruit and vegetables.完成句子1On April 12, 1888, Alfreds
59、 brother Ludwig died_of_heart_attack.1888年4月12日，Alfred的兄弟 Ludwig死于心脏病。2The doctor had him take_medicine_every_day for a full month.医生让他连续一个月每天服药。3Dr. Smith will perform_an_operation_on_his_patient tomorrow. 史密斯医生明天要给病人做手术。4Of course, I also _took_some_practical_steps_to_lose_weight. 当然，我也采取了一些实际的步骤来减肥。5I think sports are good for health and everybody should_take_exercise_regularly. 我认为运动对健康有益，每个人都应该定期锻炼。
