1、Unit 8 Green Living Lesson 1 Roots and Shoots学习目标1. 掌握本节生词及句型的表达与运用。2. 掌握-ing分词和-ed分词的用法。3. 通过课堂练习，对课文内容有更深入的了解。知识运用1. balance词性：_ 意思：_in balance 保持平衡；处于平衡out of balance 不平衡off balance 失去平衡，没有站稳 keep/ lose ones balance 保持/ 失去平衡balance A against B 权衡/ 比较A与Ba balanced diet 均衡的饮食balanced adj. 保持平衡的eco-
2、balance n. 生态平衡imbalance n. 不平衡；不安定练习：Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep _ you must keep going on.2. deserve词性：_ 意思：_deserve sth. 应得；应受deserve to do 做是应该的/ 值得的deserve doing/ to be done 应受You deserved it. 你活该/ 你罪有应得练习：His greatest ambition was to win the respect of his fellowmen by doing those th
3、ings that _ respect. 3. effect词性：_ 意思：_have an effect/ influence on/ upon 对产生影响come/ go into effect 生效take effect 生效bring/ carry/ put.into effect 实施；使生效in effect/ in fact/ actually 实际上，事实上effective adj.有效的；有影响的affect vt. 影响练习：Students will receive written notice when the fine goes into _.阅读探究Read th
4、e first paragraph of the text. Discuss the questions.1 What is Just-me-ism?2 Why is Just-me-ism a problem?3 Do you have any suggestions on how to solve the problem?句型梳理 1.（教材P31）The whole purpose of Roots & Shoots is to educate young people, from pre-schoolers to university students“根与芽这个组织的目的就是要教育从
5、学龄前儿童到上大学的年轻人不定式作目的状语主语是以aim, duty, hope, idea, intention, plan, proposal, job, suggestion 等为中心词的名词词组，或以what引导的名词性从句，后面的不定式说明其内容。My idea is to climb the mountain from the north.我的意见是从北边开始去爬山。What I would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立即开始工作。注意：在某些句型中，当主语部分有动词do时，做表语的不定式可以省略to。All we have to
6、do is push the button.我们不得不做的就是去按下按钮。All I could do was send him a telegram.我所能做的就是给他发一份电报。2.（教材P31）Most people suffer from what is known as Just-me-ism.大多数人都经历过众所周知的“以自我为中心”之苦。名词性从句what在名词性从句中是用得最为频繁的连接词，通常引导主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。它和that显著不同的是：that在名词性从句中不做任何成分，也没有任何意义。相反，what在引导名词性从句的同时，它本身还通常在从句中做主
7、语、宾语或表语，表示“的事/事物”之意。We should remember what Dr. Jane Goodall said-its not just me! 我们应该记住珍古道尔博士说过的话不仅仅是“我”！Im interested in what she is working on now.我对她现在正在做的工作很感兴趣。It was when we were returning home that I realized what a good feeling it was to have helped someone in trouble.在我们回家的途中我意识到，向处于困境中的人
8、施以援手的感觉真好。Alice put it in the newspaper, admitting that though she liked it, she didnt know where it came from or what it really meant.艾丽斯把它写在报纸上，承认尽管她很喜欢它，但她不知道它究竟源自何处、寓意为何。3.（教材P31）so what? 那又怎么样呢? “so what?”意为“那又怎么样呢？”。省略结构的用法（1）What if表示“如果怎么样；即使又有什么关系”，为省略结构，相当于 What shall we/ I do if?What if h
9、e gets angry?倘若他生气该怎么办？What if they do not come?即使他们不来又有什么关系？（2）What for表示“为什么”相当于Why-Well hold a party this weekend.我们将在这个周末举办一个聚会。What for?为什么呢？(3）What about.怎么样；怎么办What about inviting him here?邀请他来这儿怎么样？（4）Guess what 告诉你一个消息/ 情况Guess what! The boss is getting married.告诉你一个消息！老板要结婚了。（5)Whats up相当于
10、Whats the matter?-Whats up?怎么了？She is weeping over there.她正在那里哭呢。（6）Now what?下一步会怎样？下一步怎么办？4.（教材P31）It is by acting together, in this exciting way, that we can involve thousandsmillionsof people, and this is what is going to change the world.正是通过共同行动，以这种令人兴奋的方式，我们才能让成千上万的人参与进来，这将改变世界。强调句的用法强调句型为“It+
11、be (is/was)+被强调部分+that+句子其他成分”。强调句型单用的时候难度不是很大，只要注意其结构中，除谓语不能用于强调外，其他所有成分都可以用于强调。强调表示人的成分时，可以用who，其他一律用that。强调时间，用that不用when；强调地点，用that不用where。It was at midnight that I got back home yesterday.昨天晚上我是半夜才回到家。Was it in this palace that the last emperor died?末代皇帝是在这个宫殿里去世的吗？Bach died in 1750,but it was
12、not until the early 19th century that his musical gift was fully recognized.巴赫在1750年去世，但直到19世纪初他的音乐天赋才得到了充分的认可。注意区别定语从句与强调句、时间状语从句：that在定语从句中做主语、宾语和表语；而在强调句型中that不做任何成分，但不能省略；在结果状语从句中that也只起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何成分。It was this small village (that/which) we lived in 10 years ago. (定语从句)这就是我们10年前生活过的小村庄。It wa
13、s in this small village that we lived 10 years ago. (强调句)10年前我们就是生活在这个小村庄里。It was 1914 when the war broke out. (时间状语从句)战争爆发的时候，那是1914年。It was in 1914 that the war broke out. (强调句)战争爆发的时候，正好是1914年。It was 1914, when the war broke out. (非限制性定语从句)那是1914年，当战争爆发的时候。以下是常常容易混淆的三种句式，注意体会其中的差别：It is a long ti
14、me since I met you last time.自从上次见到你已经好长时间了。（it is/ has been +一段时间/ since，表示“自从起，有多长时间了”）It was 11 pm when he came back last night.昨晚他回来时已经是十一点钟了。（when引出时间状语从句，it表示时间，在句中做主语）It was at 11 pm that he came back last night.昨天晚上他是十一点钟回来的。（强调时间状语 at 11 pm）语法解析语法：-ing分词和-ed分词-ing分词（动名词和现在分词）一、动名词作主语1. 动名词作
15、主语往往表示经常性、习惯性的动作。Reading is an art.读书是一门艺术。Writing English novels for him is really great fun.对他来说写英语小说真的很有趣。2. 动名词作主语有时也可以用it作形式主语。用it作形式主语代替动词-ing形式，常出现在以下句式中：It is no use/ good/ fun/ .doing sth. It is useful/ useless doing sth. Its a waste of time doing sth.注意：动名词与不定式作主语时的区别：动名词表示的动作通常是一个泛指的动作；不定
16、式则通常表示具体的动作。Playing with fire is dangerous. 玩火危险。（泛指）Be careful! To play with fire will be dangerous.小心点！玩火会带来危险。（指具体的动作）二、动名词作宾语在有些动词后常接动名词作宾语。介词后也常接动名词作宾语（but 和except 作“除以外”讲，后接不定式）接动词-ing形式作宾语的常见动词有：mind (介意), suggest (建议), enjoy (欣赏), admit (承认), appreciate (感激，欣赏), avoid (避免), delay (推迟), disli
17、ke (不喜欢，厌恶), escape (逃脱), finish (完成), forgive (宽恕), imagine (想象), keep (保持), miss (错过), practice (训练), resist (抵抗，抵制), risk (冒险), deny (拒绝，否认), consider (考虑)等。这些动词后只能用动词-ing形式作宾语，不能用不定式。I suggest doing it in a different way.我建议用另一种不同的方法做这件事。He finally admitted having made such a mistake.他终于承认犯了那样一个
18、错误。三、-ing分词作表语The only thing that interests her is dancing.唯一吸引她的事情就是跳舞。His job is delivering newspapers.他的工作是送报纸。Their favorite entertainment is playing chess.他们最喜欢的娱乐活动是下象棋。The film we saw last night is moving.昨晚我们看的那部电影很感人。注意：动名词作表语，表示一般性的行为，用来说明主语的内容，与主语通常是同一概念，表语和主语常可以互换位置；现在分词作表语，表示主语的某种性质和特征，
19、这类分词常可以看作形容词。四、现在分词（短语）作定语Is there a swimming pool in your school?(a swimming pool =a pool which is used for swimming)你的学校里有游泳池吗?If you want to smoke, please go to the smoking room.(the smoking room = the room which is used for smoking)吸烟请去吸烟室。The man speaking to the teacher is Mr Smith.(the man spe
20、aking to the teacher = the man who is speaking to the teacher)正在和老师讲话的那位男士是史密斯先生。The bridge being built now will be the longest one in the world.(the bridge being built now = the bridge which is being built now)现在正在建的那条桥将会是世界上最长的一条。注意：现在分词作定语常放在所修饰的名词之前，表示所修饰的人或物正在进行的动作或状态。现在分词短语作定语放在所修饰的名词之后，作后置定语。
21、如果现在分词短语与被修饰的名词为被动关系，要使用被动形式。还有不少现在分词和形容词差不多，甚至已成为形容词，如：an amusing story, a convincing argument, a piece of disappointing news, an exciting film五、现在分词作宾语补足语1. 感官动词：see, watch, observe, look at, notice, hear, listen to, smell, feelHe saw the kids playing in the yard.他看见孩子们在院子里玩。He heard the song bein
22、g sung next door.他听见隔壁有人正在唱这首歌。I can smell something burning.我闻到某些东西正在燃烧。I noticed a long queue outside the bank waiting for it to open.我注意到银行外面排了一条长队，等着它开门。2. 表示“使、让”含义的动词：have, make, let, get, leave, keep, setIm sorry to have kept you waiting so long.很抱歉让你等了这么久。六、现在分词作状语的用法现在分词在句中作状语来修饰谓语动词或整个句子，表
23、示动作发生的时间、原因、条件、结果、方式、让步或伴随状况。1. 作时间状语（相当于一个时间状语从句） Walking in the park, she saw an old friend.= When/ While (she was) walking in the park, she saw an old friend.当她在公园里散步时，她看到了一个老朋友。注意：当表示正在进行的动作时，可直接在分词前面加上when/while，此时也可理解为状语从句的省略。2. 作原因状语（一般可转换成由as或because引导的原因状语从句）Being ill, he couldnt go to scho
24、ol. = As he was ill, he couldnt go to school.因为生病了，他无法去上学。3. 作条件状语（一般放在句首，其前可以加if，unless等连词）Working hard, youll make great progress.=If you work hard, youll make great progress.如果你努力工作，你将取得很大进步。4. 作结果状语作结果状语时，通常放在句末，中间用逗号隔开，表示一种顺其自然、意料之中的结果。The fire lasted nearly two days, leaving nothing valuable.大
25、火持续了将近两天，几乎没剩下值钱的东西。注意：现在分词作结果状语，是随着谓语动词动作的发生而产生的自然而然的结果，其逻辑主语往往是前面整个句子所描述的情况，前面有时候可以加thus。而不定式作结果状语时常表示出乎意料的结果，且其前一般加only。5. 作让步、方式和伴随状语作让步、方式和伴随状语时，说明动作发生的背景和情况。作伴随状语时，表示分词的动作和主句的动作同时发生，此时它可以转换成并列句。Mary sat by the window of the classroom, reading a book.=Mary sat by the window of the classroom and
26、 was reading a book.玛丽坐在教室的窗边读着一本书。注意：为强调现在分词表达的意义，可以在其前加上各种连词。例如，加上when, while强调与谓语动词同时发生；加上before, after强调动作先后发生；加上thus强调结果；加上 although, though强调让步等。Though knowing all this, they made me pay for the damage.尽管他们了解这一切，但还是让我赔偿损失。-ed 分词（过去分词）一、过去分词作定语1. 意义：及物动词的过去分词作定语往往表示被动和完成；不及物动词的过去分词作定语不表示被动，只表示完
27、成（1）表示被动和完成a polluted river 一条被污染的河流the watered flowers 浇过水的花（2）只表示完成，不表示被动fallen leaves 落叶the risen sun 升起的太阳2. 位置：单个的过去分词作定语时，通常放在所修饰词的前面；过去分词短语作定语时，通常放在后面，其作用相当于一个定语从句。The student dressed in white is my daughter.= The student who is dressed in white is my daughter.穿白色衣服的那个学生是我女儿。注意：过去分词作定语和现在分词作定
28、语的区别：（1）语态不同：现在分词表示主动；过去分词表示被动。The house standing at the corner of the street was built in 2016.矗立在街道角落的那所房子是2016年建的。The question discussed was very important.讨论过的那个问题很重要。（2）时间关系上不同：现在分词表示动作正在进行；过去分词表示动作已经完成。the changing world 变化着的世界the changed world 改变了的世界boiling water沸腾的水boiled water 开水developing
29、countries 发展中国家developed countries发达国家二、过去分词作表语1. 意义：用在系动词后面，构成系表结构，表示主语所处的状态。She looked disappointed.她看上去很失望。We were encouraged at the news.听到这个消息我们很受鼓舞。2. 过去分词作表语表示主语所处的状态。这一结构从形式上与被动语态相同，但被动语态强调主语所承受的动作。The book is well written.这本书写得好。The book was written by a soldier.这本书是由一位士兵写的。The news is exci
30、ting.这个消息是令人兴奋的。Her excited voice suggested that she was excited.她激动的声音表明她很兴奋。When he heard the moving story, he was deeply moved.当他听到这个感人的故事时，他深受感动。三、过去分词作宾语补足语1. 过去分词作宾语补足语时，与宾语存在着动宾关系，宾语是过去分词所表示的动作的承受者。He watched the TV set carried out of the room.他看着电视机被搬出了房间。Last year they had the house rebuilt
31、.去年他们让人重建了这栋房子。Youd better have your shoes mended.你最好修补一下你的鞋子。2. 能够接过去分词作宾语补足语的动词（短语）有以下几类：（1）表示感觉或心理状态的动词（短语），如see, watch, observe, find, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think 等。I heard the song sung in English.我听到有人用英语唱这首歌。When we got to school, we saw the door locked.当我们到学校时，看见门锁着。（2）表示“致
32、、使”意义的动词，如have, make, get, keep, leave等。They managed to make themselves understood by using very simple English.他们使用很简单的英语来让别人听懂。Dont leave those things undone.要把那些事情做完。注意：“have+宾语+过去分词”可以表示三种含义： 表示“让某人做某事”Ill have my hair cut tomorrow.明天我要去理发。 表示“遭遇某种不幸；受到打击”He had his wallet stolen.他的钱包被偷了。 做某事（主语
33、可能参与其中）I had my house repaired last week.上周，我修补了房子。（3）表示“希望、要求”等意义的动词，如like, want, wish, order等。The teacher doesnt wish such questions (to be) discussed in class.老师不希望在课堂上讨论这样的问题。The police, finding the film unhealthy, ordered it banned.警察发现这部电影不健康，令其禁演。四、过去分词作状语过去分词通常在句中作时间状语、原因状语、条件状语、让步状语、方式状语和伴随
34、状语等。1. 过去分词作时间状语，在句中相当于一个时间状语从句。Asked about his address ( = When he was asked about his address), the boy didnt respond.问及他的地址时，这个小男孩没有作答。2. 过去分词作原因状语，在句中相当于一个原因状语从句。Encouraged by the progress he has made ( = As he is encouraged by the progress he has made), he works harder.由于受到所取得的成绩的鼓励，他工作更努力了。3.
35、过去分词作条件状语，在句中相当于一个条件状语从句。Given more time ( = If they were given more time), the trees could grow taller.如果再多给一点时间，这些树会长得更高。Heated to a high temperature ( = If it is heated to a high temperature),water will change into vapor.如果加热到高温，水就能变成水蒸气。4. 过去分词作让步状语，在句中相当于一个让步状语从句。Though warned of the storm (= T
36、hough they had been warned of the storm), the farmers were still working in the fields.尽管被警告过有暴风雨，农民们仍然在田地里劳作。5. 过去分词作方式、伴随状语。Followed by a group of students, the teacher entered the classroom.= The teacher entered the classroom and he was followed by a group of students.老师走进教室，后面跟着一群学生。练习：1. I trie
37、d to avoid _ (meet) him because he always bored me.2. His not _ (know) how to help the people trapped in the snowstorm made him worried.3. Weve got to think of ways of _ (change) peoples habits. 4. _ (be) a guest in an American home will be a good experience.5. Its no use _ (argue) with Tom because
38、he will never change his mind.6. I think Ill have to give up _ (play) football because of the coming examination.7. John Snow told the story about the _ (astonish) people in Broad Street.8. Some of the people _ (invite) to the party couldnt come.答案知识运用1. balance 2. deserve 3. effect阅读探究1 Just-me-ism
39、 is a way of thinking that focuses on caring for just oneself and ignores the environment, animals and the community.2 There will be nobody to care and look after the environment.3 A solution would be to make them understand that even the smallest action can change the world, so they should take act
40、ions whenever possible for the environment, animals and their community. For example, they should turn the tap off when brushing their teeth, turn the light off when they leave a room and pick up even little pieces of litter they dropped on the road.语法解析1. meeting 2. knowing 3. changing 4. Being 5. arguing 6. playing 7. astonished 8. invited
