1、Unit 4Astronomy：the science of the stars必备知识盘点夯基 BI BEI ZHI SHI PAN DIAN HANG JI单词立体巧记写准记牢语境运用核心单词1_atmosphere_n大气层；气氛2_solar_adj太阳的；日光的3_thus_adv因此；于是4_gravity_n万有引力；重力5_climate_n气候6_crash_vi& vt碰撞；坠落7_pull_n& vt拉(力)；拖；牵引力8_float_vi & vt(使)浮动；(使)漂浮 n漂浮物9_system_n系统；体系；制度10_theory_n学说；理论1Accustomed
2、to the_ climate_ (气候) in the countryside, the old couple prefer not to move to the city2The meeting was held in a lively _atmosphere_ (气氛)where everybody felt free to share his ideas3He found something _floating_ (float) on the lake, which frightened him4The old scientist told his students that scie
3、ntific _theories_(theory) must be based on facts5My uncles car caught fire by the road Fortunately, he was _pulled_ (pull) out of the car by a passer-by6A truck went out of control and _crashed_ (crash) into the back of a bus拓展单词1_astronomy_ n天文学_astronomer_ n天文学家2_violent_ adj猛烈的；激烈的；强暴的_violence_
4、n 暴力；猛烈3_religion_ n 宗教；宗教信仰_religious_ adj宗教的4_globe_ n 球体；地球仪global adj全球的5harmful adj有害的harm n& vt损伤；伤害harmless adj 无害的6_biology_ n 生物学；生物_biologist_ n生物学家7_gentle_ adj 温和的；文雅的_gently_ adv温柔地；文雅地8_puzzle_ n谜；难题v(使)迷惑；(使)为难_puzzling_ adj令人迷惑的_puzzled_ adj困惑的；迷惑不解的9_exist_ vi存生；生存existing adj目前的；现存
5、的existence n存在；生存 1There was a _puzzled_ look on the little girls face because a _puzzling_ problem _puzzled_ her (puzzle)2Last night we had a discussion, which became more and more _violent_ Finally we reached an agreement that we will never use _violence_ whatever happens (violent) 3Playing comput
6、er games will not only do _harm_ to your physical health, but it is also _harmful_ to your mental health So there is no _harm_ in advising you to give it up(harm)4He often says that he doesnt believe in any _religion_ but meanwhile he respects others _religious_ freedom (religion) 5Since my younger
7、brother is fond of _biology_，he is determined to become a _biologist_ when he grows up (biology)6There _exist_ two different theories about how the universe first came into _existence_(exist)7(2020全国卷)As the small boat moved _gently_ (gentle) along the river he was left speechless by the mountains b
8、eing silently reflected in the water联想积累：1以字母le或ue结尾的形容词变副词去掉e再加-y或lygentlegently 温和地possiblepossibly 可能地comfortablecomfortably 舒服地truetruly 真实地terribleterribly 可怕地simplesimply 简单地2后缀-ist名词荟萃physicist 物理学家biologist 生物学家psychologist 心理学家scientist 科学家tourist 游客3以-ful结尾的形容词harmful 有害的useful 有用的helpful
9、有帮助的powerful 强大的careful 小心的faithful 忠实的短语语境助记写准记牢语境运用1_in time_及时；终于2_lay eggs_下蛋3_give birth to_产生；分娩4_in ones turn_轮到某人；接着5_watch out for_密切注意；当心；提防6_cheer up_感到高兴；感到振奋7_depend on_依靠；取决于8_break out_ 突发；爆发9_preventfrom_阻止；制止10_block out_挡住(光线)11_get the hang of_熟悉；掌握；理解12_now that_既然语境运用1With the s
10、ong going on, I _cheered up_ and regained my confidence gradually2I warned him to _watch out for_ the dog when he came into my house 3Mrs Brown pulled down the curtains in her bedroom to _block out_ the strong sunlight4My sister _gave birth to_ a healthy baby last night, which made all my family ver
11、y happy5At last the firefighters put out the fire in the supermarket, which _broke out_ at ten this morning 句式运用速记背会原句知晓考点我会仿用1This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop这就产生了一系列的反应，使生命的发展成为可能。句中的it是形式宾语，真正的宾语是不定式复合结构for life to develop。1(全国阅读)Bradford说城市里的现代大剧院使Plaza这
12、一个小剧院难以与之抗衡。Bradford said that large modern theaters in the city _made it impossible for the Plaza to compete_2I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的跨度竟是在地球上的两倍，因而我摔倒了。“倍数as形容词/副词原级as”是倍数表达法之一，意为“是的多少倍”。2我付出的是以前三倍的时间和精力。I devoted _three times as much time and
13、energy as_ I did before3“Oh，dear，” I cried, “walking does need a bit of practice now that gravity has changed”“天哪，”我大声说，“既然重力改变了，看来走路也的确需要练一练了。”now that“既然；由于”，引导原因状语从句，有时that可以省略。3(2020全国卷阅读)既然你已经列出了自己的优点，那就列出你的不完美吧。Now_that_youve_listed_your_strengths，list your imperfections 4We watched, amazed as
14、 fire broke out on the outside of the spaceship as the earths gravity increased我们惊奇地看着，随着地球引力的增加，宇宙飞船的外层燃烧起火。形容词作伴随状语。4(北京卷)师生们观看视频时，他们感动不已。The students and teachers watched the video, _greatly touched_核心素养精讲层练 HE XIN SU YANG JING JIANG CENG LIAN1harmful adj有害的；伤害的词汇拓展harm n& vt 损伤；伤害harmless adj 无害
15、的用法归纳(1)be harmful to sb对某人有害(2)do/cause sbharm (do/cause harm to sb) 对某人有害do more harm than good 弊大于利Theres (no) harm in (sbs ) doing sth(某人)做某事(没)有害处mean no harm 没有恶意层级训练夯基单句语法填空。As we all know, a bad eating habit is _harmful_(harm) to ones healthAs far as Im concerned, there is no harm _in_ makin
16、g an apology to him first(浙江卷)Light pollution does harm _to_ the eyesight of animals提能一句多译。有些男生对玩电脑游戏简直到了痴迷的程度，这对他们的健康非常有害。Some boys are too crazy about playing games on the computer, _which is very harmful to their health_(定语从句；harmful)Some boys are too crazy about playing games on the computer, an
17、d _it does great harm to their health_(harm)2exist vi存在；生存；存活；继续存在词汇拓展existence n 存在；生存existing adj 目前的；现存的用法归纳(1)There exists/existed 某地有；存在exist on (live on) sth靠某物生存exist by 靠方式为生exist in 存在于之中(2)come into existence 开始存在；成立in existence 现存的；现有的名师点津exist是不及物动词，没有被动语态，也不用于进行时态。层级训练夯基单句语法填空。You cant
18、imagine what difficulty they have _existing_ (exist) on the money he is earningScientists have many theories about how the universe first came into _existence_ (exist)(北京卷书面表达)The parking place for bikes was an _existing_ (exist) problem for a long time in our school提能单句写作。As is known to us, _there
19、exists a generation gap between the young and the old_众所周知，年轻人和老年人之间存在代沟。3puzzle n迷；难题vi& vt(使)迷惑；(使)为难词汇拓展puzzling adj令人迷惑的puzzled adj迷惑不解的；困惑的用法归纳(1)puzzle about/over 苦苦思索；仔细琢磨puzzle sthout 琢磨出的答案；开动脑筋be puzzled by 被迷惑(2)a puzzle to sb一件让某人感到困惑的事情be in a puzzle 感到困惑；不知如何是好(3)be puzzled about 对迷惑不解
20、层级训练夯基单句语法填空。(牛津高阶)He was trying to puzzle _out_ why he had been brought to the houseAfter hearing the news, he had a _puzzled_ (puzzle) look on his face His last paintings are perhaps the most _puzzling_，which even _puzzle_ all the artists(puzzle)提能一句多译。消防员对这场火灾的起因困惑不解。_The cause of the fire was a
21、puzzle to the firemen_ (puzzle n)_The firemen were puzzled about the cause of the fire_(puzzled adj)_What puzzled the firemen was the cause of the fire_(puzzle v；主语从句)4pull n& vt拉(力)；托；牵引力归纳拓展pull through 康复；痊愈pull down 拉下(窗帘等)；拆毁；拆掉(房屋等)pull out 拔出；(列车等)出站；启程pull in (列车等)驶进；到站；(船)靠岸pull sbthrough (
22、使)渡过危机(难关)pull up 把往上拽；停止pull over (机动车辆等)停靠(在路边)pull off脱下；赢得；努力实现巧学助记层级训练夯基完成句子。(全国卷)Larry _pulled over_，set the brake and got hold of the fire extinguisher(灭火器)拉里停下车，将车设为制动状态并抓起灭火器。(江苏高考)I now regularly_ pulled out_ my phone to check a fact, watch a video, read weibo现在我会定期拿出手机核查事实，看录像及读微博。He _pul
23、led off_ his coat and joined us in the work他脱去上衣，便和我们一起干了起来。The police car signaled to us to _pull in_警车发出信号，要我们驶向路边停靠。They are _pulling down_ those houses to make room for a new hotel为了给新旅馆腾地，他们正在拆除那些房屋。Everyone was very concerned whether he would _pull through_ or not每个人都很关心他是否能痊愈。5in time 及时；终于；总
24、有一天归纳拓展on time 准时all the time 一直；始终at one time 曾经；一度at a time 每次；逐一at times 有时；间或at all times 随时；总是from time to time 有时；偶尔in no time 立刻；马上at no time 绝不time and time again 一次又一次；一再take ones time 别着急；慢慢来kill time消磨时间名师点津(1)in time后可接for sth/to do sth的形式，意为“做某事及时/来得及”。(2)at no time等含否定意义的词组位于句首，句子要部分倒装
25、；in no time意为“立刻，马上”，无否定意义，置于句首，不引起倒装。层级训练夯基用time的相关短语填空。(全国七选五)Do you want to get up _in time_ to have breakfast with your family, get in some exercise, or just be better prepared for your day?If you keep on, you will succeed _in time_Well do up your car _in no time_ at allIf you cant arrive there
26、_on time_，you should inform them of it in advance(全国卷)_At one time_，I even felt my parents couldnt understand me so I hoped I could be free from them(北京高考)Anxious _all the time_，I was unable to keep focused for more than an hour _at a time_提能句式升级。In my view, you should at no time lose heart whenever
27、 you are in troubleIn my view, _at no time should you lose heart_ whenever you are in trouble(倒装)6in ones turn 轮到某人；接着归纳拓展in turn依次；轮流；逐个；相应地；转而by turns轮流；依次take turns doing/to do sth轮流做Its ones turn to do sth轮到某人干某事。It turns/turned out that结果层级训练夯基单句语法填空。I think its my turn _to drive_ (drive) the k
28、ids to school this weekAt the meeting they took turns _to put/putting_(put) forward a number of suggestions aiming to promote the reform of education systemThe two daughters looked after their sick mother _by_ turns提能单句写作。People try to avoid public transportation delays by using their own cars, _whi
29、ch in turn creates more problems_人们使用自己的小汽车避免公共交通延误，反过来，这造成更多的问题。这位年轻人竟然是这位老人的儿子。_It turned out that this young man was none other than the old mans son_7cheer up感到高兴；感到振奋归纳拓展cheer sbup 使某人振作起来cheer sbon (比赛中)以喝彩声鼓励某人；为某人加油cheer for为而欢呼Cheers! 口语，(用于祝酒)干杯！cheerful adj高兴的；快乐的层级训练夯基单句语法填空。Cheer Mary _
30、up_，and things will work out for the bestThere were crowds of _cheerful_ (cheer) fans there, many of whom came from other citiesCathy didnt expect any award but was still there to cheer _on_ her friends_Cheers_ (cheer)! Congratulations on your success!提能单句写作。(2019浙江卷，写作)Whenever I have difficulties,
31、 _you always cheer me up and help me out_ 每当我遇到困难时，你总是鼓励我振作起来，帮我走出困境。8This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop 这就产生了一系列的反应，使生命的发展成为可能。这是“make it形容词/名词(for sb/sth) to do sth”句型。该句型中it为形式宾语，指代后面的不定式结构，形容词或名词为宾语补足语。归纳拓展(1)makeitadj/nthat从句(2)makeitadj/n(for sb/sth) to
32、do不定式(3)makeitno good/no usedoing sth常用于这种句型的动词还有：think，consider, find, feel等层级训练夯基单句语法填空。(全国卷书面表达)I think it great fun _to learn_ (learn) the poems written in the Tang Dynasty with youShe made it clear to me _that_ she wished to make a new life for herselfI consider it no use _quarrelling_ (quarrel
33、) with him about it提能单句写作。(2018全国卷书面表达)The newly-built stadium is large enough, _which makes it possible for us to take part in various activities_新建的体育馆足够大，这使我们有可能参加各种各样的活动。9But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over而当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送出去很远，步子的
34、跨度竟是在地球上的两倍，因而我摔倒了。本句中的twice as as 表示“是的几倍”，该句型中的twice也可用half, one-third等词，表示“是的一半/几分之几”。归纳拓展倍数的表达方法：(1)Abe倍数asadj/adv原级as B(2)Abe倍数adj/adv比较级than B(3)Abe倍数the名词(size/weight/length)of B(4)A倍数what从句，表示“A是的多少倍”。温馨提示(1)在“倍数the名词of”结构中，常用的名词有size, height, weight, length, width等。(2)两倍用twice或double，不到一倍用分
35、数表示，三倍或三倍以上一般用times来表示，如three times, four times等。层级训练夯基完成句子。The new stadium built for the 2022 Beijing & Zhangjiakou Winter Olympics will be _three times as big as_ the present one为2022年北京&张家口冬季奥运会建设的新体育场将是现在的三倍大。(北京卷)Paper produced every year is _three times the weight of_ the worlds production of
36、vehicles每年生产的纸张是全世界汽车生产重量的三倍。The price of the coat is _three times what I have paid for mine_ (what)这件外套的价格是我的外套价格的三倍。提能一句多译。正在修建的教学楼是那个教学楼的三倍高。The teaching building being built now _is three times as high as_ that oneThe teaching building being built now _is three times higher than_ that oneThe tea
37、ching building being built now _is three times the height of_ that one高效演练素能提升 GAO XIAO YAN LIAN SU NENG TI SHENG单句语法填空1It is obvious _what_ the local government can do to protect the environment for future generations解析：考查主语从句的引导词。句意：为了子孙后代，当地政府在保护环境方面所能做的事情是显而易见的。It为形式主语，_ the local government can
38、 do to protect the environment for future generations是真正的主语，该主语从句缺少宾语，且表示物，故填what。2New technologies have made _it_ possible to turn out new products faster and at a lower cost解析：考查固定句型。此为makeitadjto do句型，其中it作形式宾语。to turn out是真正宾语。故填it。3All possible means _have been taken_(take) to prevent the river
39、 _being polluted_(pollute)解析：考查主谓一致和非谓语动词。means单复数同形，有all修饰且与take是被动关系，故用have been taken to prevent(from)doing“阻止做”，river与pollute是被动关系，故用being polluted。4If they win the final tonight, the team are going to tour around the city _to be cheered_(cheer) by their enthusiastic supporters解析：考查非谓语动词。不定式作目的状
40、语，根据句意用被动。故填to be cheered。5The meeting was held in a lively atmosphere _where_ everybody felt free to share his ideas解析：考查定语从句。从句中缺少地点状语。故填where。6During those four years, he worked day and night, thus _improving_(improve) his theory gradually until it was complete解析：考查非谓语动词。v-ing形式作结果状语。故填improving。
41、7Those reports included one case, _where/in which_ a fire broke out and destroyed two cars，although there were no injuries解析：考查非限制性定语从句。从句中缺少地点状语。故填where/in which。8I suppose by the time I come back in ten years time all these old houses will _have been pulled_ (pull) down解析：考查时态和语态。根据by the time和in
42、ten years time可知用将来完成时，再根据句意，用被动。故填have been pulled。9Sometimes he found _it_very hard to fall asleep at night, so he went to see the doctor解析：考查固定句型。此为finditadjto do句型，其中it作形式宾语。to fall alseep是真正宾语。故填it。10Susan made _it_ clear to me that she wished to make a new life for herself解析：考查代词的运用。句意：苏珊清楚地跟我
43、表明她希望为自己创造新的生活。分析句子结构可以看出，该句中包含一个that引导的从句，而且根据语境可知，that从句的内容就是苏珊向我表明的事情，所以后置的that从句实际上是made的真正宾语，故用形式宾语it指代that从句。11The manager wants to see changes in the company, and I am sure he will _in_ time解析：考查介词短语。句意：经理想要看到公司的改变，我确信他迟早会看到的。in time“及时；最后，迟早”，符合题意。故填in。12It remains to be seen _whether_ the n
44、ewly formed committees policy can be put into practice解析：考查名词性从句。句意：那仍然得看新形成的委员会政策能否付诸实践。It在此为形式主语，故seen后为真正的主语从句，又由remains to be seen可知存在不确定的意思，所以用引导主语从句的连词whether(是否)。13The top leaders of the two countries are holding talks in a _friendly_(friend) atmosphere解析：考查词性转换。句意：两国高层领导人在友好的氛围中进行谈判。修饰名词atmo
45、sphere，故填形容词friendly。14Thank God youre safe!I stepped back, just in time _to avoid_(avoid) the racing car解析：考查不定式在固定结构中的运用。答语句意：我退后了一步，正好避开了奔跑的汽车。in time to do sth“正赶上做某事”。故填to avoid。15Its said that the power plant is now twice _as_ large as what it was解析：考查倍数的表达法。句意：据说这个发电厂现在是过去的两倍大。“倍数asas”是倍数的表达法
46、，意为“是的几倍”，其中asas之间要用原级。故填as。单句改错1Wandering in the countryside, I could feel the wind gentle blowing through my hair _gentlegently_2The twin brothers stood under the tree, puzzling and saying nothing_puzzlingpuzzled_ 3She has got into the bad habit of reading in the bed, which is harmful for her eyes
47、 _forto_ 4Even though he is a little boy, strange ideas always exists in his mind_existsexist_5We recognized the possibility and took steps to prevent it happened_happenedhappening_6The sun heats the earth, which makes possible for plants to grow_makes后加it_单句写作1既然我们已经完成了设计，就该由公司来进行建设了。(now that；in o
48、nes turn)_Now that we have finished the design，the company，in its turn，will do the construction_2火灾没有造成太大损失，因为消防人员及时赶到了。(in time)_The fire did not cause too much damage，because the firefighters arrived in time_3大部分证据都被毁了。因此，不可能证明这种药物是有害的。(harmful；thus)_Most of the evidence is destroyed Thus，its impo
49、ssible to prove that the drug is harmful_4我记得我向你清楚地表示过我不会来。(make宾语宾补)_I remember I made it quite clear to you that I was not coming_5李红的手机看起来和张华的一样，但价格是他的两倍。(asas)_Li Hongs mobile phone looked just the same as Zhang Huas，but it cost twice as much as his_语篇填空 No one _1knows_ (know) exactly how the ea
50、rth began According to a _2widely_(wide) accepted theory, the universe began with a “Big Bang” The earth _3exploded_ (explode) loudly and produced water vapour and other _4gases_ (gas) making the earths atmosphere As the earth cooled down, water appeared and stayed _5on_the surface It was the presen
51、ce of water that allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas, which made _6it_ possible for life to develop First, the appearance of small plants encouraged the later development of early shellfish and all sorts of fish Next, green plants began to grow on land, _7f
52、ollowed_ (follow) by land animals So reptiles appeared for the first time Later, dinosaurs developed However, they suddenly disappeared After that, mammals came into being Finally, humans _8appeared_ (appear) and spread all over the earth However, they are putting too much carbon dioxide into the at
53、mosphere, _9making_(make) the earth too hot to live on So, _10whether_ life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved话题写作用本单元词汇、句式和语法知识写满分作文假如你是李华，你爱好太空探险但是却得不到父母理解，于是你给英国朋友Stephen发电子邮件进行交流并请求帮助。要点如下：父母的意见；你的观点。(至少写2点)补充要点句(加黑体部分请利用本单元
54、所学词汇)我和父母之间存在一个问题，使我不能专心学习。_There exists a problem_ between my parents and me，and that _has made it impossible for me to concentrate on my study_我对太空探险很痴迷，因此我业余时间经常去图书馆，在那里我掌握了许多与太空探索有关的材料。I am so crazy about space exploration that in my spare time I often go to the library, _where I have got the ha
55、ng of much about space exploration_这使我的父母很生气，因为他们认为我的爱好对我的学习有害。This makes my parents very angry because they think _my hobby is harmful to my study_使我沮丧的是，他们总是阻止我去图书馆，并督促我用两倍多的时间学习。(主语从句)_What upsets me is that they always prevent me from going to the library_ and urge me to _spend twice more time o
56、n_ my lessons依我看，良好的爱好不仅对全面发展有益，而且有助于我日后的成功。In my view, not only are healthy hobbies beneficial to my overall development but can also _contribute to my success in time_既然你处理过类似的情况，我想知道你是否能给我一些建议。_Now that you have dealt with such situation_，Im wondering whether you can offer me some suggestions升级平淡
57、句按要求升级句1_There exists a problem between my parents and me，having made it impossible for me to concentrate on my study_(分词作状语)2_There exists a problem between my parents and me，which has made it impossible for me to concentrate on my study_(非限制性定语从句)衔接成美文(请利用适当的过渡衔接词汇，如：actually, moreover, however等)_
58、Dear Stephen，_There exists a problem between my parents and me，which has made it impossible for me to concentrate on my study Actually，I am so crazy about space exploration that in my spare time I often go to the library, where I have got the hang of much about space exploration However, this makes
59、my parents very angry because they think my hobby is harmful to my study Moreover, what upsets me is that they always prevent me from going to the library and urge me to spend twice more time on my lessonsIn my view，not only are healthy hobbies beneficial to my overall development but can also contribute to my success in time Now that you have dealt with such situation, Im wondering whether you can offer me some suggestions_Yours，_Li Hua_
