1、语法专题突破专题一名词和冠词 考点精讲 一名词考点一可数名词1可数名词变复数的规则变化可数名词变复数形式时一般在词尾加-s或-es,变化形式如下表:构成方法例词一般在词尾加-smapmaps,seaseas,girlgirls以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的名词后加-es (stomach除外)classclasses,boxboxes,watchwatches,dishdishes以-f或-fe 结尾的词变-f或-fe为-v,再加-esleafleaves,knifeknives,wifewives,wolfwolves加-sbeliefbeliefs,chiefchiefs,proofp
2、roofs,roofroofs,gulfgulfs,safesafes以辅音字母加-y结尾的名词,变-y为-i加-espartyparties,familyfamilies,storystories,companycompanies以元音字母加-y结尾的名词,加-stoytoys,boyboys,daydays,rayrays以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-esheroheroes,potatopotatoes,tomatotomatoes不少外来词加-spianopianos,photophotos,kilokilos两者皆可volcanovolcanoes/volcanos以元音字母加-
3、o结尾的名词加-sradioradios,bamboobamboos,zoozoos2可数名词变复数的不规则变化名词变复数不规则变化的形式如下表:构成方法例词增加字母childchildren,oxoxen改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式 manmen,womanwomen,footfeet,goosegeese,mousemice单复数同形sheep,deer,series,means,fish,species表示“某国人”的名词加-sAmericanAmericans,GermanGermans,GreekGreeks单复数同形Portuguese,Chinese,Japanese以-man
4、或-woman 结尾的,将-man和-woman分别改-men和-womenEnglishmanEnglishmen3合成名词变复数合成单数如果有主体名词,将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law(女婿),lookers-on(旁观者),passers-by(过路人),story-tellers(讲故事的人)如无主体名词时,通常在最后一个词后加复数词尾grown-ups(成年人),breakfasts,housewives“man/woman名词”构成的合成词变复数时,man/ woman和名词均需变为复数women-singers(女歌手),men-servants(男仆人)考点二不可数名词
5、的数(1)一般说来抽象名词为不可数名词,但当抽象名词表示具体的东西时,可用作可数名词且词义发生变化,主要类型如下:抽象名词表示具有某种特性、状态、感情情绪的人或事。抽象名词(不可数)具体化(表达个体概念时,是可数名词)in surprise 惊讶地a surprise 一件令人惊讶的事win success获得成功a success 一个(件)成功的人(事)win honour 赢得荣誉an honour 一个(件)引起尊敬的人(事)failure 失败a failure 一个失败者/一件失败的事by experience靠经验an experience 一次经历with pleasure 乐
6、意a pleasure一件乐事抽象名词与a(n)连用,淡化了抽象概念,转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。A knowledge of English is a must in international trade. 英语知识在国际贸易中是必不可少的。It is a waste of time reading such a novel. 读这种小说就是浪费时间。She made an apology to her mother for her wrong doings. 她为自己做错的事向母亲道歉。(2)有些物质名词是不可数名词,但表示数量或种类时,可以用作可数名词。如:some cof
7、fee一些咖啡,a coffee一杯咖啡,three coffees三杯咖啡;some drink一些饮料,a drink一杯饮料,three drinks三杯饮料;his hair他的头发,a few grey hairs几根白发;glass玻璃,a glass一只玻璃杯。考点三名词所有格(1)-s所有格the boys mother,the childrens toys,the teachers books,Lucy and Lilys bedroom(共用),Lucys and Lilys bedrooms(各自的)(2)“of名词”所有格the roof of the house,th
8、e cover of the book,the name of the girl,a picture of my father(3)双重所有格a friend of my brothers(one of my brothers friends),a picture of my fathers(one of my fathers pictures)特别提示:不定代词后接else时,其所有格放在else之后。如:somebody elses bag, somebody elses books。考点四名词的构词法1动词变名词的后缀后缀例词-ion/-tion/-sion/-ationcorrectc
9、orrection改正attractattraction吸引concludeconclusion结论;结束decidedecision决定admitadmission接纳;准许入学inviteinvitation邀请explainexplanation解释expectexpectation期望-er/-orteachteacher老师announceannouncer播音员conductconductor指挥;售票员-mentpunishpunishment惩罚achieveachievement功绩;成就argueargument辩论;论据equipequipment装备;设备-ance/-
10、enceappearappearance出现;外貌performperformance表演;节目existexistence存在;生存preferpreference偏爱-inghearhearing听力;听觉beginbeginning开始-ure/-turemixmixture混合presspressure压力departdeparture离开;出发-yrecoverrecovery恢复;痊愈discoverdiscovery发现其他choosechoice选择varyvariety多样化;种类tendtendency趋向;趋势2形容词变名词的后缀后缀例词-ageshortshortage
11、不足;短缺-cyefficientefficiency效率;功效fluentfluency流利;流畅frequentfrequency时常;频繁accurateaccuracy准确性privateprivacy隐私;私密-domfreefreedom自由;自主wisewisdom明智;智慧-cedifferentdifference差异silentsilence沉默-nessweakweakness虚弱;弱点kindkindness仁慈;好意carelesscarelessness粗心大意-thstrongstrength力气;强项warmwarmth温暖;热情-y-ty-ityhonesth
12、onesty诚实difficultdifficulty困难cruelcruelty残酷;残暴safesafety安全disabledisability无能;伤残responsibleresponsibility责任 冠词 考点一不定冠词(a/an)的用法(八个“一”)“一”(one)Ill return in a day or two. 一两天我就回来。“每一” (per)We have eight classes a day. 我们每天上八节课。“同一”(the same)The children are of an age. 这些孩子们同岁。“一类”(复数名词)A horse is a u
13、seful animal. 马是一种有用的动物。“任一”(any)A dictionary is enough. 一本词典足够。“某一”(a certain)A Mr. Smith is waiting to see you. 一位史密斯先生正等着见你。“一个、一场、一次、一件”(抽象名词)As a manager,he is a success while as a father he is a failure. 作为一名经理,他是位成功者,而作为一名父亲他是个失败者。“一种(份,阵)”(物质名词)What a heavy rain!多大的一场雨啊!特别提示:牢记高考中常见的纯不可数名词。它
14、们是information,fun,weather,progress,advice,news,space,word(news),furniture,equipment等,均不可与不定冠词连用。考点二定冠词the的用法1特指上文提及的或读者清楚的或受定语修饰的人或物。Where is the teacher you talked about yesterday?你昨天谈到的那位老师在哪儿?2用于单数可数名词前,表示整个类属。The tiger is in danger of becoming extinct. 老虎濒临灭绝。Alexander Bell invented the telephon
15、e in 18761876年亚历山大贝尔发明了电话。3用在序数词和形容词最高级前。Yang Liwei is the first man who has been sent into space in China. 在中国,杨利伟是第一个登上太空的人。特别提示:当序数词不表示顺序而表示“又一,再一”时,用不定冠词。如:a second time,意为“再一次;又一次”。“a/an比较级”表示“(众多人或事物中)比更的一个”,属于泛指;“the比较级”表示“两者中较的一个”。“the最高级”表示三者或三者以上的人或事物中“最的一个”;“a most形容词”表示“很,非常。”This one is
16、 too small. Can you show me a larger one? 这个太小了。你能给我拿一个大一点的吗?Tom is the older of the two boys. 汤姆是两个男孩中年龄较大的一个。Part one is a most difficult part but not the most difficult. 第一部分是非常难的部分,但不是最难的部分。4用在江河、湖泊、海洋、山脉和群岛的名称前。the Yellow River黄河the Pacific Ocean太平洋5用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级等专有名词前。the Peoples Re
17、public of China中华人民共和国the United States美国6用在姓氏的复数形式前,表示全家人或这一姓的夫妇二人。the Greens格林一家the Smiths史密斯一家7表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前。She caught me by the arm. 她抓住了我的手臂。8用在某些形容词或分词前,表示一类人或事。the poor /rich/dead/living/wounded穷人/富人/死人/活着的人/受伤的人。9表示朝代和年代的词前。the Ming Dynasty明朝in the 1980s在20世纪80年代10用在表示计量的名词前,如by
18、 the hour,by the day,by the dozen,by the yard等,但是如果表示单位的名词为不可数名词,之前不用冠词,如by weight/height等。I got paid by the hour. 我按小时得到报酬。11表示世界上独一无二的事物的名词,如:sun, sky, moon, world等前面一般用定冠词,但其前有描绘性的修饰语时,用不定冠词。请比较:As is known to all, the earth moves around the sun. 众所周知,地球绕着太阳转。What a bright moon!多么明亮的月亮!特别提示:有些事物虽
19、然是独一无二的,但习惯上不用冠词,如space太空,nature自然,man人类等。考点三零冠词的用法1不可数名词、复数名词表泛指,用零冠词。Teachers are badly needed in the remote districts. 偏远地区非常需要教师。2称呼语及表示独一无二的头衔、职务的名词作表语、补足语或同位语时,不加冠词。Dr. Peter Spence,headmaster of the school,told us,“A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge. ”这所学校的校长Peter S
20、pence博士告诉我们,这里五分之一的学生将继续到牛津或剑桥大学深造。3月、季、星期、节假、洲前;三餐、球类、惯用语前;学科、棋类名词前,用零冠词。A year can be divided into four seasonsspring,summer,autumn and winter. 一年可以分为四季春、夏、秋、冬。特别提示:如果表示季节的名词指具体某年的某个季节,需加定冠词,如in the spring of the year 2017。4no与such连用时应放在such之前,such后的名词不用冠词。There is no such thing as a free lunch in
21、 the world. 天下没有免费的午餐。5在turn(变成)后作表语的可数名词单数前不用冠词,但become后作表语的可数名词单数前要加冠词。He became a doctor while his brother turned teacher. 他成了一名医生而他弟弟当了教师。6“零冠词单数名词as/though主语谓语(系动词)主句”,意为“虽然/尽管,但是。”Hero as he is,he has some shortcomings. 虽然他是英雄,但他也有一些缺点。考点四常见的含冠词的固定搭配1含不定冠词的固定搭配have a knowledge/ understanding o
22、f了解,have a good view of饱览,in a hurry匆忙地,as a result因此,as a rule通常,as a whole总体上,as a matter of fact事实上,at a loss不知所措,in a word总之2含定冠词的固定搭配make the most/best of充分利用,in the end最后,by the way顺便说一下,in the distance在远处,in the way挡道,on the whole总的来说3含零冠词的固定搭配at present目前,take part in参加,in peace平静,by chance/
23、 accident碰巧,on purpose故意,on second thoughts再三考虑,ahead of time提前,in advance提前 难点释疑 名词的“数”的判断1不可数名词没有复数形式,不能与不定冠词连用。Time passed,and still Mark did not appear. 时间一点点过去,可是马克还没有出现。(time表示“时间”,为不可数名词)2单数名词不能单独使用,要与冠词、指示代词、不定代词等连用,否则就用复数形式表示复数含义。Some data in the report shows that reading remains a big part
24、 of many childrens lives. 这个报告中的有些数据表明,阅读仍然是很多孩子生活中的一个重要部分。(report为可数名词,用单数形式时,前面要有限定词)3注意固定短语中名词的单复数。On the journey to Hawaii,I was in high spirits. 在去夏威夷的旅途中,我情绪高昂。(in high spirits表示“兴高采烈”,为固定搭配)4注意名词应该与其修饰语保持数的一致:(1)much,a great deal of等接不可数名词;(2)a lot of,some等接复数名词或不可数名词;(3)a few,many等接复数名词;(4)m
25、any a接单数名词。His work has been attracting a great deal of attention. 他的作品吸引了大量关注。(attention表示“注意,关注”,为不可数名词)冠词使用中的特殊情况1and连接的两个名词指同一个人或事物时,后面一个名词前不用任何冠词;但如果指不同的人或事物,则两个名词前要分别加冠词。The teacher and writer has come to the meeting. 这位老师兼作家来参加会议了。The teacher and the writer have come to the meeting. 这位老师和这个作家
26、都来参加会议了。2表示季节、月份、日期、星期等的名词前通常不用任何冠词,但是如果名词前有修饰语或特指某一季节、月份等,要用冠词。Spring is the best season of the year. 春天是一年中最好的季节。The spring of 2008 was a terrible spring. 2008年的春天是个糟糕的春天。3表示语言的名词前通常不用任何冠词;但是如果该种语言与language连用,则其前要用定冠词。He speaks Chinese fluently. (He speaks the Chinese language fluently. )他汉语说得很流利。
27、4形容词的最高级作表语,表示自身比较时,其前一般不用任何冠词;但如果作定语,表示三者或三者以上的比较,则the不能省略。He feels happiest when hes working for others. 为别人工作时他觉得最幸福。The best student in my class is the shortest boy with the shortest hair. 我班里最优秀的学生是那个个头最矮、头发最短的男孩。5festival构成的节日名称前通常用定冠词;day构成的节日名称前通常不加任何冠词。Most people will go home to gather in
28、the Spring Festival. 大多数人会在春节回家团聚。We gave our teacher a present on Teachers Day. 教师节那天,我们送给老师一件礼物。6有无冠词含义不同的词组小结。 解题策略 策略一根据修饰词确定名词的单复数形式1不定冠词a,an后用名词单数形式;2有these,those,several, many, all, both, a pair of, a variety of,different或除one以外的数词等修饰时名词用复数形式;3名词前有one of,among时用名词复数形式。策略二根据谓语动词确定名词的单复数形式名词作主语
29、时,如果谓语动词是动词原形或谓语动词中包含有are,have,were要考虑用名词的复数形式。策略三根据常识和句意确定名词的单复数形式表示两个(或两个以上)的可数名词及并列名词时,名词需用复数形式。【典例1】 Although they are seen as companions and part of the family today,China and Western countries have different cultural _beliefs (belief)about dogs. 解析: 由空前的different可知应填复数形式,故用beliefs。【典例2】I decid
30、ed to label one of my small _ purses (purse), which I actually had with me that day,with her name,along with some cash inside and an encouraging note. 解析:由空前的one of可知应填复数形式,故用purses。【典例3】While there are amazing stories of instant transformation,for most of us,the _changes (change) are gradual and re
31、quire a lot of effort and work,like cleaning up a polluted river. 解析:由空后的谓语动词are可知应填复数形式,故用changes。【典例4】It thinks that Chinglish may hurt peoples ability to speak standard English and makeit hard for them to communicate with _foreigners (foreigner). 解析:根据常识和句意可知此处应该是很多外国人,所以该用复数形式,故用foreigners。策略四冠词
32、注意泛指还是特指如果空格后的名词或“形容词名词”前没有形容词性物主代词、不定代词、名词所有格或指示代词等限定词时很可能填冠词。1如果空格及后面的名词可翻译成“一个(本、种等)”,一般填a/an;如果可翻译成“这/那个,这/那些”一般填the。2如果名词后有of短语、不定式、分词或从句等作定语时很可能填the。The story happened in a small town in Victoria. 故事发生在维多利亚的一个小镇上。Do you know the man standing at the gate of the door?你认识那个站在门口的人吗?策略五注意不定冠词a/an的区
33、别看到辅音音素开头的名词要想到应为不定冠词a;看到元音音素开头的名词要想到应为不定冠词an。I watch TV for sixteen or seventeen hours a day. 我一天要看十六七个小时的电视。Hes such an outstanding player that teenagers regard him as a hero. 他是如此优秀的运动员,以至于青少年视他为英雄。 易错聚焦 1书面表达中对于复数名词易疏漏-s或-es2部分名词的复数错误 3部分词性易混作名词 动词误作名词形容词误作名词动词名词形容词名词succeedsuccesshonesthonestya
34、ffecteffecthealthyhealth4可数与不可数名词混淆不可数可数take actiontake measuressome advicesome suggestionstake exerciseeye exercisesmake progressmake mistakesinformationcontributions5对抽象名词具体化的应用判断失误(误)The Christmas evening party was success . (正)The Christmas evening party was a success . 6冠词在一些固定结构中的误用7冠词表示类别和不用冠词时的易错点(误)In many places of China, a bicycle is still the popular means of transportation. (正)In many places of China, the bicycle is still a popular means of transportation.