1、专题限时检测(十八)阅读理解B篇专练(一)(共4篇，限时28分钟)A(2019无锡一模)“The world feels anxious and divided, and Facebook has a lot of work to do whether its protecting our community from abuse and hate, defending against interference by nation states, or making sure that time spent on Facebook is well spent，”Zuckerberg wrote
2、 on Facebook in January.If the tech firm succeeded, Facebook would end 2018 on a much better path.But the cracks in Zuckerbergs social media empire only grew as scandals (丑闻) about data misuse, security and even Facebooks leadership piled up.The social network has faced criticism many times since la
3、unching 14 years ago, but the public uproar reached new heights in 2018.Facebooks missteps, even as it tried to fix its problems, were yet another reminder of what happens when a company grows rapidly with little oversight (监管)They also set the stage for another showdown between the tech powerhouse
4、and lawmakers who have their own ideas on how to manage a platform used by 2.3 billion people every month.“I think theres just a general growing consensus from both parties in Congress that selfpolicing is not going to work，” Democratic senator Mark Warner of Virginia said in an interview.Facebook p
5、ointed to a series of notes Zuckerberg published this year outlining what the tech firm has done to combat (战斗，争论) election meddling (好干预的), as well as hate speech, misinformation and other offensive content.The social network pulled down more than 1.5 billion fake accounts, launched a database of p
6、olitical ads and announced the creation of a Supreme Courtlike independent body to oversee content appeals.But in many ways, Zuckerberg fell short of his New Years resolution (决议)UN investigators said Facebook played a role in spreading hate speech that fueled ethnic cleansing (清洗) in Myanmar.Media
7、outlets found loopholes (漏洞) and errors in Facebooks political ads database.Users questioned whether they should delete Facebook after learning that Cambridge Analytica, a UK political consulting firm with ties to Donald Trumps 2016 presidential campaign, gathered data on as many as 87 million Faceb
8、ook users without their permission.In short, Facebooks problems ballooned out of the companys control.“They created a platform where sharing was mindlessly easy and interacting with each other required almost no forethought at all，” said Woodrow Hertzog, a law and computer science professor at North
9、eastern University.“As a result, there was massive sharing, including leaking of personal information that put lots of people at risk.”语篇解读：本文主要介绍了Facebook在发展的过程中，由于缺少监管，出现了一些令公司自己无法控制的问题。1What can be inferred about Facebook from the passage?AIt is a platform where people can easily share wellselect
10、ed information.BIt is a social network that has faced criticism because of data misuses from Zuckerberg.CIt is a social network which grows rapidly without enough management from the government.DIt is a popular app that 2.3 billion people use for information and communication every day.解析：选C细节理解题。根据
11、第三段第二句“Facebooks missteps, even as it tried to fix its problems, were yet another reminder of what happens when a company grows rapidly with little oversight(监管)”可知，Facebook在其迅速发展的过程中并没有受到足够的监管。2The underlined word “uproar” in Paragraph 3 has the similar meaning to “_”AcrackBcriticismCdisagreement D
12、argument解析：选B词义猜测题。找回原句 “The social network has faced criticism many times since launching 14 years ago, but the public uproar reached new heights in 2018.”可知uproar和criticism同义。3What is the best title of this passage?AA tough challenge for FacebookBZuckerbergs new year resolutionCCriticism of Facebo
13、ok for misusingDA dark future for Facebook解析：选A标题归纳题。文章一开始第一句“The world feels anxious and divided, and Facebook has a lot of work to do . ”，就指出Facebook面临着很多的问题，倒数第二段“In short, Facebooks problems ballooned out of the companys control.”又强调了Facebook的问题已经膨胀到公司无法控制的程度。本文是属于首尾呼应型的，所以选A作为文章的标题比较适合。B(2019南通
14、一模)Statistics often sounds like a dry subject, but sometimes its necessary to take a statistics course to get the correct answer to this problem.Take the following case for example: a football scout (球探) hears of a player who has powered his team to a good winloss record.His coaches think hes one of
15、 the most talented players theyve seen.But the scout is unimpressed by the one practice game he sees him in; he tells his manager its not worth trying to recruit (录用) the player.Most sports fans would think that was a pretty foolish decision, right? Athletic performance is much too variable to base
16、an important judgment on such a small sample.But consider this problem: an employer gets an application from a junior executive (主管人员) with an excellent college record and strong references from his current employer.The employer interviews the applicant and is unimpressed.The employer tells his coll
17、eagues that its not worthwhile recruiting him.Most people regard this as a reasonable sort of decision.But it isnt.Countless studies show that the unstructured 30minute interview is virtually worthless as a predictor of longterm performance by any criteria that have been examined.In both cases, pred
18、ictions based on references school reports, prior performance, letters of recommendation give a 6575% chance of choosing the better of the two.Why do we get the athletic problem right and the employment problem wrong? Because in the case of the job, unlike for athletic performance, we havent seen hu
19、ndreds of candidates in interviews of a particular type and seen how well performance in the interview corresponds to ultimate(最终的) performance in the setting were concerned about.We havent seen that the guy who looks like a fool in the interview turns out to be clever on the job and the guy who doe
20、s well in the interview turns out to be average.The only way to see that the interview isnt going to be worth much is to be able to apply the“law of large numbers”，which assists the recognition that an interview represents a very small sample of behaviour.The bottom line: theres safety in numbers.Th
21、e more recommendations a person has, the more positive the outcome is likely to be for the employer.Consider the job interview: its not only a tiny sample, its not even a sample of job behaviour but of something else entirely.Psychological theory and data show that we are incapable of treating the i
22、nterview data as little more than unreliable gossip.Its just too compelling (强迫性的) that weve learned a lot from those 30 minutes.My recommendation is not to interview at all unless youre going to develop an interview protocol (体系), with the help of a professional, which is based on careful analysis
23、of what you are looking for in a job candidate.And then ask exactly the same questions of every candidate.Its harder to develop such a protocol than you might guess.But it can really pay off.语篇解读：本文主要讨论了30分钟的面试能否作为公司录用新人的依据。4The cases in the first two paragraphs are meant to _.Aillustrate the influe
24、nce of fansBshow the weaknesses of scoutsCattach importance to interviewsDintroduce the topic of the passage解析：选D推理判断题。根据第一段中的“its necessary to take a statistics course to get the correct answer to this problem.Take the following case for example .”和第二段中的“consider this problem . ”可见提出的例子是用来论证数据是否能运用
25、于最终决定的，也就是文章的中心主题，故选D。5The author believes that _.Athe setting in the job interview is too artificial to be convincingBa successful candidate usually uses tricks to cover his real charactersCa small sample is not enough to make a generalized judgement of a candidateDthe number of candidates hasnt sa
26、tisfied the requirements for a job interview解析：选C细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Countless studies show that the unstructured 30minute interview is virtually worthless”，以及第六段中的“its not only a tiny sample, its not even a sample of job behavior but of something else entirely.”可知选C。6What is the best title for the passag
27、e?AHow employees are selectedBWhere statistics are availableCWhy job interviews are pointlessDWhen recommendations are needed解析：选C标题归纳题。根据第五段最后一句中的“interview represents a very small sample of behavior”，第六段中的“Psychological theory and data show that we are incapable of treating the interview data as l
28、ittle more than unreliable gossip.”可知，作者认为job interview是无意义的。C(2019扬州一模)Regulating a complex new technology is hard, particularly if it is evolving rapidly.With autonomous vehicles (AVs) just around the corner, what can policymakers do to ensure that they arrive safely and smoothly and deliver on th
29、eir promise?The immediate goal is to make sure that AVs are safe without preventing innovation.In America, experimental AVs are allowed on the road in many states as long as the companies operating them accept responsibility.Chris Urmson of Aurora says American regulators have got things right, work
30、ing closely with AV firms and issuing guidelines rather than strict rules that might prevent the progress of the industry.“Its important that we dont jump to regulation before we actually have something to regulate.” he says.On the other hand, Singapores government has taken the most handson approac
31、h to preparing for AVs, says Karl Iagnemma of Nutonomy, an AV startup that has tested vehicles in the city state.For example, it has introduced a “driving test” that AVs must pass before they can go on the road.This does not guarantee safety but sets a minimum standard.Elsewhere, regulators have per
32、mitted limited testing on public roads but want to see more evidence that the vehicles are safe before going further, says Takao Asami of the Renault issanMitsubishi alliance (联盟)“Simple accumulation of mileage (里程) will never prove that the vehicle is safe.” he says.Instead, regulators are talking
33、to car makers and technology firms to develop new safety standards.Marten Levenstam, head of product strategy at Volvo, compares the process to that of developing a new drug.First, you show in the laboratory that it might work; then you run clinical trials in which you carefully test its safety and
34、efficiency; and if they are successful, you ask for regulatory approval to make the drug generally available.Similarly, autonomous cars are currently at the clinicaltrial stage, without final approval as yet.It is not possible to prove that a new drug is entirely safe, but the risk is worth taking b
35、ecause of the benefits the drug provides.It will be the same for AVs, he suggests.After all, nowadays humandriven vehicles are hardly riskfree.语篇解读：无人驾驶技术正在快速地发展，政策制定者能做些什么来确保他们安全、顺利到达并兑现承诺？7In Chris Urmsons opinion, _.Astrict rules are necessary in the progress of AVsBwe must regulate AVs before pr
36、oblems occurCgovernments should take approaches to preparing for AVsDregulators had better cooperate with AV firms and issue guidelines 解析：选D推理判断题。根据第二段第三句“Chris Urmson of Aurora says American regulators have got things right, working closely with AV firms and issuing guidelines rather than strict r
37、ules that might prevent the progress of the industry.”可知，Chris Urmson认为美国规则的制定者应该与无人驾驶汽车的公司紧密合作而不是发布限制产业发展的严苛条例，因此答案选D。8How is the process of developing new safety standards of AVs explained in the last paragraph?ABy giving examples.BBy making comparisons.CBy analyzing cause and effects.DBy listing
38、statistics.解析：选B推理判断题。根据最后一段中“Marten Levenstam, head of product strategy at Volvo, compares the process to that of developing a new drug.”可知，新的安全标准的制定是与新药进行了对比。9What is Marten Levenstams attitude towards AVs?APositive. BNegative.CNeutral. DDoubtful.解析：选A推理判断题。根据最后一段中“It is not possible to prove that
39、 a new drug is entirely safe, but the risk is worth taking because of the benefits the drug provides.It will be the same for AVs”可知，作者认为承担无人驾驶汽车的风险是值得的，所以作者的态度是支持它的发展。D(2019南京、盐城一模)If you could travel back in time five centuries, youd encounter a freshly painted “Mona Lisa” in Renaissance Europe and
40、 cooler temperatures across the Northern Hemisphere.This was a world in the midst of the Little Ice Age and a period of vast European exploration now known as the Age of Discovery.But what if we could look 500 years into the future and glimpse the Earth of the 26th century? Would the world seem as d
41、ifferent to us as the 21st century would have seemed to residents of the 16th century? For starters, what will the weather be like?Depending on whom you ask, the 26th century will either be a little chilly or extremely hot.Some solar output models suggest that by the 2500s, Earths climate will have
42、cooled back down to near Little Ice Age conditions.Other studies predict that ongoing climate change and fossil fuel use will leave much of the planet too hot for human life by 2300.Some experts date the beginning of human climate change back to the Industrial Revolution in the 1800s, others to slas
43、handburn agricultural practices in prehistoric times.Either way, toolwielding humans alter their environment and our 26th century tools might be quite impressive indeed.Theoretical physicist and futurist Michio Kaku predicts that in a mere 100 years, humanity will make the leap from a type zero civi
44、lization to a type civilization on the Kardashev Scale.In other words, well become a species that can use the entire sum of a planets energy, mastering clean energy technologies such as fusion and solar power.Furthermore, theyll be able to handle planetary energy in order to control global climate.T
45、echnology has improved significantly since the 1500s, and this pace will likely continue in the centuries to come.Physicist Stephen Hawking proposes that by the year 2600, this growth would see 10 new theoretical physics papers published every 10 seconds.If Moores Law holds true and both computer sp
46、eed and complexity double every 18 months, then some of these studies may be the work of highly intelligent machines.What other technologies will shape the world of the 26th century? Futurist and author Adrian Berry believes the average human life span will reach 140 years and that the digital stora
47、ge of human personalities will enable a computerized state of living forever.Humans will farm the oceans, travel in starships and reside in both lunar and Martian colonies while robots explore the outer cosmos.语篇解读：本文对5世纪之后地球的气候做了预测。10Why does the author mention the Little Ice Age in the first parag
48、raph?ATo show the severity of the current global warming.BTo stress the close connection with the current climate.CTo provide contrast to the prediction of future climate.DTo illustrate the importance of protecting the environment.解析：选C推理判断题。 作者借由谈论历史出现的Litter Ice Age来和5世纪后预测的形成对比。11The prediction t
49、hat Earth will cool down is based on _.Achanges in solar activityBongoing climate changeCprevious general assumptionsDcurrent consumption of fossil fuel解析：选A细节理解题。根据文章第三段第二句“Some solar output models suggest that by the 2500s, Earths climate will have cooled back down to near Little Ice Age condition
50、s.”可知答案选A。12What effect will the 26th century technologies have on human beings?AHumans will suffer from severe global warming.BCyber technology helps human personalities survive.CHumans neednt work with the application of robots.DHighly intelligent machines will replace humans.解析：选B细节理解题。通过最后一段第二句中“the digital storage of human personalities will enable a computerized state of living forever.”可知，人们可将人格进行数字化储存，实现电脑化永生。
