1、Section Learning About LanguageGrammar动词ing形式1As you can imagine, getting burnt can lead to very serious injuries.2You can protect the burnt area by covering it with a loose clean cloth.3The first and most important step in the treatment of burns is giving first aid.4It is best to place burns under
2、cool running water, especially within the first ten minutes.5If you see someone choking，first call the emergency services.6In 1974, an American doctor, Henry Heimlich, created the Heimlich manoeuvre, saving thousands of lives around the world.我的发现(1)句1中的getting burnt为动词ing形式在句中作主语。(2)句2中的covering it
3、 with a loose clean cloth为动词ing形式在句中作宾语。(3)句3中的giving first aid为动词ing形式在句中作表语。(4)句4中的running为动词ing形式在句中作定语。(5)句5中的choking为动词ing形式在句中作宾语补足语。(6)句6中的saving thousands of lives为动词ing形式在句中作状语。动词的ing形式，包括现在分词和动名词两种。一、动词ing形式在句中的句法功能动名词在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，现在分词在句中作表语、定语、宾语补足语和状语。1动词ing 形式作主语(1)动名词和不定式都可以作主语，动名词作
4、主语往往表示经常或多次发生的动作，不定式作主语往往表示具体的或一次性的动作。Collecting information about childrens health is his job.收集有关儿童健康的信息是他的工作。(动作多次发生)To finish the task will take a long time.要完成这项任务将要花费很长时间。(具体的动作)(2)代词it代替动词ing形式作形式主语。此类句式常见的有：Its a waste of time doing sth做某事是浪费时间Its no good/use/fun doing sth 做某事没好处/没用/没意思It is
5、 no use waiting for other people to make decisions for you.等别人替你做决定是没有用的。(1)用所给词的适当形式填空It is a waste of time trying (try) to persuade him to give up playing computer games.Its no good complaining (complain) without taking action.(2)补全句子Reading aloud is a good way to learn a language.大声朗读是学习语言的一种好方法。
6、Wasting a persons time is the same as killing him for his property.浪费别人的时间无异于谋财害命。2动词ing 形式作宾语(1)作动词的宾语常接动词ing 形式作宾语的动词可用下面的口诀帮助记忆：避免错过少延期(avoid, miss, postpone)建议完成多练习(advise/suggest, finish, practise)喜欢想象禁不住(enjoy, imagine, cant help)承认否定与嫉妒(admit, deny, envy)逃避冒险莫原谅(escape, risk, excuse)忍受保持不介意(s
7、tand, keep, mind)Would you mind opening the window?你介意打开窗子吗？I dont like watching television but I enjoy listening to the radio.我不喜欢看电视，但是喜欢听收音机。(2)作动词短语的宾语常见的跟动词ing 形式作宾语的动词短语有：insist on, object to, be good at, be fond of, keep on, put off, give up, look forward to, stick to, feel like, succeed in,
8、get/be used to, pay attention to, be worth, dream of等。He insisted on doing it in his own way.他坚持要按照自己的方法做。(1)用所给词的适当形式填空We dont allow diving (dive) in the pool.It is useful for someone who is trying to give up smoking (smoke).The boy was lucky to escape being punished (punish).(2)补全句子Its quite hot t
9、oday. Do you feel like going for a swim?今天很热。你愿意去游泳吗？I have never dreamed of visiting that place我从未梦想过要参观那个地方。(3)下列动词(短语)既可以接动名词作宾语，也可以接动词不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别，要特别注意。forgetstoprememberregrettrymeango oncant helpDont forget to post the letter on your way to school.别忘了在上学的路上顺便把这封信寄出去。I shall never forget hea
10、ring her singing the song.我永远都不会忘记听她唱这首歌时的情景。点津(1)remember/forget/regret 后跟doing和having done所表示的意思并无差别。(2)regret 后跟不定式时，往往表示对将要说的话(或做的事)表示遗憾，故其后常接 to say/tell/inform 等。补全句子I regret to tell you that youve failed in the exam.我很遗憾地告诉你，你考试没及格。Stop complaining to me about his rudeness.别再向我抱怨他的粗鲁了。Missing
11、 the train means waiting for another hour误了这班火车就意味着再等一个小时。3动词ing 形式作表语作表语的动词ing 形式包括动名词和现在分词。(1)动名词作表语多表示抽象性的或习惯性的动作，一般说明主语的内容(此时主语和表语可以互换)。Her job is keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible.Keeping the lecture hall as clean as possible is her job.她的工作是尽量使报告厅保持干净。(2)现在分词作表语，往往具有形容词性的性质，说明主语的性质
12、、特征等。作表语的现在分词，许多是由能够表示人们某种感情或情绪的动词变化而来的。常见的有：moving, interesting, encouraging, exciting, inspiring, boring, surprising, puzzling, amusing, astonishing等这类分词有“令人的”的含义，常修饰物。The argument is very convincing.这个论点很令人信服。His remarks are very encouraging.他的评论非常鼓舞人心。试判断下列句中动词ing 形式的类型A动名词B现在分词My hobby is colle
13、cting stamps. A What you said is really inspiring. B What I am tired of is waiting here alone. A 4动词ing 形式作定语动名词和现在分词都可以作定语，但有所区别。(1)动名词作定语表示被修饰词的某种性能或用途，相当于for引导的介词短语。No one is allowed to speak aloud in the reading room. (The room is for reading.)阅览室里不准大声说话。(2)现在分词作定语时，它和被修饰词之间有逻辑上的主谓关系，表示所修饰词进行的动作
14、，相当于一个定语从句。The boy playing football on the playground is my younger brother.The boy that/who is playing football on the playground is my younger brother.在操场上踢足球的那个男孩是我的弟弟。点津现在分词、过去分词和动词不定式作定语的区别：现在分词表示正在进行或习惯性的动作；过去分词表示被动或完成意义；动词不定式表示动作尚未发生。You should adapt to the changing situation.你应该适应不断变化的形势。The
15、 ground is covered with fallen leaves.地上满是落叶。Im looking for a room to live in.我正在找房子住。用所给词的适当形式填空Our school went on an organized (organize) trip last week.I cant go with you, for I have a lot of work to do (do).Theres a note pinned to the door saying (say) when the shop will open again. 5动词ing 形式作宾语
16、补足语动词ing 形式作宾语补足语时，表示正在进行的动作或经常存在的状态。动词ing 形式常作以下动词的宾语补足语。(1)表示感觉和心理状态的感官动词(短语)(常见的有see, hear, feel, smell, find, notice, observe, look at, listen to等)sbdoing sth(作宾语补足语)。I felt somebody standing behind me.我感觉有人站在我后面。(2)表示指使意义的使役动词(常见的有make, have, let, keep, get, leave等)sb/sthdoing sth(作宾语补足语)。We ke
17、pt the fire burning all night long.我们让火整夜燃烧着。点津使役动词接动词ing 形式作宾语补足语表示“让一直做某事”；接过去分词作宾语补足语，表示“主语请别人做某事，使完成某事或主语遭遇某事”；make, have, let接不带to的动词不定式，get接带to的动词不定式，表示“让某人做某事”。Be careful, or youll have your hands hurt.当心，否则你会弄伤手的。(3)用于with复合结构中。I couldnt do my homework with the noise going on.由于噪音不断，我没法做家庭作业
18、。用所给词的适当形式填空They use computers to keep the traffic running (run) smoothly.The old couple often take a walk after supper in the park with their pet dog following (follow) them. He had the walls painted (paint) this morning.Toms mother made him paint (paint) the house.6动词ing 形式作状语动词的ing形式作状语可以表示时间、原因、
19、条件、结果、让步、方式或伴随情况等。(1)时间状语 动词的ing形式作时间状语，相当于一个时间状语从句，所表示的动作与主句的动作一般是同时发生，有时可由连词when, while, after引出。Having made full preparations( After we have made full preparations), we are ready for the examination.我们已经作好了充分的准备，现在可以应考了。(2)原因状语可以与as/since/because等引导的原因状语从句转换。Being so excited( As he was so excited
20、), he couldnt go to sleep that night.由于非常激动，那晚他没睡着。(3)条件状语可以与if/unless等引导的条件状语从句转换。Working hard at your lessons( If you work hard at your lessons), you will succeed.如果你努力学习，就一定能成功。(4)结果状语表示必然的结果，它常常位于句末，可扩展为一个含有并列谓语的简单句，有时也可以转换成非限制性定语从句。His father died, leaving him a lot of money( and left him a lot
21、 of money/which left him a lot of money).他父亲死了，留给他许多钱。(5)让步状语 可以与although/though引导的让步状语从句转换。Knowing all this(Although/Though they knew all this), they made me pay for the damage.尽管知道了这一切，他们还是要我赔偿损失。(6)方式或伴随状语不可以转换成从句，但可以转换成并列句。The girls came into the classroom, singing and dancing( and they sang and
22、 danced).女孩子们唱着跳着进了教室。点津动词ing形式作状语的注意事项(1)逻辑主语动词ing形式作状语，其逻辑主语一般就是句子的主语，它们之间是一种逻辑上的主谓关系。Being ill, he didnt attend the wedding.因为生病，他没有出席婚礼。(he与being ill 是逻辑上的主谓关系He was ill.)(2)连词动词ing 形式由when/while /once/if/though/unless/as if等引导的状语从句的主语与主句的主语一致时，如果从句的谓语动词是主动语态，则可以省略从句的主语，而保留原连词，形成“连词动词ing 形式”的结构形
23、式。Though lacking money, his parents managed to send him to university.Though they lacked money, his parents managed to send him to university.尽管他父母缺钱，但是他们还是设法把他送去上大学了。(3)独立成分有部分短语，其动词形式的选择不受上下文的影响，通常用动词ing 形式作状语。considering(鉴于，考虑到)；judging from/by(从来看；依据来判断)；supposing that(假定)；providing that .(假定)；o
24、wing to(由于)Considering hes only just started, he knows quite a lot about it.鉴于他才刚刚开始，他懂得的已经不少了。(1)用所给词的适当形式填空My wife had a long talk with Sally, explaining (explain) why she didnt want the children to play together.Judging (judge) from what he said, he wasnt satisfied with my work.Once losing (lose)
25、 this chance, you cant easily find it.(2)句型转换When she saw those pictures, she remembered her childhood.Seeing those pictures, she remembered her childhood.Because I dont know his address, I cant send this book to him.Not knowing his address, I cant send this book to him.If you use your head, youll h
26、ave a good idea./Use your head and youll have a good idea.Using your head, youll have a good idea.二、注意事项1动词ing形式的时态、语态和否定形式时态主动被动一般式(not) doing(not) being done完成式(not) having done(not) having been doneHe was punished for not having done his homework.他因未完成作业而受到惩罚。Not being seen by anyone, the thief e
27、scaped.那个贼趁无人看见时逃跑了。I dont like being laughed at in public.我不喜欢当众被别人嘲笑。Not knowing this, he didnt come.他不知道这件事，所以没来。You have no excuse for not going.你没有理由不去。补全句子Being careless is not a good habit.粗心不是一个好习惯。I have no idea of his having done such a thing我不知道他做过那样的事。Having been ignored for a long time,
28、 the boy sitting at the back felt bored and went out.因长时间被忽视，坐在后面的这个男孩感到无聊就出去了。2动词ing 形式的复合结构动词ing 形式的复合结构由形容词性物主代词或人称代词宾格、名词所有格或普通格加动词ing ，即“sb/sbsdoing”构成。动词ing 形式的复合结构实际上是给动词ing 形式加了一个逻辑主语。动词ing 形式的复合结构有四种形式：形容词性物主代词动词ing 名词所有格动词ing 代词宾格动词ing 名词动词ing Her coming to help encouraged all of us.她来帮忙鼓舞
29、了我们所有人。The baby was made awake by the door suddenly shutting.这个婴儿被突然的关门声吵醒了。点津(1)动词ing形式的复合结构可在句中作主语或宾语。作主语时，不能用两种形式。作宾语时，四种形式都可用。(2)无生命名词无论是作主语还是作宾语都不能用第种形式。Toms winning the first prize last year impressed me a lot.汤姆去年得了一等奖使我印象深刻。Do you mind my/me/Jacks/Jack leaving now?你介意我/杰克现在离开吗？用动词ing 形式的复合结构
30、补全句子His fathers being ill made him worried.他的父亲病了，这使他很担心。Your being right doesnt necessarily mean my being wrong.你正确未必就意味着我错了。Can you imagine him/his cooking at home?你能想象他在家做饭的样子吗？1slip vi.滑倒；滑落；溜走n.滑倒；小错误；纸条(教材p.53)When he got out of the bathtub, he slipped and fell on the floor.当他从浴缸里出来时，他滑倒在地板上。s
31、lip into .悄悄溜进；陷入slip out of .悄悄溜出slip up疏忽；出差错；跌倒slip ones mind/memory被忘记佳句It was while his father was sleeping that the boy slipped out of his room. 就是在他爸爸睡觉的时候，小男孩溜出了他的房间。练透补全句子It amazed him how easily one could slip into a trick.一个人如此容易就陷入圈套，这使他感到吃惊。Even though I was aware of it, I would still s
32、lip up即使我意识到了那一点，可我仍会有所疏忽。2delay vi.& vt.推迟；延期(做某事) vt.耽误；耽搁n.延误；耽搁(的时间)；推迟(教材p.53)After arriving, the ambulance team quickly found Mrs Taylor and without delay gave her oxygen, put in an IV needle, and checked her vital signs.到达后，救护队很快找到了泰勒夫人，立刻给她输氧，静脉注射，并检查了她的生命体征。delay doing sth延迟做某事without delay
33、毫不迟疑；立刻，马上a delay of .耽搁佳句All of them were amazed, and they wanted to have a try for themselves without delay.他们非常惊讶，都毫不犹豫地想亲自尝试一下。练透片段语法填空There was a delay of two hours before the plane took off. Therefore, we had to delay holding (hold) the meeting until three oclock in the afternoon. After that, the plan would be carried out without delay. If not, we might be unable to finish the task in time.写美补全句子We must take actions to protect endangered animals without delay我们必须立刻采取行动保护濒危的动物。
